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44 results for “Population Reduction”
Population models used in: Method to assess potential magnitude of terrestrial European avian population reductions from ingestion of lead ammunition
<p>Current estimates of terrestrial bird losses across Europe from ingestion of lead ammunition are based on uncertain or generic assumptions. A method is needed to develop defensible European-specific estimates compatible with available data that does not require long-term field studies. We propose a 2-step method using carcass data and population models. The method estimates percentage of deaths diagnosed as directly caused by lead poisoning as a lower bound and, as an upper bound, the percentage of possible deaths from sublethal lead poisoning that weakens birds, making them susceptible to death by other causes. We use these estimates to modify known population-level annual mortality. Our method also allows for potential reductions in reproduction from lead shot ingestion because reductions in survival and reproduction are entered into population models of species with life histories representative of the most groups of susceptible species. The models estimate the sustainability and potential population decreases from lead poisoning in Europe. Using the best available data, we demonstrate the method on two taxonomic groups of birds: gallinaceous birds and diurnal raptors. The direction of the population trends affects the estimate, and we incorporated such trends into the method. Our midpoint estimates of the reduction in population size of the European gallinaceous bird (< 2%) group and raptor group (2.9 – 7.7%) depend on the species life history, maximum growth rate, population trend, and if reproduction is assumed to be reduced. Our estimates can be refined as more information becomes available in countries with data gaps. We advocate use of this method to improve upon or supplement approaches currently being used. As we demonstrate, the method also can be applied to individual species of concern if enough data across countries are available.</p>
Genome streamlining: effect of mutation rate and population size on genome size reduction: simulated data
<p>Lineages data of populations simulated with Aevol (<a href="https://gitlab.inria.fr/aevol/aevol">https://gitlab.inria.fr/aevol/aevol</a>), and the Wild-Types sequences used for that.</p> <p>Conditions: change of mutation rate, population size, or both.<br>Mutational bias: none, insertion bias or deletion bias</p>
Fig. 3 in Reduction Of The Breeding Population Of The Rook, Corvus Frugilegus (Aves, Corvidae), In Ukraine: The Example Of The Eastern Part Of The Kyiv Region
Fig. 3. Kernel Density Estimation of number of the rook breeding group in the research area in 1983–1985 (A), and in 2021 (B). The highest density areas are highlighted in red; the lowest density areas are green.
Fig. 2 in Reduction Of The Breeding Population Of The Rook, Corvus Frugilegus (Aves, Corvidae), In Ukraine: The Example Of The Eastern Part Of The Kyiv Region
Fig. 2. The location of Rook colonies and their number in the research area in 1983–1985 (A), and in 2021 (B).
Fig. 4 in Reduction Of The Breeding Population Of The Rook, Corvus Frugilegus (Aves, Corvidae), In Ukraine: The Example Of The Eastern Part Of The Kyiv Region
Fig. 4. Standard Deviational Ellipses for the location of rook colonies and their number in the research area in 1983–1985 and 2021.
Fig. 1 in Reduction Of The Breeding Population Of The Rook, Corvus Frugilegus (Aves, Corvidae), In Ukraine: The Example Of The Eastern Part Of The Kyiv Region
Fig. 1. Geographical location of the study area. The circle is a research territory with an area of 1850 km².
Population models used in: Method to assess potential magnitude of terrestrial European avian population reductions from ingestion of lead ammunition
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Pelvic spine reduction affects diet but not gill raker morphology in two polymorphic brook stickleback (Culaea inconstans) populations
<p>Pelvic spine polymorphism occurs in several species in the stickleback family (<em>Gasterosteidae</em>). Given parallel selection driving similar phenotypic polymorphisms in multiple stickleback species, we sought to determine the extent of parallelism in the ecological consequences of pelvic spine reduction. Based on a metabarcoding analysis of brook stickleback gut contents in two polymorphic populations, we found a shift towards a planktonic diet was associated with pelvic spine reduction. These results contrast with those found in threespine stickleback where pelvic spine reduction is associated with a shift towards a benthic diet. Hence, we found non-parallel consequences of spine polymorphism across species. Furthermore, a change in gill raker morphology has been consistently implicated in the change in diet in pelvic-reduced threespine stickleback. But we found no evidence of any difference in gill raker morphology associated with pelvic spine polymorphism in brook stickleback.</p>
Data from: The costs of living on the coast: reduction in body size and size-specific reproductive output in coastal populations of a widespread amphibian
<ol> <li>Body size is a critical component of organismal biology. Body size is known to be influenced by a plethora of environmental conditions, among which exposure to large-scale variations of salinity has been comparatively overlooked. Yet, exposure to salinity is known to affect energetic allocation toward growth and reproduction.</li> <li>In this study, we investigated the morphological differences between inland and coastal individuals of spined toads (<em>Bufo</em> <em>spinosus</em>) in Western France. </li> <li>We measured adult morphology both outside and during the reproductive season on 190 individuals, and assessed reproduction in pairs originating from inland (N=20) and coastal (N=30) environments.</li> <li>Overall, we found that adult coastal toads were smaller and lighter than inland individuals. Reproductive correlates of these differences included lower fecundity and smaller egg size (but higher egg density) in coastal females. Interestingly, these differences were not allometric correlates of body size, as coastal females invested proportionally less in all components of reproduction (fecundity, egg size and egg protection).</li> <li>These results suggest altered resource allocation to growth and reproduction in coastal amphibians, which may be related to the marked spatial gradient of salinity (measured in reproductive ponds) and the associated costs of osmoregulation (higher osmolality in coastal individuals), for which local adaptation and higher tolerance to salinity remains to be tested.</li> </ol>
Brief Interventions for Short-Term Suicide Risk Reduction in Military Populations
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT02042131. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 2.
