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16 results for “Pleistocene Glaciation”
Fig. 2 in Mitochondrial DNA reveals the impact of Pleistocene glaciations on a widespread palearctic bat species
Fig. 2 Chronograms, resulting from BI analysis of the four selected Hypsugo marker sequences ND1 (a), CytB (b), COI (c), and 16 S RNA (d). Only lineage A and B were detected in all four marker datasets. The dots denote nodes with posterior probability value equal or above 0.95. Other nodes were below the value we designated as reliable to successfully infer phylogenetic relations between detected lineages (0.95). The scale bar indicates approximate age in millions of years
Fig. 3 in Mitochondrial DNA reveals the impact of Pleistocene glaciations on a widespread palearctic bat species
Fig. 3 Median-joining haplotype networks for the four marker sequences ND1 (a), CytB (b), COI (c), and 16 S RNA (d). Smaller coloured circles represent a single sequence, while the larger represent two or three. Hala refers to H. alaschanicus and Hstu to H. stubbei
Fig. 1 in Mitochondrial DNA reveals the impact of Pleistocene glaciations on a widespread palearctic bat species
Fig. 1 (a) Geographic origin of assigned Hyspugo savii sequences. For some sequences, only vague localities were available, and the placement therefore might be unprecise (see Online Resource 1). + marks the type locality of H. savii (Pisa, Italy). Projected lineage occurrence areas (coloured polygons) were created using buffer zones of approximately 200 km around each data point following anecdotal citations of migration distance (Juste and Paunović 2016; Dietz and Kiefer 2016) in QGIS v. 3.4.14. Question marks denote areas, where lineage distribution is at present unknown. (b) A H. savii individual photographed near Dragonja River, SW Slovenia, in 2018 by Jan Gojznikar. (c) MCC tree obtained by using the concatenated dataset. Posterior probabilities are shown next to their respective nodes. Value of the scale bar refers to million years before present. Squared tips indicate a concatenated sequence of a single individual, whilst triangles denote multiple concatenated sequences
Table 1 in Mitochondrial DNA reveals the impact of Pleistocene glaciations on a widespread palearctic bat species
<p><b>Table 1</b> Average values of detected genetic p-distances (±SD) in percentage per lineage of <i>H. savii</i> s.l. according to used marker set</p><table><tbody><tr><th></th><th></th><th>A</th><th>B</th><th>C</th><th>D</th><th>E</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>A</th><td>ND1:</td><td>0.46± 0.12</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CytB:</td><td>0.32± 0.21</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>COI:</td><td>0.28± 0.24</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>16 S:</td><td>0.13± 0.11</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>B</th><td>ND1:</td><td>9.14± 0.28</td><td>0.47± 0.57</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CytB:</td><td>8.03± 1.31</td><td>1.68± 0.96</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>COI:</td><td>7.90± 0.24</td><td>0.18± 0.19</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>16 S:</td><td>3.90± 0.27</td><td>0.34± 0.41</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>C</th><td>ND1:</td><td>6.79± 0.51</td><td>8.46± 0.35</td><td>0.62 ±0.68</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CytB:</td><td>8.27± 0.68</td><td>9.01± 1.06</td><td>1.44 ±0.71</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>COI:</td><td>7.36± 0.25</td><td>8.92± 0.24</td><td>0.83 ±0.61</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>16 S:</td><td>/</td><td>/</td><td>/</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>D</th><td>ND1:</td><td>9.19± 0.30</td><td>9.12± 0.24</td><td>8.55 ±0.64</td><td>0.42±0.54</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CytB:</td><td>/</td><td>/</td><td>/</td><td>/</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>COI:</td><td>8.91± 0.18</td><td>7.36± 0.28</td><td>10.15 ±0.38</td><td>0</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>16 S:</td><td>/</td><td>/</td><td>/</td><td>/</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>E</th><td>ND1:</td><td>/</td><td>/</td><td>/</td><td>/</td><td>/</td></tr><tr><td>CytB:</td><td>/</td><td>/</td><td>/</td><td>/</td><td>/</td></tr><tr><td>COI:</td><td>/</td><td>/</td><td>/</td><td>/</td><td>/</td></tr><tr><td>16 S:</td><td>12.8± 0.65</td><td>11.81 ±0.89</td><td>/</td><td>/</td><td>0.59± 0.30</td></tr><tr><th>X</th><td>ND1:</td><td>/</td><td>/</td><td>/</td><td>/</td><td>/</td></tr><tr><td>CytB:</td><td>/</td><td>/</td><td>/</td><td>/</td><td>/</td></tr><tr><td>COI:</td><td>/</td><td>/</td><td>/</td><td>/</td><td>/</td></tr><tr><td>16 S:</td><td>4.62± 0.23</td><td>5.12± 0.29</td><td>/</td><td>/</td><td>9.97± 0.31</td></tr></tbody></table>
Table 2 in Mitochondrial DNA reveals the impact of Pleistocene glaciations on a widespread palearctic bat species
