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Fig 11. Kapsulotaenia chisholmae n in Kapsulotaenia chisholmae n. sp. (Cestoda: Proteocephalidae), from Varanus spenceri (Reptilia: Varanidae) in Australia

Fig 11. Kapsulotaenia chisholmae n. sp. Schematic view of the scoleces, showing the different shape of contraction, with rostellum extended, partially and fully retracted.

Figs 8-10. Kapsulotaenia chisholmae n in Kapsulotaenia chisholmae n. sp. (Cestoda: Proteocephalidae), from Varanus spenceri (Reptilia: Varanidae) in Australia

Figs 8-10. Kapsulotaenia chisholmae n. sp. Figs. 8-10, QM G235019. Scanning electron micrographs. (8) Dorsoventral view. (9) Lateral view. (10) Apical view.

Figs 1-3. Kapsulotaenia chisholmae n in Kapsulotaenia chisholmae n. sp. (Cestoda: Proteocephalidae), from Varanus spenceri (Reptilia: Varanidae) in Australia

Figs 1-3. Kapsulotaenia chisholmae n. sp. (1) Total lateral view of a scolex (holotype – QM G235015). (2) Dorsal view of a mature proglottis (paratype MHNG-PLAT-31201). (3) Dorsal view of a pregravid proglottis (paratype MHNG-PLAT-31201). Abbreviations: ao – apical organ; cc – chromophilic cells; ci – cirrus; cm – circular musculature; cs – cirrus-sac; do – dorsal osmoregulatory canal; du – uterine diverticula; mg – Mehlis' glands; ov – ovary; te – testes; us – uterine stem; va – vas deferens; vc – vaginal canal; vi – vitelline follicles; vo – ventral osmoregulatory canal.

Figs 4-7. Kapsulotaenia chisholmae n in Kapsulotaenia chisholmae n. sp. (Cestoda: Proteocephalidae), from Varanus spenceri (Reptilia: Varanidae) in Australia

Figs 4-7. Kapsulotaenia chisholmae n. sp. (4) Transversal section of a proglottis at level of its anterior part (paratype MHNG-PLAT-31201). (5) Transversal section of a proglottis at level of cirrus-sac (paratype MHNG-PLAT-31201). (6) Transversal section of a proglottis at level of the ovary (paratype QM G235018). (7) Egg cluster. Abbreviations: ci – cirrus; cs – cirrussac; do – dorsal osmoregulatory canal; em – tri-layered embryophore; lm – internal longitudinal musculature; oe – outer envelope; on – oncosphere; ov – ovary; st – subtegumental muscle fibres; su – subtegumental cells; te – testes; tg – tegument; ud – uteroduct; ut – uterus; va – vas deferens; vc – vaginal canal; vd – vitelloduct; vi – vitelline follicles; vo – ventral osmoregulatory canal.

Fig. 1 in Ophiotaenia echidis n. sp. (Cestoda: Proteocephalidae) from the saw-scaled viper, Echis carinatus sochureki Stemmler (Ophidia: Viperidae), one of the world's deadliest snakes, from the United Arab Emirates

Fig. 1. Scanning electron micrographs of Ophiotaenia echidis n. sp. from Echis carinatus sochureki, United Arab Emirates. A – subapical view of the scolex. B – frontal view of the scolex. C – detail of suckers. D–J – microtriches on the apex of the scolex, external (non-adherent) surface of suckers, upper rim, luminal surface and lower rim of suckers, between suckers and neck, respectively. Note: small black letters in A and B correspond to the figures showing higher magnification images of these surfaces.

Fig. 3. Ophiotaenia echidis n in Ophiotaenia echidis n. sp. (Cestoda: Proteocephalidae) from the saw-scaled viper, Echis carinatus sochureki Stemmler (Ophidia: Viperidae), one of the world's deadliest snakes, from the United Arab Emirates

Fig. 3. Ophiotaenia echidis n. sp. from Echis carinatus sochureki, United Arab Emirates. A - pregravid proglottid, holotype, MHNG-PLAT-0137383, dorsal view. B – gravid proglottid, paratype, IPCAS C-876/1, ventral view. Abbrevations: cs: cirrus-sac; eci: everted cirrus; oc: osmoregulatory canal; ov: ovary; te: testes; ut: uterus; vc: vaginal canal; vf: vitelline follicles.

Fig. 2. Ophiotaenia echidis n in Ophiotaenia echidis n. sp. (Cestoda: Proteocephalidae) from the saw-scaled viper, Echis carinatus sochureki Stemmler (Ophidia: Viperidae), one of the world's deadliest snakes, from the United Arab Emirates

