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156 results for “Plio-Pleistocene”
Figure 6 in Four New Bat Species (Rhinolophus hildebrandtii Complex) Reflect Plio-Pleistocene Divergence of Dwarfs and Giants across an Afromontane Archipelago
Figure 6. Relative warps analysis (RWA) of 13 dorsal cranial landmarks from 22 individuals of R. hildebrandtii s.l. belonging to two molecular clades and two lineages of Clade 1 (see Fig. 3). Revised taxon names are provided in parentheses (see Taxonomic Conclusions). Skulls which were included in this analysis are indicated in Table S1. Symbols as in Fig. 5. Thin plate splines (grids) show landmark distortions represented by extremes of variation on RW1 (left = negative; right = positive) and RW2 (bottom = negative; top = positive) axes. The two skull photographs at the bottom are of actual specimens representing the negative (left: TM 41997ı smithersi from Pafuri) and positive (right: DM 11560ı cohenae from Mayoı Mpumalanga Province) extremes of variation on RW1. Landmark positions (filled circles) are shown in the photograph in the centre. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041744.g006
Figure 9 in Four New Bat Species (Rhinolophus hildebrandtii Complex) Reflect Plio-Pleistocene Divergence of Dwarfs and Giants across an Afromontane Archipelago
Figure 9. Dorsal (D), ventral (V) and lateral (L) view of bacula (tips on right) from four individuals (a–d) from Mpumalanga (Clade 1a = cohenae sp. nov.), two (e–f) from lowland sites in Mozambique (Clade 2 = mossambicus sp. nov.) and one (g) from Mt Mabu in Mozambique (Clade 1b = mabuensis sp. nov.). a = DM 11558 (Sudwala); b = DM 11620 (Barberton Tunnel; Topotype of cohenae); c = DM 11560 (Mayo); d = DM 11618 (Barberton Tunnel); e = DM 8580 (Gorongosa); f = DM 8578 (Niassa GR; Holotype of mossambicus); g = DM 10842 (Mt Mabu; Holotype of mabuensis). Bacula of Clade 1a (cohenae sp. nov.) have spatulate tip (rounded in Clades 2 (mossambicus sp. nov.) and 1b (mabuensis sp. nov.))ı typically emarginated basal portion (less so in Clades 2 and 1b) and shaft laterally compressed (cylindrical in Clades 2 and 1b) and sloping downwards in lateral view (horizontal in Clades 2 and 1b). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041744.g009
Figure 5 in Four New Bat Species (Rhinolophus hildebrandtii Complex) Reflect Plio-Pleistocene Divergence of Dwarfs and Giants across an Afromontane Archipelago
Figure 5. Canonical variates analysis (CVA) (a) of 10 cranial variables in five groups of the Rhinolophus hildebrandtii complex defined by molecular analysis; and PCA (b) of five cranial variables for sample in (a) with type series of hildebrandtii (''H¹'') and eloquens (''E¹'') added. Open circles = Clade 1a (= cohenae sp. nov.); closed circles = Clade 1b (= mabuensis sp. nov.); shaded circles = Clade 1d (= smithersi sp. nov.; Pafuri); asterisk enclosed in circle = Clade 1e (= smithersi sp. nov.; Zimbabwe); open squares = Clade 2 (mossambicus sp. nov.; Mozambique); shaded squares = Clade 2 (mossambicus sp. nov.; Lutopeı Zimbabwe); open diamonds = R. eloquens type series (Clade 3); crosses in circles = R. hildebrandtii type and co-type (Clade 1c). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041744.g005
Figure 1 in Four New Bat Species (Rhinolophus hildebrandtii Complex) Reflect Plio-Pleistocene Divergence of Dwarfs and Giants across an Afromontane Archipelago
Figure 1. Portraits of (a) Rhinolophus smithersi species novo, and (b) Rhinolophus mossambicus species novo, two of four new cryptic species described herein within the R. hildebrandtii complex. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041744.g001
Figure 4 in Four New Bat Species (Rhinolophus hildebrandtii Complex) Reflect Plio-Pleistocene Divergence of Dwarfs and Giants across an Afromontane Archipelago
