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47 results for “Plethodon”
Plethodon study from removal plots located at the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory
Recent research shows Plethodon shermani and Plethodon teyahalee within the hybrid zone at the Coweeta LTER in Otto, North Carolina forage heavily on ants (>50% of all prey items consumed; found in 94% of samples). As most vascular plants in the Southern Appalachians rely on ants for seed dispersal, this significant predation on ants, especially Aphaenogaster, reveals an intriguing and important relationship between these salamanders and the vascular plant abundance and distribution within their ecosystem. Additionally, consumption of ants increases with high temperatures and low relative humidity indicating that, with climate change, the effects of Plethodon foraging behavior on woodland biodiversity will be amplified. Using a paired design, we placed removal plots along an elevational gradient within the plethodon shermani-teyahalee hybrid zone at the Coweeta LTER to observe and quantify the effect of Plethodon foraging on ant communities, seed dispersal, and vascular plant distribution by removing the salamanders from treatment plots. Foraging rates of ants, with a focus on Aphaenogaster, were monitored at treatment and control plots using direct observation/counts of ants visiting tuna bait stations.
Plethodon hybrid zone capture-mark-recapture survey plots at the Coweeta Hyrdologic Laboratory, Otto, NC.
A major goal of the Coweeta LTER is to understand the interactions between climate and land use on the ecology of southern Appalachia biota. Southern Appalachia is the global hotspot for salamander diversity, with most of that diversity situated at mid and upper elevations of mountains where species are functionally trapped by their dependence of a narrow, cool climatic zone. The ranges of the two terrestrial salamander species, Plethodon teyahalee (southern Appalachian salamander) and Plethodon shermani (red-legged salamander) meet at a unique hybrid zone at the Coweeta LTER in Macon County, NC. The hybrid zone is unique because it appears to be shifting up in elevation, possibly due to climate change. This research will be situated in the hybrid zone of these two species to assess the differential effects of climate change and land use on both species. To evaluate the effects of climate on the local ecology of salamanders, we will conduct an intensive mark-recapture study to measure surface activity on 6 plots distributed in pairs at 3 elevations that provide a range of warmer to cooler climates. Every two weeks, each plot is searched for 30 min by two investigators using head lamps. Animals are hand captured, identified to species, scored for color and patterning, measured, and marked using a unique combination of visible implant elastomers (VIE). This will enable us to estimate individual capture probabilities and rates of temporary surface emigration (an indication of avoidance of climatically unsuitable conditions).
Plethodon jordani (Plethodontidae) - whole organism
Image of Plethodon jordani (Plethodontidae) - whole organism
Plethodon jordani (Plethodontidae) - head - lateral view
Image of Plethodon jordani (Plethodontidae) - head - lateral view
Data from: Landscape distribution of the South Mountains gray-cheeked salamander (Plethodon meridianus)
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Raw count data from repeated surveys of a guild of Plethodon salamanders in an old-growth forest in southeastern Kentucky 2016, with GIS and in situ environmental data
Woodland salamanders are among the most abundant vertebrate animals in temperate deciduous forests of eastern North America. Because of their abundance, woodland salamanders are responsible for the transformation of nutrients and translocation of energy between highly disparate levels of trophic organization: detrital food webs and high-order predators. However, the spatial extent of woodland salamanders’ role in the ecosystem is likely contingent upon the distribution of their biomass throughout the forest. We sought to determine if natural environmental gradients influence the fine-scale distribution and density of Southern Ravine Salamanders (Plethodon richmondi) and Cumberland Plateau Salamanders (P. kentucki). We addressed this objective by constructing occupancy, co-occurrence, and abundance models from temporally-replicated surveys within an old-growth forest in the Cumberland Plateau region of Kentucky occurring in the Fall of 2016. We found that Plethodon richmondi had a more restricted fine-scale distribution than P. kentucki (mean occupancy probability = 0.737) and exhibited variable density, from less than 250 to greater than 1000 individuals per hectare, associated with increased soil moisture and reduced solar exposure due to slope face. While more ubiquitously distributed (mean occupancy probability = 0.95), P. kentucki density varied from less than 400 to greater than 1000 individuals per hectare and was inversely related to increased solar exposure from canopy disturbance and landscape convexity. Our data suggest co-occurrence patterns of P. richmondi and P. kentucki are influenced primarily by abiotic conditions within the forest, and that populations likely occur independently and without evidence of biotic interaction. Given the critical role that woodland salamanders play in the maintenance of forest health, regions that support large populations of woodland salamanders, such as those highlighted in this study—mesic forest stands on north-to-eas
Data for: Modeling the distribution of the endangered Jemez Mountains salamander (Plethodon neomexicanus) in relation to geology, topography, and climate
