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178 results for “Positive selection”
Data for: Patterns of shared signatures of recent positive selection across human populations
<p>Genome-wide summary stats for modified iHS scan in 1KG as reported in:</p> <p><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29459708/">Patterns of shared signatures of recent positive selection across human populations.</a></p> <p>Johnson KE, Voight BF.Nat Ecol Evol. 2018 Apr;2(4):713-720. doi: 10.1038/s41559-018-0478-6. Epub 2018 Feb 19.</p> <p>PMID: 29459708</p> <p>Code available at: https://github.com/bvoightlab/iHS_calc</p>
Data from publication: Castillioni, K., & Isbell, F. (2023). Early positive spatial selection effects of beta-diversity on ecosystem functioning. Landscape Ecology, 1-15.
Data from publication: Castillioni, K., & Isbell, F. (2023). Early positive spatial selection effects of beta-diversity on ecosystem functioning. Landscape Ecology, 1-15. Spatial beta-diversity may increase landscape productivity if there are positive spatial selection effects. Alternatively, dominant species in mixtures might not be the most productive species in monoculture leading to negative or neutral spatial selection effects. However, these hypotheses remain untested experimentally. Seedling survival can determine species establishment, influencing productivity later. To address this knowledge gap, we experimentally tested whether transplanted seedlings of dominant species optimally sort among habitat types (grassland dominated by Andropogon gerardii, savanna by Quercus macrocarpa, deciduous forest by Acer rubrum, coniferous forest by Pinus strobus, bog by Larix laricina), creating positive effects of landscape diversity on seedling survival and net biodiversity effects at Cedar Creek Ecosystem Science Reserve (CCESR) in Minnesota, USA. The study is named BetaDIV and consists of 100 plots (20 plots per habitat × 5 habitats). Each of the five habitats includes two true replicate monocultures for each of the five species and two true replicates for each of the five possible mixture compositions of four species (leaving each one out in turn to eventually explore the effect of species identity). Each plot is 1.5 by 1.5 m, with 12 seedlings planted 0.5 m apart in a 4 × 4 square grid, except in the plot corners. In the early June 2022, we tagged and planted all seedlings (i.e., bareroot seedlings for trees and plugs for the grass A. gerardii). Two weeks after the initial transplanting, we started tracking seedling survival (presented here) to investigate how seedlings responded to local habitat conditions. We conducted a seedling census for each of the 1200 tagged seedlings (12 seedlings per plot×100 plots), in early September 2022, which was two months at the end
Robot Self-Assembly as Adaptive Growth Process: Collective Selection of Seed Position and Self-Organizing Tree-Structures
<p>Autonomous self-assembly allows to create structures and scaffolds on demand and automatically. The desired structure may be predetermined or alternatively it is the result of an artificial growth process that adapts to environmental features and to the intermediate structure itself. In a self-organizing and decentralized control approach the robots interact only locally and form the structure collectively. Designing a complete approach that allows the robot group to collectively decide on where to start the self-assembly, that adapts at runtime to environmental conditions, and that guarantees the structural stability is challenging and does not yet exist. We present an approach to self-assembly inspired by diffusion-limited aggregation that generates an adaptive structure reacting to environmental conditions in an artificial growth process. During a preparatory stage the robots collectively decide where to start the self-assembly also depending on environmental conditions. In the actual self-assembly stage, the robots create tree-like structures that grow towards light. We report the results of robot self-assembly experiments with 50 Kilobots. Our results demonstrate how an adaptive growth process can be implemented in robots. We explain how our approach will be extended to a 3-d growth process and how robot self-assembly as an open-ended adaptive growth process opens up a multiplicity of future opportunities.</p>
Code and Data associated with "Discovery of positive and purifying selection in metagenomic time series of hypermutator microbial populations"
<p>Code and data sufficient to reproduce analyses in "Discovery of positive and purifying selection in metagenomic time series of hypermutator microbial populations".</p>
Fig. 2. Selected photographs showing the sargassum habitat and Scyllaea fulva. A in Positive association between PTN polymorphisms and schizophrenia in Northeast Chinese Han population.
Fig. 2. Selected photographs showing the sargassum habitat and Scyllaea fulva. A, Sargassum bed at Tai She Wan; B, In situ swimming Scyllaea fulva; C, Dorsal view of Scyllaea fulva in a beaker; D, Lateral view of Scyllaea fulva in a beaker. Scale bar = 0.5 cm.
