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18 results for “Predator-prey dynamics”
Data from: Dynamic balancing of risks and rewards in a large herbivore: Further extending predator-prey concepts to road ecology
<p>Animal behavior is shaped by the ability to identify risks and profitably balance the levels of risks encountered with the payoffs experienced. Anthropogenic disturbances like roads generate novel risks and opportunities that wildlife must accurately perceive and respond to. Basic concepts in predator-prey ecology are often used to understand responses of animals to roads (e.g., increased vigilance, selection for cover in their vicinity). However, prey often display complex behaviors such as modulating space use given varying risks and rewards, and it is unclear if such dynamic balancing is used by animals in the context of road crossings.</p> <p>We tested whether animals dynamically balance risks and rewards relative to roads using extensive field -based and GPS collar data from elk in Yoho National Park (British Columbia, Canada) where a major highway completely bisects their range during most of the year.</p> <p>We analyzed elk behavior by combining hidden Markov movement models with a step-selection function framework. Rewards were indexed by a dynamic map of available forage biomass and risks were indexed by road crossings and traffic volumes.</p> <p>We found that elk generally selected intermediate and high forage biomass and avoided crossing the road. Most of the time, elk modulated their behavior given varying risks and rewards. When crossing the highway compared with not crossing, elk selected for greater forage biomass and this selection was stronger as the number of highway crossings increased. However, with traffic volume, elk only balanced foraging rewards when they crossed a single time during a travel sequence.</p> <p>Using a road ecology system, we empirically tested an important component of predator-prey ecology – the ability to dynamically modulate behavior in response to varying levels of risks and rewards. Such a test articulates how decision-making processes that consider the spatiotemporal variation in risks and rewards allow animals to successfully and profitably navigate busy roads. Applying well-developed concepts in predator-prey theory helps understand how animals respond to anthropogenic disturbances and anticipate the adaptive capacity for individuals and populations to adjust to rapidly changing environments.</p>
Data from: Dynamic balancing of risks and rewards in a large herbivore: Further extending predator-prey concepts to road ecology
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Code from: Spatial resource heterogeneity stabilizes local and regional predator-prey dynamics in ecologically-realistic networks
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Data from: Ecosystem function in predator-prey food webs - confronting dynamic models with empirical data
1. Most ecosystem functions and related services involve species interactions across trophic levels, e.g. pollination and biological pest control. Despite this, our understanding of ecosystem function in multi-trophic communities is poor, and research has been limited to either manipulations in small communities or statistical descriptions in larger ones. 2. Recent advances in food web ecology may allow us to overcome the trade-off between mechanistic insight and ecological realism. Molecular tools now simplify the detection of feeding interactions, and trait-based approaches allow the application of dynamic food web models to real ecosystems. We performed the first test of an allometric food web model's ability to replicate temporally non-aggregated abundance data from the field, and to provide mechanistic insight into the function of predation. 3. We aimed to reproduce and explore the drivers of the population dynamics of the aphid herbivore Rhopalosiphum padi observed in ten Swedish barley fields. We used a dynamic food web model, taking observed interactions and abundances of predators and alternative prey as input data, allowing us to examine the role of predation in aphid population control. The inverse problem methods were used for simultaneous model fit optimization and model parameterization. 4. The model captured >70% of the variation in aphid abundance in five of ten fields, supporting the model-embodied hypothesis that body-size can be an important determinant of predation in the arthropod community. We further demonstrate how in-depth model analysis can disentangle the likely drivers of function, such as the community's abundance and trait composition. Analyzing the variability in model performance revealed knowledge gaps, such as the source of episodic aphid mortality, and general method development needs that, if addressed, would further increase model success and enable stronger inference about ecosystem function. 5. The results demonstrate that confronting dynamic food web models with abundance data from the field is a viable approach to evaluate ecological theory and to aid our understanding of function in real ecosystems. However, to realize the full potential of food web models, in ecosystem function research and beyond, trait-based parameterization must be refined and extended to include more traits than body size.