Figure 4. Morphometric variation in a series representing the R. hildebrandtii complex from Lutope-Ngolangola, Zimbabwe: a) biplot of forearm length versus noseleaf width and b) PCA of five craniometric variables (M3M3, CM3, IOC, NW, NH) in 26 individuals of known (37 or 46 kHz) and unknown (?) frequency. Females indicated by open circlesı males by closed circles or crosses or asterisk. Voucher specimens for molecular sequencing study indicated by asterisk (Clade 1e: = smithersii sp. nov.; see Taxonomic Conclusions) and crosses (Clade 2: = mossambicus sp. nov.; see Taxonomic Conclusions). Hereafterı all individuals with a frequency of 37 kHz were assumed to belong to Clade 2 (mossambicus sp. nov.) and the 46 kHz individual was assumed to belong to Clade 1e (smithersi sp. nov.). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041744.g004
Figure 3. Consensus tree for the cytochrome b in Four New Bat Species (Rhinolophus hildebrandtii Complex) Reflect Plio-Pleistocene Divergence of Dwarfs and Giants across an Afromontane Archipelago
Figure 3. Consensus tree for the cytochrome b dataset for representative genotyped specimens of the Rhinolophus hildebrandtii complex. The topology represents the consensus topology from a 20 million MCMC run implemented in BEAST. Estimates of divergence times (million years ago; Mya) are indicated adjacent to nodes or above branches and grey bars indicate 95% HPD values. The split between the Hipposideridae and Rhinolophidae was used as the calibration point. Taxa names include museum/field numbers which correspond to Appendix S1 or GenBank accession numbers and abbreviations are: RcfH - R. cf. hildebrandtiiı RD - R. darlingiı RE - R. eloquensı RF - R. fumigatusı RH - R. hildebrandtii s.l.ı RL - R. landeri and RR - R. ruwenzorii. Localitiesı where availableı are providedı abbreviations include SA - South Africaı MZ - Mozambiqueı and ZW - Zimbabweı and the numbers in parentheses correspond with place names in Table S1 and Fig. 2 for Clade 1 and 2 individuals. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041744.g003
Figure 7 in Four New Bat Species (Rhinolophus hildebrandtii Complex) Reflect Plio-Pleistocene Divergence of Dwarfs and Giants across an Afromontane Archipelago
Figure 7. Relative warps analysis (RWA) of 12 lateral cranial landmarks from 23 individuals of R. hildebrandtii s.l. belonging to two molecular clades and two lineages of Clade 1 (see Fig. 3). Revised taxon names are provided in parentheses (see Taxonomic Conclusions). Skulls which were included in this analysis are indicated in Table S1. Symbols as is in Fig. 5. Thin plate splines (grids) show landmark distortions represented by extremes of variation on RW1 (left = negative; right = positive) and RW2 (bottom = negative; top = positive) axes. The two skull photographs at the bottom are of actual specimens representing the negative (left: DM 8577ı mossambicus from Namapaı Mozambique) and positive (right: DM 11560ı cohenae from Mayoı Mpumalanga Province) extremes of variation on RW1. Landmark positions (filled circles) are shown in the photograph in the centre. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041744.g007
IODP Expedition 382: Supplementary Tables for "New magnetostratigraphic insights from Iceberg Alley on the rhythms of Antarctic climate during the Plio-Pleistocene"
<p>Supplementary tables for "New magnetostratigraphic insights from Iceberg Alley on the rhythms of Antarctic climate during the Plio-Pleistocene"</p> <p>Includes stratigraphic data for International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Expedition 382 Sites U1536 and U1537.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Table Captions:</strong></p> <p><strong>Table S1.</strong> Splice table and additional appended cores for Site U1536 used in this study. </p> <p><strong>Table S2.</strong> Splice table and additional appended cores for Site U1537 used in this study. </p> <p><strong>Table S3.