<p><b>Table 2</b> Estimated divergence times (in MYa) between mitochondrial lineages, obtained by BI analysis of the different marker datasets. Node heights (mean ages) are given, with 95% HPD intervals in square brackets. FIS indicates the first internal split within what we consider <i>H. savii</i> s.l. (including all four lineages – A, B, C and D), while SNN denotes the split from its nearest neighbour in the tree (most commonly <i>H. alaschanicus</i>). In the case of 16 S dataset, SNN does not include lineage E, as it is placed significantly more basal (see Fig. 2d). E is also excluded from <i>H. savii</i>, alongside X (Fig. 1c), in case of concatenated dataset. (C1, C2) refers to dating of the split within lineage C. Hstu – <i>H. stubbei</i>, Hara – <i>H. arabicus</i>, sc – sister clade</p><table><tbody><tr><th></th><th>ND1</th><th>CytB</th><th>COI</th><th>16 S</th><th>Conc.</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>(A, C)</th><td>2.17 [1.62–2.70]</td><td>2.16 [1.75–2.60]</td><td>2.58 [1.94–3.30]</td><td></td><td>3.21 [2.56–3.89]</td></tr><tr><th>(A, B)</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>3.31 [2.13–4.52]</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>(B, D/Hstu)</th><td>2.38 [1.89–2.92]</td><td></td><td>2.54 [1.87–3.24]</td><td></td><td>3.12 [2.46–3.82]</td></tr><tr><th>(B, (A, C))</th><td></td><td>2.50 [2.08–2.94]</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>(C1,C2)</th><td>0.51 [0.32–0.70]</td><td>0.54 [0.36–0.73]</td><td>0.44 [0.24–0.66]</td><td></td><td>0.64 [0.43–0.85]</td></tr><tr><th>(E, sc)</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>11.18 [8.15–14.39]</td><td>9.93 [7.79–12.19]</td></tr><tr><th>(X, (A, B))</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>4.31 [2.97–5.76]</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>(X, Hara)</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2.47 [0.00-5.44]</td></tr><tr><th>FIS</th><td>2.79 [2.32–3.28]</td><td></td><td>3.29 [2.67–3.95]</td><td></td><td>3.89 [3.22–4.62]</td></tr><tr><th>SNN</th><td>3.12 [2.58–3.67]</td><td>3.36 [2.81–3.93]</td><td>3.61 [2.95–4.34]</td><td>5.96 [4.68–7.37]</td><td>4.51 [3.72–5.30]</td></tr></tbody></table>
Data for: Climatic oscillation promoted diversification of spinous assassin bugs during Pleistocene glaciation
<p>Insect speciation is among the most fascinating topics in evolutionary biology; however, its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Allopatric speciation represents one of the major types of speciation and is believed to have frequently occurred during glaciation periods, when climatic oscillation may have caused suitable habitats to be fragmented repeatedly, creating geographical isolation among populations. However, supporting evidence for allopatric speciation of insects in East Asia during the Pleistocene glaciation remains lacking. We aim to investigate the effect of climatic oscillation during the Pleistocene glaciation on the diversification pattern and evolutionary history of hemipteran insects and to test the hypothesis of Pleistocene species stability using spinous assassin bugs <em>Sclomina</em> (Hemiptera: <span>Reduviidae</span>), a small genus widely distributed in southern China but was lately found to have cryptic species diversity. Here, using the whole mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) and nuclear ribosomal RNA genes, we investigated both interspecific and intraspecific diversification patterns of spinous assassin bugs. Approximate Bayesian computation, ecological niche modeling and demographic history analyses were also applied to understand the diversification process and driven factors. Our data suggest that the five species of <em>Sclomina</em> are highly diverged, despite three of them currently being cryptic. Speciation occurred during Pleistocene when suitable distribution areas were possibly fragmentated. Six phylogeographic groups in the type species <em>S. erinacea</em> were identified, among which two groups underwent expansion during early Last Glacial Period and after Last Glacier Maximum. Our analyses suggest that this genus may have experienced climate-driven habitat fragmentation and post-glacial expansion in the Pleistocene, promoting allopatric speciation and intraspecific diversification. Our results reveal underestimated species diversity in a small insect group and illustrate a remarkable example of allopatric speciation of insects in East Asia promoted by Pleistocene climatic oscillations. These findings provide important insights into the speciation processes and aid the conservation of insect species diversity.</p>
Pleistocene glaciation drove shared population coexpansion in eastern North American snakes
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Data for: Climatic oscillation promoted diversification of spinous assassin bugs during Pleistocene glaciation
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Fine-scale genome-wide signature of Pleistocene glaciation in Thitarodes moths (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae), host of Ophiocordyceps fungus in the Hengduan Mountains
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Persisting in a glaciated landscape: Pleistocene microrefugia evidenced by the tree wētā Hemideina maori in central South Island, New Zealand