<p>The Jemez Mountains salamander (<em>Plethodon neomexicanus</em>; hereafter JMS) is an endangered salamander restricted to the Jemez Mountains in north-central New Mexico, United States. This strictly terrestrial species requires moist surface conditions for mating and foraging. Threats to its current habitat include fire suppression and ensuing severe fires, changes in forest composition, habitat fragmentation, and climate change. Forest composition changes resulting from reduced fire frequency and increased tree density suggest that its current aboveground habitat does not mirror its historically successful habitat regime. We hypothesized that geology and topography might play a significant role in the current distribution of the salamander. We modeled the distribution of the JMS using a machine learning algorithm to assess how geology, topography, and climate variables influence its distribution. Our habitat suitability map reveals low uncertainty in model predictions, and we found slight discrepancies between the designated critical habitat and the most suitable areas for the JMS. Because geological features are important to its distribution, we recommend that geological and topographical data are considered, both during survey design and in the description of localities of JMS records once detected.</p>
Data for: Modeling the distribution of the endangered Jemez Mountains salamander (Plethodon neomexicanus) in relation to geology, topography, and climate
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The limits of the metapopulation: Lineage fragmentation in a widespread terrestrial salamander (Plethodon cinereus)
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Data from: Historical species distribution models predict species limits in western Plethodon salamanders
Allopatry is commonly used to predict boundaries in species delimitation investigations under the assumption that currently allopatric distributions are indicative of reproductive isolation; however, species ranges are known to change over time. Incorporating a temporal perspective of geographic distributions should improve species delimitation; to explore this, we investigate three species of western Plethodon salamanders that have shifted their ranges since the end of the Pleistocene. We generate species distribution models (SDM) of the current range, hindcast these models onto a climatic model 21 Ka, and use three molecular approaches to delimit species in an integrated fashion. In contrast to expectations based on the current distribution, we detect no independent lineages in species with allopatric and patchy distributions (Plethodon vandykei and Plethodon larselli). The SDMs indicate that probable habitat is more expansive than their current range, especially during the last glacial maximum (LGM) (21 Ka). However, with a contiguous distribution, two independent lineages were detected in Plethodon idahoensis, possibly due to isolation in multiple glacial refugia. Results indicate that historical SDMs are a better predictor of species boundaries than current distributions, and strongly imply that researchers should incorporate SDM and hindcasting into their investigations and the development of species hypotheses.
Regional replication of landscape genetics analyses of the Mississippi slimy salamander, Plethodon mississippi
<p>Context</p> <p>Landscape genetics can identify habitat features that facilitate or resist gene flow, providing a framework for anticipating the impacts of land use changes on dispersal of individuals. To inform management, a better understanding of how inferences derived from one study region are applicable to other regions is needed.</p> <p>Objectives</p> <p>We investigated the manner in which five landscape variables correlated with gene flow among Plethodon mississippi populations in two study regions. We compared order of importance, direction (facilitation vs. resistance of gene flow) and scale of effect, and functional relationships of variables within each study area.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>In forests in Mississippi and Alabama, USA, we tested individual-based genetic distances derived from microsatellite genotypes against effective distances caused by agriculture, hardwoods, pine, manmade structures, and wetlands that were optimized for both scale and transformation using maximum likelihood population effects modeling.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Of the landscape variables, agriculture and wetlands ranked at the top of both study areas' models. In both forest regions, agriculture was consistently associated with resistance, whereas pine was inferred to facilitate gene flow. However, we found region-specific differences in effects of wetlands, hardwoods, and manmade structures. Configuration of the latter landscape variables differed between forest regions, which may explain the contrasting outcomes.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Our results underscore the value of metareplication in revealing which components of landscape genetics models may be consistent across different portions of a species' range, and those that have context-dependent impacts on gene flow. We also highlight the need to consider habitat configuration when interpreting the results of landscape genetics analyses.</p>
FIGURE 5 in Re-evaluation of the Wehrle's salamander (Plethodon wehrlei Fowler and Dunn) species group (Caudata: Plethodontidae) using genomic data, with the description of a new species
FIGURE 5. Principle components analysis of the Plethodon wehrlei species group estimated from 3RAD data. A. Principle component (PC1) 1 vs. PC2; B. PC2 vs. PC3.