Pelvic spine reduction affects diet but not gill raker morphology in two polymorphic brook stickleback (Culaea inconstans) populations
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Data from: The costs of living on the coast: reduction in body size and size-specific reproductive output in coastal populations of a widespread amphibian
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Data from: Fire-induced population reduction and landscape opening increases gene flow via pollen dispersal in Pinus halepensis
Population reduction and disturbances may alter dispersal, mating patterns and gene flow. Rather than taking the common approach of comparing different populations or sites, here we studied gene flow via wind-mediated effective pollen dispersal on the same plant individuals before and after a fire-induced population drop, in a natural stand of Pinus halepensis. The fire killed 96% of the pine trees in the stand and cleared the vegetation in the area. Thirteen trees survived in two groups separated by ~80 m, and seven of these trees had serotinous (closed) pre-fire cones that did not open despite the fire. We analyzed pollen from closed pre- and post-fire cones using microsatellites. The two groups of surviving trees were highly genetically differentiated, and the pollen they produced also showed strong among-group differentiation and very high kinship both before and after the fire, indicating limited and very local pollen dispersal. The pollen not produced by the survivors also showed significant pre-fire spatial genetic structure and high kinship, indicating mainly within-population origin and limited gene flow from outside, but became spatially homogeneous with random kinship after the fire. We suggest that post-fire gene flow via wind-mediated pollen dispersal increased by two putative mechanisms: 1) a drastic reduction in local pollen production due to population thinning, effectively increasing pollen immigration; 2) an increase in wind speeds in the vegetation-free post-fire landscape. This research shows that dispersal can alleviate negative genetic effects of population size reduction, and that disturbances might enhance gene flow, rather than reduce it.
FIGURE. Umbellules within four populations of Sanicula orthacantha, showing the fruits characters and the variation in numbers of staminate flowers (each line represents a plant individual). The ratio of staminate flowers number/ umbellule number is given for each individual. A. China, Hubei, Xuan'en, Qizimei Mountain, H.M. Li, Y.M. Yi & Y.S. Zhang 1077 (NAS). B. China, Jiangxi, Jiujiang, Lushan, H.M. Li, Y.S. Zhang & Y. Xu 1109 (NAS). C. China, Chongqing, Nanchuan, Jinfo Shan, H.M. Li, Y.S. Zhang & X. Zhang 1141 (NAS). D. China, Sichuan, Emei Shan, H.M. Li & Y.S. Zhang 1157 (NAS). All same scale. in Taxonomic studies on the genus Sanicula (Apiaceae) from China ( ): The clarification of some morphological distinction between S. orthacantha var. orthacantha and S. orthacantha var. brevispina, with the reduction of S. petagnioides to the synonymy of the former, and S. orthacantha var. stolonifera to
FIGURE. Umbellules within four populations of Sanicula orthacantha, showing the fruits characters and the variation in numbers of staminate flowers (each line represents a plant individual). The ratio of staminate flowers number/ umbellule number is given for each individual. A. China, Hubei, Xuan'en, Qizimei Mountain, H.M. Li, Y.M. Yi & Y.S. Zhang 1077 (NAS). B. China, Jiangxi, Jiujiang, Lushan, H.M. Li, Y.S. Zhang & Y. Xu 1109 (NAS). C. China, Chongqing, Nanchuan, Jinfo Shan, H.M. Li, Y.S. Zhang & X. Zhang 1141 (NAS). D. China, Sichuan, Emei Shan, H.M. Li & Y.S. Zhang 1157 (NAS). All same scale.
FIGURE. Umbellules within two populations of Sanicula orthacantha var. brevispina from China, Sichuan, Emei Shan, showing the fruits characters and the variation in numbers of staminate flowers (each line represents a plant individual). The ratio of staminate flowers number/ umbellule number is given for each individual. A. C.H. Li 1122 (NAS). B. H.M. Li & Y.S. Zhang 1151 (NAS). in Taxonomic studies on the genus Sanicula (Apiaceae) from China ( ): The clarification of some morphological distinction between S. orthacantha var. orthacantha and S. orthacantha var. brevispina, with the reduction of S. petagnioides to the synonymy of the former, and S. orthacantha var. stolonifera to
FIGURE. Umbellules within two populations of Sanicula orthacantha var. brevispina from China, Sichuan, Emei Shan, showing the fruits characters and the variation in numbers of staminate flowers (each line represents a plant individual). The ratio of staminate flowers number/ umbellule number is given for each individual. A. C.H. Li 1122 (NAS). B. H.M. Li & Y.S. Zhang 1151 (NAS).