Meta-analysis of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class IIA reveals polymorphism and positive selection in many vertebrate species
<p>Pathogen-mediated selection and sexual selection are important drivers of evolution. Both processes are known to target genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), a gene family encoding cell-surface proteins that display pathogen peptides to the immune system. The MHC is also a model for understanding processes such as gene duplication and trans-species allele sharing. The class II MHC protein is a heterodimer whose peptide-binding groove is encoded by an MHC-IIA gene and an MHC-IIB gene. However, our literature review found that class II MHC papers on infectious disease or sexual selection included IIA data only 18% and 9% of the time, respectively. To assess whether greater emphasis on MHC-IIA is warranted, we analyzed MHC-IIA sequence data from 50 species of vertebrates (fish, amphibians, birds, mammals) to test for polymorphism and positive selection. We found that the number of MHC-IIA alleles within a species was often high, and covaried with sample size and number of MHC-IIA genes assayed. While MHC-IIA variability tended to be lower than that of MHC-IIB, the difference was only ~25%, with ~3 fewer IIA alleles than IIB. Furthermore, the unexpectedly high MHC-IIA variability showed clear signatures of positive selection in most species, and positive selection on MHC-IIA was stronger in fish than in other surveyed vertebrate groups. Our findings underscore that MHC-IIA can be an important target of selection. Future work should therefore expand the characterization of MHC-IIA at both allelic and genomic scales, and incorporate MHC-IIA into models of fitness consequences of MHC variation.</p>
Meta-analysis of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class IIA reveals polymorphism and positive selection in many vertebrate species
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Data from: Introgressed variants obscure phylogenetic relationships but are not subject to positive selection in Australasian long-tailed parrots
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Social network position experiences more variable selection than weaponry in wild subpopulations of forked fungus beetles
<p>1. The phenotypic expression and fitness consequences of behaviors that are exhibited during social interactions are especially sensitive to their local social context. This context-dependence is expected to generate more variation in the sign and magnitude of selection on social behavior than that experienced by static characters like morphology. Relatively few studies, however, have examined selection on behavioral traits in multiple populations. 2. We estimated sexual selection in the wild to determine if the strength and form of selection on social phenotypes is more variable than that on morphology. 3. We compared selection gradients on social network position, body size, and weaponry of male forked fungus beetles (Bolitotherus cornutus) as they influenced mating success across nine natural subpopulations. 4. Male horn length consistently experienced positive sexual selection. However, the sign and magnitude of selection on individual measures of network centrality (strength and betweenness) differed significantly among subpopulations. Moreover, selection on social behaviors occurred at local scale ("soft selection"), whereas selection on horn length occurred at the metapopulation scale ("hard selection"). 5. These results indicate that an individual with a given social phenotype could experience different fitness consequences depending on the network it occupies. While individuals seem to be unable to escape the fitness effects of their morphology, they may have the potential to mediate the pressures of selection on behavioral phenotypes by moving among subpopulations or altering social connections within a network.</p>
Positive selection and inactivation in vision and hearing genes of cetaceans
<p>The transition to an aquatic lifestyle in cetaceans (whales and dolphins) resulted in a radical transformation in their sensory systems. Toothed whales acquired specialized high-frequency hearing tied to the evolution of echolocation, while baleen whales evolved low-frequency hearing. More generally, all cetaceans show adaptations for hearing and seeing underwater. To determine the extent to which these phenotypic changes have been driven by molecular adaptation, we performed large-scale targeted sequence capture of 179 sensory genes across the Cetacea, incorporating up to 54 cetacean species from all major clades as well as their closest relatives, the hippopotamuses. We screened for positive selection in 167 loci related to vision and hearing, and found that the diversification of cetaceans has been accompanied by pervasive molecular adaptations in both sets of genes, including several loci implicated in non-syndromic hearing loss (NSHL). Despite these findings, however, we found no direct evidence of positive selection at the base of odontocetes coinciding with the origin of echolocation, as found in studies examining fewer taxa. By using contingency tables incorporating taxon- and gene-based controls, we show that, while numbers of positively selected hearing and NSHL genes are disproportionately high in cetaceans, counts of vision genes do not differ significantly from expected values. Alongside these adaptive changes, we find increased evidence of pseudogenization of genes involved in cone-mediated vision in mysticetes and deep diving odontocetes. </p>
Elevated rates of positive selection drive the evolution of pestiferousness in the Colorado potato beetle ( Leptinotarsa decemlineata, Say)
<p class="Paragraph">In order to understand the evolution of pestiferousness, which we define as the accumulation of traits that contribute to an insect population's success in an agroecosystem, we tested the importance of known genomic properties associated with rapid adaptation. Within the leaf beetle genus <i>Leptinotarsa</i>, only the Colorado potato beetle (CPB), <i>Leptinotarsa decemlineata</i> Say, and a few populations therein, has risen to pest status on cultivated nightshades, <i>Solanum</i>. Using whole genomes from ten closely related <i>Leptinotarsa</i> species native to the United States we reconstructed a high-quality species tree and used this phylogenetic framework to assess evolutionary patterns in four genomic features of rapid adaptation: standing genetic variation, gene family expansion and contraction, transposable element variation, and positive selection at protein coding genes. Throughout approximately 20 million years of history, <i>Leptinotarsa</i> species show little evidence of gene family turnover and transposable element variation. However, there is a clear pattern of recently derived lineages, including CPB, experiencing higher rates of positive selection on protein coding genes. We determine these rates are associated with greater standing genetic variation due to larger effective population size, which support the theory that the demographic history contributes to rates of protein evolution. Furthermore, we identify a suite of genes under positive selection that are linked to pestiferousness, exclusively, in the Colorado potato beetle lineage. They are involved in the biological processes of xenobiotic detoxification, chemosensation, and hormone function.</p>
Unique structure and positive selection promote the rapid divergence of Drosophila Y chromosomes
Y chromosomes across diverse species convergently evolve a gene-poor, heterochromatic organization enriched for duplicated genes, LTR retrotransposons, and satellite DNA. Sexual antagonism and a loss of recombination play major roles in the degeneration of young Y chromosomes. However, the processes shaping the evolution of mature, already degenerated Y chromosomes are less well-understood. Because Y chromosomes evolve rapidly, comparisons between closely related species are particularly useful. We generated de novo long read assemblies complemented with cytological validation to reveal Y chromosome organization in three closely related species of the Drosophila simulans complex, which diverged only 250,000 years ago and share >98% sequence identity. We find these Y chromosomes are divergent in their organization and repetitive DNA composition and discover new Y-linked gene families whose evolution is driven by both positive selection and gene conversion. These Y chromosomes are also enriched for large deletions, suggesting that the repair of double-strand breaks on Y chromosomes may be biased toward microhomology-mediated end joining over canonical non-homologous end-joining. We propose that this repair mechanism contributes to the convergent evolution of Y chromosome organization across organisms.