Supplementary files: Social learning of innovations in dynamic predator-prey systems
<p>We investigate social transmission of behavioral innovations between predators in two classic predator-prey models. We assume that innovations increase predator attack rates or conversion efficiencies, or that innovations reduce predator mortality or prey handling time. We find that a common outcome of innovations is the destabilization of the system. Destabilizing effects include increasing oscillations or limit cycles. Particularly, in systems where prey are self-limiting and predators have a Type II functional response, destabilization occurs due to overexploitation of the prey. Whenever instability increases the risk of extinction, innovations that benefit individual predators may not have positive long-term effects on predator populations. An additional consequence of instability is the maintenance of behavioral variability among predators. Interestingly, when predator populations are low despite coexisting with prey populations near their carrying capacity, innovations that could help predators better exploit their prey are least likely to spread. Precisely how unlikely this is depends on whether or not naïve individuals need to observe an informed individual interact with prey to learn the innovation. Our results offer perspective on the potential role of innovation in biological invasions, urban colonization, and the maintenance of behavioral polymorphisms.</p>
Supplementary files: Social learning of innovations in dynamic predator-prey systems
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Data from: Ecosystem function in predator-prey food webs - confronting dynamic models with empirical data
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Variable effects of mycorrhizal fungi on predator-prey dynamics under field conditions
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Artificial nightlight alters the predator-prey dynamics of an apex carnivore
Artificial nightlight is increasingly recognized as an important environmental disturbance that influences the habitats and fitness of numerous species. However, its effects on wide-ranging vertebrates and their interactions remain unclear. Light pollution has the potential to amplify land-use change, and as such, answering the question of how this sensory stimulant affects behavior and habitat use of species valued for their ecological roles and economic impacts is critical for conservation and land-use planning. Here, we combined satellite-derived estimates of light pollution, with GPS-data from cougars (Puma concolor; n = 56), mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus; n = 263), and locations of cougar-killed deer (n = 1,562 carcasses), to assess the effects of light exposure on mammal behavior and predator-prey relationships across wildland-urban gradients in the southwestern United States. Our results indicate that deer used the anthropogenic environments to access forage and were more active at night than their wildland conspecifics. Despite higher nightlight levels, cougars killed deer at the wildland-urban interface, but hunted them in the relatively darkest locations. Light had the greatest effect of all covariates on where cougars killed deer at the wildland-urban interface. Both species exhibited functional responses to light pollution at fine scales; individual cougars and deer with less light exposure increasingly avoided illuminated areas when exposed to greater radiance, whereas deer living in the wildland-urban interface selected elevated light levels. We conclude that integrating estimates of light pollution into ecological studies provides crucial insights into how the dynamic human footprint can alter animal behavior and ecosystem function across spatial scales.
Data for: Global change risks a threatened species due to alteration of predator-prey dynamics
<p>Datasets generated and analyzed within the study area located in the Côte-Nord region of Québec, Canada. To identify species-specific movement rules that were implemented in the IBM, we used empirical data collected for caribou, moose, and wolves over the study area.</p> <p>"DataFinal_SSF_Species_season.csv" (6 files) were used to develop Step Selection Functions for caribou, moose, and wolves to assess habitat selection. <span>SSFs</span><span> were estimated from data for the real animals and provide the relative probability of selection among a set of options based on the comparison of observed and random steps (i.e., the linear segment between successive locations at 8-h interval) using conditional</span><span> logistic regression </span><span>(Fortin et al. 2005). Details on GPS data and SSF models can be found in the article in Appendix S1: Section S2. </span></p> <p>SSFs compare resource characteristics of observed (scored 1) and random (scored 0) locations presented in column case. Habitat characteristics (columns conif_dense, conif_open, mixed, open, other, fire010, fire1020, fire20, cut010, cut1020, cut20) was extracted from the Canadian National Forest Inventory (NFI) forest cover maps. Land cover maps were updated every year by adding roads, recent (<5 years), regenerating (6–20 years) and old (21–50 years) cutblocks/fires based on information provided annually by local forestry companies and from the Canadian National Fire Database (CNFDB). Columns dist0_0.25, dist0.25_0.50, dist0.5_1.00, dist1.00_1.5, and dist1.5 are a set of 5 dichotomous covariables representing the classes of distance to the nearest road (i.e., 1) ≤250 m, 2) 251–500 m, 3) 501–1000 m, 4) 1001–1500 m and 5) >1500 m as the reference category).</p> <p>"DataFinal_IBM_Caribou_Season.csv" (2 files) corresponded to the IBM outputs with the proportion of caribou agent killed (Prop.Caribou_killed, number of caribou killed/total number of caribou), in function of the different scenarios (CC,LUC,Year,Season,Scenario) and the response (Behavioral-Numerical responses or Behavioral response). The columns Prop.CutsRoads, Prop.Fire, Prop.Broadleaf, Homogenization, Isolation correspond to the different variable we tested to predict the cumulative impact of anthropogenic disturbance and climate change. To explore how changes in forest structure and composition impacted the proportion of caribou killed, we used the proportion of areas disturbed by cuts and roads (Prop.CutsRoads), burned areas (Prop.Fire), and landscape characteristics, such as the proportion of deciduous vegetation (Prop.Broadleaf), landscape homogenization (Homogenization) and isolation (Isolation) of mature conifer stands.</p>