FIGURE. Individuals in two Populations of Sanicula orthacantha var. brevispina from China, Sichuan, Emei Shan, showing the variation in plant size and rhizome character (each line represents a population). A. C.H. Li 1122 (NAS). B. H.M. Li & Y.S. Zhang 1151 (NAS). in Taxonomic studies on the genus Sanicula (Apiaceae) from China ( ): The clarification of some morphological distinction between S. orthacantha var. orthacantha and S. orthacantha var. brevispina, with the reduction of S. petagnioides to the synonymy of the former, and S. orthacantha var. stolonifera to
FIGURE. Individuals in two Populations of Sanicula orthacantha var. brevispina from China, Sichuan, Emei Shan, showing the variation in plant size and rhizome character (each line represents a population). A. C.H. Li 1122 (NAS). B. H.M. Li & Y.S. Zhang 1151 (NAS).
FIGURE. Cauline Leaves of Sanicula orthacantha var. brevispina from China, Sichuan, Emei Shan, showing the size and shape of leaves within and between populations (each line represents a plant individual). A. C.H. Li 1122 (NAS). B. H.M. Li & Y.S. Zhang 1151 (NAS). in Taxonomic studies on the genus Sanicula (Apiaceae) from China ( ): The clarification of some morphological distinction between S. orthacantha var. orthacantha and S. orthacantha var. brevispina, with the reduction of S. petagnioides to the synonymy of the former, and S. orthacantha var. stolonifera to
FIGURE. Cauline Leaves of Sanicula orthacantha var. brevispina from China, Sichuan, Emei Shan, showing the size and shape of leaves within and between populations (each line represents a plant individual). A. C.H. Li 1122 (NAS). B. H.M. Li & Y.S. Zhang 1151 (NAS).
Data from: Allometric brain reduction in an insular, dwarfed population of black-tailed deer
<p>Insular populations of mammals have been shown to undergo drastic morphological changes relative to mainland counterparts, and these adaptations can provide insight into the evolutionary effects of predation and competition. Selection has been shown to favor more energetically efficient body plans in insular mammals, even when this entails the reduction of anti-predator defenses, but few studies have focused on morphological effects within the same species. Previous research has established that insular large mammals tend to reduce in body size, and that size reduction may not scale isometrically across all body parts. The brain has been a particular subject of interest due to its high energy requirements. Here, we report that an extant, dwarfed island population of black-tailed deer (<em>Odocoileus hemionus columbianus</em>) exhibits significantly reduced brain mass relative to body mass in comparison to their mainland conspecifics, with brain mass 4.9% smaller in the island population for a given body mass. Further, in the dwarfed population, orbital area was 4.1% smaller for a given body mass, but this reduction was not significant. Foramina magna reduced isometrically. In resource-limited insular environments, negative allometry of the brain is consistent with predictions of reduced investment in energetically costly organs. This study is, to our knowledge, the first to examine the morphological effects of insularity on brain size in two conspecific populations, and these findings suggest that selection toward reduced brain size may act relatively quickly after isolation.</p>
Data from: Patterns in antipredator armature reduction and maintenance in isolated spring populations of an amphipod crustacean
<p class="xmsonormal"><span>Organisms colonizing new habitat can undergo adaptive change due to novel selective landscapes encountered in the new environment. Examples in nature where development of the same traits has repeatedly occurred on multiple independent occasions upon colonizing a novel habitat represent instances of parallel evolution. Here we test whether the colonization of spring habitat by the principally lacustrine amphipod crustacean <em>Pallaseopsis quadrispinosa </em>has resulted in parallel evolution in armature traits using empirical data on morphology and mitochondrial DNA and through a breeding experiment. Analysis of mtDNA CO1 sequences shows that the spring populations share no common history and have evolved in isolation from each other and from their neighbouring lake populations since deglaciation approximately 12000 years ago and are now fixed for different haplogroups. Dorsal spines and lateral projections were absent or less developed in all spring populations than in lake populations. Variation in armature development also could be explained by predator presence as populations with fish predators exhibited more developed spines than those without fish. In a laboratory breeding experiment, hybrid Spring X Lake F1 offspring had intermediate development of armature when compared to offspring of Lake X Lake and Spring X Spring matings. The results support the hypothesis that armature reduction has independently evolved on multiple occasions in <em>P. quadrispinosa. </em>Recent research has questioned the degree to which parallel evolution actually explains variance in traits. Taking into account predation regime, sexual dimorphism and mineral composition of the trait, a more precise understanding of the factors influencing parallel evolution emerges.</span></p>
Does the Reduction of Total Body Iron Storage (TBIS) Alter Mortality in a Population of Patients With Advanced PVD?
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT00032357. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 2. Publications: 11.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.