Fig. 2. Ophiotaenia echidis n. sp. from Echis carinatus sochureki, United Arab Emirates. A – scolex, IPCAS C-876/1 (UAE 04). B – posterior part of proglottid, holotype, MHNG-PLAT-0137383, dorsal view. C – terminal genitalia with evaginated cirrus and vaginal sphincter, MHNG-PLAT-0137385, ventral view. D – cross section at level of anterior part of pregravid proglottid, MHNG-PLAT-0120507. E – egg with a trilayered embryophore, drawn in distilled water, MHNG-PLAT-0120507. F – cross section at level of the vagina, showing the vaginal sphincter, mature proglottid, MHNG-PLAT-0120507. G – terminal genitalia, C-876/1 (UAE 04 TS), dorsal view. H, I – eggs with a trilayered embryophore, drawn in distilled water, MHNG-PLAT-0120507. Abbrevations: ci: cirrus; cs: cirrus-sac; doc: dorsal osmoregulatory canal; ec: ejaculatory duct; em: trilayered embryophore; ilm: internal longitudinal musculature; ln: longitudinal nerve cord; loc: lateral osmoregulatory canal; Mg: Mehlis' glands; oc: secondary osmoregulatory canals; oe: outer envelope; on: oncosphere; ot: ootype; ov: ovary; sc: subtegumental cells; te: testes; tg: tegument; ud: uterine diverticula; up: uterine pore; us: uterine stem; ut: uterus; va: vas deferens; vc: vaginal canal; vd: vitelline duct; vf: vitelline follicles; voc: ventral osmoregulatory canal; vs: vaginal sphincter.

Fig. 4 in Ophiotaenia echidis n. sp. (Cestoda: Proteocephalidae) from the saw-scaled viper, Echis carinatus sochureki Stemmler (Ophidia: Viperidae), one of the world's deadliest snakes, from the United Arab Emirates

Fig. 4. Maximum likelihood phylograms of the relationships of Ophiotaenia echidis n. sp. among selected Proteocephalidae inferred from partial lsrDNA (A), and concatenated lsrDNA + COI datasets (B). Colours of branch and species names correspond to the zoogeographical realms of the isolates as proposed by Holt et al. (2013) (see inset). Branch length scale bar indicates number of substitutions per site. Abbreviations: AUS, Australian; AFR, Afrotropical; MAD, Madagascan; NEA, Nearctic; NEO, Neotropical; PAN, Panamanian; ORI, Oriental; SAH, Saharo-Arabian; * indicates tapeworms from viperid snakes (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 11 in Discovering high species diversity of Ophiotaenia tapeworms (Cestoda: Proteocephalidae) of watersnakes (Colubridae) in North America

Fig. 11. Maximum likelihood phylograms of cox1 data (Alignment 4; 549 nt) for selected members of the Proteocephalidae. Bootstrap support from maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) nodal support are indicated as ML/BI; values <0.90 (BI) and <70 (ML) are not shown. The scale bar indicates the expected number of substitutions per site. The newly generated sequences are highlighted in bold. Abbreviations of the U.S. states where the samples were collected: AR – Arkansas; MS – Mississippi; OK – Oklahoma. Abbreviations of biogeographical regions: NEA – Nearctic; NEO – Neotropical.

Fig. 9 in Discovering high species diversity of Ophiotaenia tapeworms (Cestoda: Proteocephalidae) of watersnakes (Colubridae) in North America

Fig. 9. Maximum likelihood phylogram based on 28S rDNA data for selected members of the Proteocephalidae. Bootstrap support from maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) nodal support are indicated as ML/BI; values <0.90 (BI) and <70 (ML) are not shown. The scale bar indicates the expected number of substitutions per site. The newly generated sequences are highlighted in bold. The hosts are indicated by silhouettes. The sequence of O. europaea obtained from a fish intermediate host is indicated by an asterisk. Abbreviations of the U.S. states where the samples were collected: AR – Arkansas; MS – Mississippi; OK – Oklahoma. Abbreviations of biogeographical regions: NEA – Nearctic; NEO – Neotropical; PAL – Palaearctic.

Fig. 8. Ophiotaenia tkachi n in Discovering high species diversity of Ophiotaenia tapeworms (Cestoda: Proteocephalidae) of watersnakes (Colubridae) in North America

Fig. 8. Ophiotaenia tkachi n. sp. from Nerodia fasciata confluens, host US 952 (MHNG-PLAT-0130134) (A, B, E, F) and N. erythrogaster, host US 1118 (G, H), and O. perspicua La Rue (1911) (C, D) from Nerodia rhombifer rhombifer (US 951), all samples from Oklahoma, USA. A, B – cross sections at the testicular and ovarian level, respectively; C, D – eggs; E–H – unripe eggs (without fully formed oncospheres), drawn in distilled water.

Fig. 10 in Discovering high species diversity of Ophiotaenia tapeworms (Cestoda: Proteocephalidae) of watersnakes (Colubridae) in North America

Fig. 10. Maximum likelihood phylograms of cox1 data (Alignment 3; 1608 nt) for selected members of the Proteocephalidae. Bootstrap support from maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) nodal support are indicated as ML/BI; values <0.90 (BI) and <70 (ML) are not shown. The scale bar indicates the expected number of substitutions per site. The newly generated sequences are highlighted in bold. Abbreviations of the U.S. states where the samples were collected: AR – Arkansas; MS – Mississippi; OK – Oklahoma. Abbreviations of biogeographical regions: NEA – Nearctic; NEO – Neotropical.