<p><span><span><b>Aim:</b> Repeated cycles of Pleistocene glaciation have influenced phylogeographic structure of taxa on New Zealand's South Island. Many taxa became restricted to refugia at either end of the island during glaciation, resulting in an area of low endemicity in central South Island. This area of low endemism is typified by the so-called beech (or biotic) gap, where the absence of <i>Nothofagus </i>forest (and many other plant and invertebrate taxa) has been attributed to repeated glaciation. Some taxa, however, appear to have persisted <i>in situ</i> in localized refugia within the biotic gap. We test these alternative hypotheses in a large flightless alpine wētā (grasshopper).</span></span></p> <p><span><span><b>Location:</b> Southern Alps, South Island, New Zealand</span></span></p> <p><b>Taxon:</b> <i>Hemideina maori</i> <span>Pictet & Saussure, 1891 </span>(Orthoptera: Anostostomatidae)</p> <p><span><span><b>Methods:</b> We used phylogeographic analysis of mitochondrial cytochrome<i> c </i>oxidase I (<i>cox1</i>) and twenty-five nuclear DNA (nuDNA) markers to test for Pleistocene glacial microrefugia within the current montane South Island range of <i>Hemideina maori.</i></span></span></p> <p><span><span><b>Results:</b> We identified eight deeply differentiated mtDNA lineages with limited sharing of haplotypes among populations. Genetic differentiation assessed using nuDNA revealed a similar pattern, with three groups broadly corresponding to the deepest mtDNA splits. The central South Island region exhibits substantial endemic mtDNA diversity and a distinctive nuclear lineage.</span></span></p> <p><span><span><b>Main conclusions: </b>These results indicate that <i>H. maori </i>likely<i> </i>persisted in microrefugia<i> </i>within the biotic gap during glaciation. These deep lineages are estimated to have started diverging prior to the initiation of glaciation, up to 3 Ma. These results add to a growing number of Southern Hemisphere examples of deep phyleogeographic differentiation in glaciated regions compared to Europe and North America, probably reflecting less intense glaciation. We suggest that other Southern Alps species showing northern and southern clades alone, are more montane than alpine, and were reliant on warmer habitat to the north and south during glacial eras. Thus, there are species-specific responses to climatic processes, influenced by distinctive habitat requirements and physiological traits.</span></span></p>
Data from: Spatially explicit models of dynamic histories: examination of the genetic consequences of Pleistocene glaciation and recent climate change on the American Pika.
A central goal of phylogeography is to identify and characterize the processes underlying divergence. One of the biggest impediments currently faced is how to capture the spatiotemporal dynamic under which a species evolved. Here we described an approach that couples species distribution models (SDMs), demographic and genetic models in a spatiotemporally explicit manner. Analyses of American Pika (Ochotona priniceps) from the sky islands of the central Rocky Mountains of North America are used to provide insights into key questions about integrative approaches in landscape genetics, population genetics and phylogeography. This includes (i) general issues surrounding the conversion of time-specific SDMs into simple continuous, dynamic landscapes from past to current, and (ii) the utility of SDMs to inform demographic models with deme-specific carrying capacities and migration potentials, as well as (iii) the contribution of the temporal dynamic of colonization history in shaping genetic patterns of contemporary populations. Our results support that the inclusion of a spatiotemporal dynamic is an important factor when studying the impact of distributional shifts on patterns of genetic data. Our results also demonstrate the utility of SDMs to generate species-specific predictions about patterns of genetic variation that account for varying degrees of habitat specialization and life-history characteristics of taxa. Nevertheless, the results highlight some key issues when converting SDMs for use in demographic models. Because the transformations have direct affects on the genetic consequence of population expansion by prescribing how habitat heterogeneity and spatiotemporal variation is related to the species-specific demographic model, it is important to consider alternative transformations when studying the genetic consequences of distributional shifts.
Figure 1 in The European spring snail genus Marstoniopsis (Gastropoda: Amnicolidae): Eastward extension likely driven by Pleistocene glaciations
Figure 1. Map showing the distribution area of Marstoniopsis (solid line). Details of numbered localities are given in Table 1. The dashed line shows the extent of the Riss-Saale-Dnieper glaciation, the dotted line – the Würm-Weichsel-Valdai glaciation (compiled after Ehlers and Gibbard 2004). Asterisks indicate the locations of Holocene fossil records (after Horsák et al. 2013).
Data from: Rethinking refugia: tree topology, divergence dates, and demographic history trace the distribution of the endangered Plymouth gentian (Sabatia kennedyana) from the Pleistocene glaciation to present day
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Persisting in a glaciated landscape: Pleistocene microrefugia evidenced by the tree wētā Hemideina maori in central South Island, New Zealand
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Data from: Phylogeographic heterogeneity of the brown macroalga Sargassum horneri (Fucaceae) in the northwestern Pacific in relation to late Pleistocene glaciation and tectonic configurations
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Data from: Spatially explicit models of dynamic histories: examination of the genetic consequences of Pleistocene glaciation and recent climate change on the American Pika.
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