Artificial nightlight alters the predator-prey dynamics of an apex carnivore
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Data for: Global change risks a threatened species due to alteration of predator-prey dynamics
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Data from: Environmental fluctuations restrict eco-evolutionary dynamics in predator-prey system
Environmental fluctuations, species interactions and rapid evolution are all predicted to affect community structure and their temporal dynamics. Although the effects of the abiotic environment and prey evolution on ecological community dynamics have been studied separately, these factors can also have interactive effects. Here we used bacteria–ciliate microcosm experiments to test for eco-evolutionary dynamics in fluctuating environments. Specifically, we followed population dynamics and a prey defence trait over time when populations were exposed to regular changes of bottom-up or top-down stressors, or combinations of these. We found that the rate of evolution of a defence trait was significantly lower in fluctuating compared with stable environments, and that the defence trait evolved to lower levels when two environmental stressors changed recurrently. The latter suggests that top-down and bottom-up changes can have additive effects constraining evolutionary response within populations. The differences in evolutionary trajectories are explained by fluctuations in population sizes of the prey and the predator, which continuously alter the supply of mutations in the prey and strength of selection through predation. Thus, it may be necessary to adopt an eco-evolutionary perspective on studies concerning the evolution of traits mediating species interactions.
Data from: Persistence of an extinction-prone predator-prey interaction through metapopulation dynamics
In theory, predator-prey pairs with extinction-prone local populations can persist through metapopulation dynamics, wherein local populations fluctuate asynchronously, occasionally providing dispersers that prevent permanent extinction in all patches. A few studies have shown that spatial structure can extend predator-prey persistence. However, no studies have unequivocally demonstrated the asynchrony among patches, low dispersal rates, and rescue effects that prove metapopulation dynamics extend persistence. We used a protist predator-prey pair to show that spatial subdivision lengthens persistence through metapopulation dynamics. The pair comprised the predaceous ciliate, Didinium nasutum, feeding on the bacterivorous ciliate, Colpidium cf. striatum. A replicated experiment assessed how habitat subdivision affects persistence. Undivided habitats were of four volumes: 30, 180, 270, and 750 mt. Subdivided microcosms, or ''arrays,'' were groups of nine or 25 linked 30-mL bottles (270 or 750 mt total volume). In arrays, predators and prey persisted for 130 d (602 prey and 437 predator generations), at which point the experiment ended. Predators went extinct in undivided microcosms of equivalent volumes within a mean of only 70 d. Predators persisted for a mean of just 19 d in isolated 30-mL bottles (equivalent to isolated patches of arrays). In a separate experiment, prey were driven extinct in four of 15 isolated 30-mL bottles, and persistence times of predators were broadly similar. We documented the following hallmarks of metapopulation dynamics: (1) asynchronous fluctuations in different subpopulations; (2) frequent local prey extinctions and recolonizations; (3) persistence of protists in arrays, despite extinction of isolated local populations; and (4) rescue effects in predator populations. Other experiments measured dispersal rates and the effects on local dynamics of immigrant predators and prey, and initial predator : prey ratios. Only a small fraction of protists dispersed within a generation, consistent with metapopulation dynamics. Immigration of predators increased the frequency of local extinctions of prey, and immigration of prey increased the persistence of both predators and prey. Higher initial predator:prey ratios decreased the persistence of prey in undivided volumes. Although the pair persisted regionally in arrays, data indicated that local extinctions of prey were common. In array patches, predator:prey ratios were higher and predator-prey cycles were shorter than in undivided volumes. Dispersal made local dynamics more prone to extinction, yet promoted regional persistence because the risk of extinction of distant subpopulations became independent.
Data from: Predator-prey dynamics and the plasticity of predator body size
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Data from: Spatial extinction or persistence: landscape-temperature interactions perturb predator-prey dynamics
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Data from: Persistence of an extinction-prone predator-prey interaction through metapopulation dynamics
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Data from: Environmental fluctuations restrict eco-evolutionary dynamics in predator-prey system
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.