</strong> Correlation table for creation of correlated equivalent depth (ced) scale between Sites U1536 and U1537.</p> <p><strong>Table S4.</strong> Uncertainty estimates for Site U1536 natural gamma radiation (NGR) correlation to Site U1537 on mcd depth scale using Undatable (Lougheed & Obrochta, 2019). </p> <p><strong>Table S5.</strong> Site U1536 inclination, natural gamma radiation (NGR), gamma ray attenuation (GRA), and b* data used in this study.</p> <p><strong>Table S6.</strong> Site U1537 inclination, natural gamma radiation (NGR), gamma ray attenuation (GRA), and b* data used in this study.</p> <p><strong>Table S7.</strong> Meters below sea floor (mbsf) depths of magnetic reversals at Site U1536. Reversal ages are those used in this study’s age models (see Methods; Channell et al., 2016; Lisiecki & Raymo, 2005).</p> <p><strong>Table S8.</strong> Meters composite depth (mcd) splice depths of magnetic reversals at Site U1536. Reversal ages are those used in this study’s age models (see Methods; Channell et al., 2016; Lisiecki & Raymo, 2005).</p> <p><strong>Table S9.</strong> Meters below sea floor (mbsf) depths of magnetic reversals at Site U1537. Reversal ages are those used in this study’s age models (see Methods; Channell et al., 2016; Lisiecki & Raymo, 2005).</p> <p><strong>Table S10.</strong> Meters composite depth (mcd) splice depths of magnetic reversals at Site U1537. Reversal ages are those used in this study’s age models (see Methods; Channell et al., 2016; Lisiecki & Raymo, 2005).</p> <p><strong>Table S11.</strong> Magnetostratigraphic age model for Site U1536 generated with Undatable (Lougheed & Obrochta, 2019).</p> <p><strong>Table S12.</strong> Magnetostratigraphic age model for Site U1537 generated with Undatable (Lougheed & Obrochta, 2019).</p> <p><strong>Table S13.</strong> Dove Bain data stacks used in this study. </p> <p><strong>Table S14.</strong> Stratigraphic summary of magnetic reversals discussed in this study. U1308 ages from Channell et al., 2016. In relation to benthic δ<sup>18</sup>O, warm intervals are intervals with more positive values. In relation to Dove Basin facies, warm intervals are intervals with high higher b*, lower NGR, and lower GRA.</p>
Fig. 5 in Morphological disparity in Plio-Pleistocene large carnivore guilds from Italian peninsula
Fig. 5. Disparity values computed for morphospace of each extant and Plio−Pleistocene large carnivore guild. Lines define 95% confidence interval under 999 randomizations. Extant is for all living taxa (N = 34) while Plio−Pleistocene stand for all fossil taxa (N = 23). Kruger, Africa is for Africa, Gunung Lensung, Indonesia for Indonesia, Otishi for South America,, Yellowstone for North America, Krokonose for Czech Republic. Fossil communities are ordered from the youngest to the oldest: Aurelian, 0.3 Ma; Galerian 3, 0.45 Ma; Galerian 2, 0.6 Ma; Galerian 1, 0.8 Ma; Pirro, 1.1 Ma; Valdi− Chiana, 1.5 Ma; Up Valdarno, 1.9 Ma; Montopoli, 2.6 Ma; Triversa, 3.2 Ma.
Fig. 3 in Morphological disparity in Plio-Pleistocene large carnivore guilds from Italian peninsula
Fig. 3. Scatter plots of RW1 (X axis, scale −0.40 / +0.40) versus RW2 (Y axis, scale −0.40 / +0.40). Each extant large carnivore guild is highlighted by closed circles. The Kruger, Africa guild represents Africa, Krokonose is for Czech Republic, Gunung Lensung, Indonesia Lensung for Indonesia, Otishi for South America and Yellowstone for North America.
Fig. 4 in Morphological disparity in Plio-Pleistocene large carnivore guilds from Italian peninsula
Fig. 4. Scatter plots of RW1 (X axis, scale −0.40 / +0.40) versus RW2 (Y axis, scale −0.40 / +0.40). Each Plio−Pleistocene carnivore guild is highlighted by closed circles. Guild are representative of distinct Paleo−Communities trough time: Triversa, 3.2 Ma; Montopoli, 2.6 Ma; Up Valdarno, 1.9 Ma; ValdiChiana, 1.5 Ma; Pirro, 1.1 Ma; Galerian 1, 0.8 Ma; Galerian 2, 0.6 Ma; Galerian 3, 0.45 Ma; and Aurelian, 0.3 Ma.
