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9 results for “Postcranium”
Figure 4 in Comparative ossification sequence and skeletal development of the postcranium of palaeognathous birds (Aves: Palaeognathae)
Figure 4. Graph of stage (Hamburger & Hamilton, 1951) of first occurrence of ossification for fore- and hindlimb elements for chicken, turkey, emu and rhea embryos. The order in which the elements are presented is standardized against the chicken sequence. Stage 40.5 is the same as stage 40+ in the text, whereas stage 45 represents elements that are ossified in the adult but unossified in the oldest embryo examined. The digit number is in roman numerals; the phalanges are numbered proximally to distally in arabic numerals.
Figure 2 in Comparative ossification sequence and skeletal development of the postcranium of palaeognathous birds (Aves: Palaeognathae)
Figure 2. Lateral view of the hindlimb and pelvic girdle of palaeognath embryos. A–C, Dromaius novaehollandiae: A, stage 32 (RM 8052); B, stage 36 (day 25 of incubation, RM 8023); C, stage 40+ (day 36 of incubation, RM 8034). E–G, Struthio camelus: E, day 15 of incubation (YPM 112437); F, day 21 of incubation (YPM 112444); G, day 34 of incubation (YPM 112459). I, J, Eudromia elegans: I, day 10 of incubation (YPM 112520); J, day 15 of incubation (YPM 112525). D, H, Rhea americana: D, stage 34 (day 14 of incubation, RM 7217); H, stage 40+ (day 26 of incubation, RM 7223). Grey shaded regions represent cartilage; black regions represent ossified tissue. The density of stippling reflects the relative degree of ossification. Scale bar, 5 mm.
Figure 3 in Comparative ossification sequence and skeletal development of the postcranium of palaeognathous birds (Aves: Palaeognathae)
Figure 3. Comparable developmental stages of Meleagris gallopavo (A), Rhea americana (B) and Dromaius novaehollandiae (C). Each embryo is at stage 34 (Hamburger & Hamilton, 1951) and to the same scale. Arrows mark the proximal and distal extents of the developing wings. Scale bar, 1 cm.
Data from: Limited convergence in the postcranium of aquatic crocodylomorpha
<p>Thalattosuchia (Early Jurassic–Early Cretaceous) and Dyrosauridea (Late Cretaceous–Early Eocene) are crocodylomorph archosaurs which diversified in fluvial and marine environments and endured extinction events (i.e. Jurassic–Cretaceous boundary for Thalattosuchia; Cretaceous–Paleogene for Dyrosauridea). Their postcrania remain globally undervalued in anatomical descriptions and diagnoses, shrouding the locomotive adaptations that possibly underpinned their radiations and longevity. We thoroughly surveyed the postcranial morphology of Dyrosauridea and Thalattosuchia, recreated their girdles in three-dimensions using tens of high-precisions 3D scans, and analysed their shape using geometric morphometrics. Dyrosauridea and Thalattosuchia have clearly distinct postcrania, even when found within similar environments, suggesting the existence of clade-specific features limiting the strength of evolutionary convergence. Moreover, the range of postcranial morphologies evolved by dyrosaurids and thalattosuchians is large compared to extant crocodylians, making the latter unsatisfactory functional analogues for every group of extinct crocodylomorphs. Our work reveals the previously unsuspected potential of postcranial anatomy as an abundant source of phylogenetic and taxonomic characters to assess the relationships within Crocodylomorpha. Incorporation of postcranial anatomy therefore appears crucial to fully assess the ecology, disparity, and relationships of crocodylomorphs.</p>
Data from: Limited convergence in the postcranium of aquatic crocodylomorpha
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Data from: Ecomorphology of the African felid ensemble: the role of the skull and postcranium in determining species segregation and assembling history
Morphology of extant felids is regarded as highly conservative. Most previous studies have focussed on skull morphology, so a vacuum exists about morphofunctional variation in postcranium and its role in structuring ensembles of felids in different continents. The African felid ensemble is particularly rich in ecologically specialized felids. We studied the ecomorphology of this ensemble using 31 cranial and 93 postcranial morphometric variables measured in 49 specimens of all 10 African species. We took a multivariate approach controlling for phylogeny, with and without body size correction. Postcranial and skull + postcranial analyses (but not skull-only analyses) allowed for a complete segregation of species in morphospace. Morphofunctional factors segregating species included body size, bite force, zeugopodial lengths and osteological features related to parasagittal leg movement. A general gradient of bodily proportions was recovered: lightly built, long-legged felids with small heads and weak bite forces vs. the opposite. Three loose groups were recognized: small terrestrial felids, mid-to-large sized scansorial felids and specialized Acinonyx jubatus and Leptailurus serval. As predicted from a previous study, the assembling of the African felid ensemble during the Plio-Pleistocene occurred by the arrival of distinct felid lineages that occupied then vacant areas of morphospace, later diversifying in the continent.
Data from: Ecomorphology of the African felid ensemble: the role of the skull and postcranium in determining species segregation and assembling history
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Fig. 7. Postcranium, Early Jurassic saurichthyids. A in Revision of Saurorhynchus (Actinopterygii: Saurichthyidae) from the Early Jurassic of England and Germany
Fig. 7. Postcranium, Early Jurassic saurichthyids. A. Saurorhynchus anningae sp. nov., neural arches and squamation in the posterior abdominal region (NHMUK PV P 3790). B–D. Saurorhynchus hauffi sp. nov., SMNS 55057. B. Lepidotrichia of the anal fin. C. Relationship between the neural and haemal arches and the axonosts. D. Caudal peduncle. Abbreviations: af.ax = axonosts of the anal fin; ax.p = axonost plate; bf = basal fulcra; cf.r = caudal fin radials; df.ax = axonosts of the dorsal fin; ff = fringing fulcra; hs = haemal spine; lep = lepidotrichia; mds = mid-dorsal scale row; mvs = mid-ventral scale row; na = neural arch; ns = neural spine. Scale bars: A = 1 mm, B–D = 5 mm. A. Photo © The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London.
Figure 1 in Comparative ossification sequence and skeletal development of the postcranium of palaeognathous birds (Aves: Palaeognathae)
Figure 1. Lateral view of the forelimbs of palaeognath embryos. A–C, Dromaius novaehollandiae: A, stage 35 (RM 8053); B, stage 36 (day 25 of incubation, RM 8023); C, stage 40+ (day 43 of incubation, RM 8039). D–F, Struthio camelus: D, day 15 of incubation (YPM 112437); E, day 21 of incubation (YPM 112444); F, day 36 of incubation (YPM 112461). G, H, Eudromia elegans: G, day 10 of incubation (YPM 112519); H, day 15 of incubation (YPM 112525). I, J, Rhea americana: I, stage 34 (day 14 of incubation, RM 7217); J, stage 40+ (day 26 of incubation, RM 7223). Grey shaded regions represent cartilage; black regions represent ossified tissue. The density of stippling reflects the relative degree of ossification. Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B, D, E, G, I); 5 mm (C, F, H, J).
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