FIGURE 1 in Re-evaluation of the Wehrle's salamander (Plethodon wehrlei Fowler and Dunn) species group (Caudata: Plethodontidae) using genomic data, with the description of a new species
FIGURE 1. Location of Wehrle's salamander (Plethodon wehrlei) species group tissue sample collections used in Cyt-b and/or 3RAD analyses. Yellow-spotted wehrlei: closed stars are both; the open star with a dot is 3RAD only. Northern wehrlei: closed circles are both, and open circles are Cyt-b only. P. punctatus: closed squares are both and open squares are Cyt-b only. jacksoni: closed triangle is both. P. dixi: closed asterisk is both. Southern wehrlei: closed diamonds are both, and the open diamond is Cyt-b only.
FIGURE 4 in Re-evaluation of the Wehrle's salamander (Plethodon wehrlei Fowler and Dunn) species group (Caudata: Plethodontidae) using genomic data, with the description of a new species
FIGURE 4. NeighborNet phylogenetic network of the Plethodon wehrlei species group estimated from 3RAD data.
FIGURE 3 in Re-evaluation of the Wehrle's salamander (Plethodon wehrlei Fowler and Dunn) species group (Caudata: Plethodontidae) using genomic data, with the description of a new species
FIGURE 3. Maximum likelihood phylogeny of the Wehrle's salamander (Plethodon wehrlei) species group estimated from 3RAD data. All edges had a bootstrap support of 100.
FIGURE 7 in Re-evaluation of the Wehrle's salamander (Plethodon wehrlei Fowler and Dunn) species group (Caudata: Plethodontidae) using genomic data, with the description of a new species
FIGURE 7. Type series of Plethodon pauleyi sp. nov. after preservation in 70% ethanol. From picture left to right are the holotype (MVZ 291261), allotype (MVZ 291260), and 4 paratypes (MVZ 291259, 291262, 291263, & 291264, respectively). Photographs shown at same scale and white scale bar is 10 mm. All photographs by Keith Ray.
FIG. 4 in Phylogeography of the Slimy Salamander Complex (Plethodon: Plethodontidae) in Alabama
FIG. 4. Haplotype network based on (A) new cyt b samples and (B) combined cyt b samples. Size of circle indicates number of individuals possessing a haplotype. Blue ¼ P. glutinosus; pink ¼ P. grobmani; orange ¼ P. mississippi.
FIG. 3 in Phylogeography of the Slimy Salamander Complex (Plethodon: Plethodontidae) in Alabama
FIG. 3. Bayesian analysis of cyt b data from combined samples. Nodes with probabilities greater than 95% are indicated. See Data Accessibility for tree file.
FIG. 2 in Phylogeography of the Slimy Salamander Complex (Plethodon: Plethodontidae) in Alabama
FIG. 2. Bayesian analysis of (A) cyt b data and (B) RPL12 data from new samples. Nodes with probabilities greater than 95% are indicated. See Data Accessibility for tree files.
FIG. 1 in Phylogeography of the Slimy Salamander Complex (Plethodon: Plethodontidae) in Alabama
FIG. 1. Map of sample areas in Alabama. Solid symbols are new data generated during this study; open symbols are data from GenBank. Solid line, patterned after Cunningham et al. (2009), separates regions used to identify P. glutinosus (northeast portion of state), P. grobmani (southeastern portion of state), and P. mississippi (western portion of state).
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