Datasets for Twort et al. Signals of positive selection in Palearctic bat species coexisting with a fungal pathogen
<p>Datasets used in Twort et al: Signals of positive selection in Palearctic bat species coexisting with a fungal pathogen</p> <p>Included are final gene alignments and tree files from the Phylogenetic Dataset (2515 genes) and the curated dataset (300 genes).</p> <p>Phylogenetic Dataset Files:</p> <ul> <li>BUSCO Dataset: 2515 genes extracted from the Mammalia_odb10 BUSCO database. This dataset was used for phylogeney construction and branch tests</li> <li>Align_BUSCO: Contains the final cleaned alignments used for the 2515 Phylogenetic dataset genes (after gblocks) in fasta format</li> <li>Contree_BUSCO.zip: Contains the consensus tree constructed with IQ-Tree for the 2,515 phylogenetic gene dataset (used as input for ASTRAL,and for branch tests) </li> <li>Ufboot_BUSCO.zip: Contains the bootstrap trees from IQ-Tree for the 2,515 gene dataset</li> <li>Branch_Myoluc_labelled_BUSCO.zip: Final labelled trees, with Myotis lucifugus labelled as foreground branch from the 2,515 gene dataset used for PAML branch tests, all bootstrap values and branch lengths have been removed.</li> <li>Branch_Myomyo_labelled_BUSCO.zip: Final labelled trees, with Myotis myotis labelled as foreground branch from the 2,515 gene dataset used for PAML branch tests, all bootstrap values and branch lengths have been removed.</li> </ul> <p>Curated Dataset Files:</p> <ul> <li>PAML Dataset - 300 gene set, This dataset was used for codon tests (PAML)</li> <li>Align_Paml: Contains the final cleaned alignments for the 300 gene dataset (after gblocks) in fasta format</li> <li>Contree_PAML: Contains the consensus trees constructed with IQ-Tree for the 300 gene dataset </li> </ul> <p>Version 2 corrects a sample labelling mistake present in Version 1.</p>
Strong evidence for positive and negative correlational selection revealed by recreating ancestral variation
<p>The study of adaptation helps explain biodiversity and predict future evolution. Yet the process of adaptation can be difficult to observe due to limited phenotypic variation in contemporary populations. Furthermore, the scarcity of male fitness estimates has made it difficult to both understand adaptation and evaluate sexual conflict hypotheses. We addressed both issues in our study of two anther position traits in wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum): anther exsertion (long filament − corolla tube lengths) and anther separation (long − short filament lengths). These traits affect pollination efficiency and are particularly interesting due to the unusually high correlations among their component traits. We measured selection through male and female fitness on wild radish plants from populations artificially selected to recreate ancestral variation in each anther trait. We found little evidence for conflicts between male and female function. We found strong evidence for stabilizing selection on anther exsertion and disruptive selection on anther separation, indicating positive and negative correlational selection on the component traits. Intermediate levels of exsertion are likely an adaptation to best contact small bees. The function of anther separation is less clear, but future studies might investigate pollen placement on pollinators and compare species possessing multiple stamen types.</p>
Strong evidence for positive and negative correlational selection revealed by recreating ancestral variation
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Social network position experiences more variable selection than weaponry in wild subpopulations of forked fungus beetles
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Unique structure and positive selection promote the rapid divergence of Drosophila Y chromosomes
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Data from: Transcriptome-based phylogeny of endemic Lake Baikal amphipod species flock: fast speciation accompanied by frequent episodes of positive selection
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Positive selection and inactivation in vision and hearing genes of cetaceans
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The Arabidopsis AtSWEET13 transporter discriminates sugars by selective facial and positional substrate recognition
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
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The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
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