Fig. 6 in Morphological disparity in Plio-Pleistocene large carnivore guilds from Italian peninsula
Fig. 6. Scatter plot of log number of artiodactyls vs. large carnivore disparity values. Open circles, extant ecosystems; closed, fossil ecosystems. A linear trendline is placed on extant data points. Open circles represent extant ecosystem including Kruger, Africa, Africa; Gunung Lensung, Indonesia Lensung, Indonesia; Otishi, South America; Yellowstone, North America; Krokonose, Czech Republic. Closed circles are fossil communities: Triversa, 3.2 Ma; Montopoli, 2.6 Ma; Up Valdarno, 1.9 Ma; Valdi− Chiana, 1.5 Ma; Pirro, 1.1 Ma; Galerian 1, 0.8 Ma; Galerian 2, 0.6 Ma; Galerian 3, 0.45 Ma; and Aurelian, 0.3 Ma.
Fig. 5. A in New systematic insights about Plio-Pleistocene moles from Poland
Fig. 5. A. UPGMA calculated on the Euclidean distance matrix computed on the shape variables. B. Phylogenetic hypothesis of Storch and Qiu (1983).
Fig. 4 in New systematic insights about Plio-Pleistocene moles from Poland
Fig. 4. Boxplot of the centroid sizes. Bottom and top of the boxes are the first and third quartiles, the horizontal black lines represent the median, the whiskers represent the minimum and maximum values.
Fig. 3. A in New systematic insights about Plio-Pleistocene moles from Poland
Fig. 3. A. Scatterplot of the first two axes of the bgPCA. Deformation grids refer to axes extremes (positive and negative values). B. Scatterplot of the first and third axes of bgPCA. Deformation grids refer to axes extremes (positive and negative values).
Fig. 2 in New systematic insights about Plio-Pleistocene moles from Poland
Fig. 2. Photographs showing the different conditions of the bicipital tunnel (arrowed) in talpid mammals. A. Rzebikia polonica (Skoczeń, 1980) gen. nov. (MF/1020/1), Early Villanyian (MN 16) of Poland, Rębielice Królewskie 1A, frontal view with partially unfused bicipital tunnel. B. Urotrichus talpoides Temminck, 1841 (NMNS 28207), Recent, frontal view with completely open bicipital tunnel. C. Neurotrichus gibbsii Baird, 1856 (LACM 93944), Recent, lateral view with completely fused bicipital tunnel.
Fig. 1 in New systematic insights about Plio-Pleistocene moles from Poland
Fig. 1. Landmarks (black circles) and semilandmarks (white circles) digitized on the humerus in caudal norm: 1, lateral end of greater tuberosity; 2, articular facet for clavicula; 3, proximal edge of the articular facet for clavicula; 4, bicipital notch; 5, proximal end of lesser tuberosity; 6, medial edge of the minor tuberosity; 7, lateral edge of the lesser tuberosity; 8, bicipital ridge; 9, middle point of the bicipital tunnel; 10, lateral end of the scalopine ridge; 11, proximal end of the teres tubercle; 12–14, surface of the teres tubercle; 15, distal end of the teres tubercle; 16–18, minor sulcus; 19, posterior margin of the lateral epicondyle; 20–22, lateral epicondyle; 22–24, trochlear area; 25–27, medial epicondyle; 28, posterior margin of the medial epicondyle; 29–32, greater sulcus; 33–36, humeral head.
Fig. 6 in Ecomorphology of radii in Canidae: Application to fragmentary fossils from Plio-Pleistocene hominin assemblages
Fig. 6. Neighbour-joining cluster analysis performed using Euclidean distances extracted from distal measurements. Bootstrap values show the support for each internal node.
Fig. 4 in Ecomorphology of radii in Canidae: Application to fragmentary fossils from Plio-Pleistocene hominin assemblages
Fig. 4. Neighbour-joining cluster analysis performed using Euclidean distances extracted from all measurements. Bootstrap values show the support for each internal node.
Fig. 3 in Ecomorphology of radii in Canidae: Application to fragmentary fossils from Plio-Pleistocene hominin assemblages
Fig. 3. Plot of the first two linear discriminant functions extracted from a combination of radial measurements used to classify habitat preferences within Canidae.
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