Fig. 7. Ophiotaenia tkachi n in Discovering high species diversity of Ophiotaenia tapeworms (Cestoda: Proteocephalidae) of watersnakes (Colubridae) in North America

Fig. 7. Ophiotaenia tkachi n. sp. from Nerodia fasciata confluens, host USA 21, Louisiana, USA, holotype (MHNG-PLAT-0063340). A, B – pregravid proglottids, ventral view; C, D – vaginal canal of unusual structure, ventral view (C) and en face view (D).

Fig. 5. Ophiotaenia laruei n in Discovering high species diversity of Ophiotaenia tapeworms (Cestoda: Proteocephalidae) of watersnakes (Colubridae) in North America

Fig. 5. Ophiotaenia laruei n. sp. (A, B) from Nerodia rhombifer rhombifer, Illinois, USA (USNM 1696448) and Ophiotaenia sp. (C) from Thamnophis sirtalis, Michigan, USA (USNM 1351911). A – mature proglottid of holotype, dorsal view; B, C – terminal genitalia, dorsal view.

Fig. 4 in Discovering high species diversity of Ophiotaenia tapeworms (Cestoda: Proteocephalidae) of watersnakes (Colubridae) in North America

Fig. 4. Ophiotaenia perspicua La Rue, 1911 from Nerodia rhombifer rhombifer, host US 951, Oklahoma, USA (MHNG-PLAT-0130131). A – mature proglottid, dorsal view; B – pregravid proglottid, ventral view; C, D – cross sections of at the testicular and ovarian level, respectively; E – terminal genitalia (cirrus sac and terminal part of the vagina), dorsal view.

Fig. 2 in Discovering high species diversity of Ophiotaenia tapeworms (Cestoda: Proteocephalidae) of watersnakes (Colubridae) in North America

Fig. 2. Scolices of Ophiotaenia perspicua La Rue, 1911 (A–C) and O. laruei n. sp. (D–F) from Nerodia rhombifer, Illinois, USA (USNM 1351794); note larger size of scolices and almost triangular suckers in O. laruei n. sp. (D, E – holotype of O. laruei; USNM 1696448).

Fig. 1 in Discovering high species diversity of Ophiotaenia tapeworms (Cestoda: Proteocephalidae) of watersnakes (Colubridae) in North America

Fig. 1. Ophiotaenia perspicua La Rue, 1911 (USNM 1351794) (A) and O. laruei n. sp. (B) from Nerodia rhombifer, Illinois, USA (USNM 1696448), Ophiotaenia sp. (C) from Thamnophis sirtalis, Michigan, USA (USNM 1351911), and O. perspicua (D) from N. rhombifer and N. fasciata, Illinois, Alabama, Texas and Louisiana, USA. A–C – unmounted specimens from vials; D – mounted specimens; note erroneous labelling of the holotype of O. perspicua (USNM 1348631; dotted) as Proteocephalus variabilis Brooks, 1978.

Fig. 6 in Discovering high species diversity of Ophiotaenia tapeworms (Cestoda: Proteocephalidae) of watersnakes (Colubridae) in North America

Fig. 6. Ophiotaenia spp. from watersnakes (Colubridae) in North America. A–C – early pregravid proglottid, gravid proglottid and terminal genitalia of Ophiotaenia currani n. sp. from Nerodia fasciata confluens (USA 22), Mississippi, USA (MHNG-PLAT-0063341), ventral view; D, E – terminal genitalia of O. tkachi n. sp. from N. fasciata confluens (US 952), Oklahoma, USA, and holotype of O. variabilis (Brooks, 1978) species inquirenda from N. rhombifer, Louisiana, USA (USNM 1369891), dorsal view.

Fig. 3 in Discovering high species diversity of Ophiotaenia tapeworms (Cestoda: Proteocephalidae) of watersnakes (Colubridae) in North America

Fig. 3. Scolices of Ophiotaenia spp. from watersnakes (Colubridae) in North America. A, B – holotype and voucher of O. perspicua La Rue, 1911, Illinois, USA (USNM 1348631); C, D – O. perspicua from host US 951, Oklahoma, USA (MHNG-PLAT-0130131); E – O. perspicua from host USA 13, Tennessee (MHNG-PLAT-0035370); F, G – anterior parts and scolices of O. perspicua from the same host individual as holotype, Illinois, USA (USNM 1351794); H – holotype of Ophiotaenia laruei n. sp., Illinois, USA (USNM 1351794); note large, almost triangular suckers; all specimens from Nerodia rhombifer rhombifer; I–K – Ophiotaenia currani n. sp. from host USA 22, Mississippi, USA (MHNG-PLAT-0063341); L – holotype of Ophiotaenia tkachi n. sp. from host USA 21, Louisiana, USA; all specimens from Nerodia fasciata confluens; M, N – holotype (?) and voucher of Ophiotaenia variabilis (Brooks, 1978) species inquirenda from N. rhombifer, Louisiana, USA (USNM 1369891); O, P – paratypes of O. variabilis species inquirenda from Nerodia cyclopion, Louisiana, USA (USNM 1369892).