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Ecological Drivers of Invasive Lionfish (Pterois volitans and Pterois miles) Distribution Across Mesophotic Reefs in Bermuda
<p>The data and code in this document were obtained using diver-led visual surveys of mesophotic reef sites to examine how variations in potential ecological drivers may affect lionfish distribution on mesophotic reefs in Bermuda. These data and code were used for analysis and figure preparation in association with publication in Frontiers in Marine Science (Goodbody-Gringley et al. 2019). </p>
Phylogeography of lionfishes (Pterois) indicate taxonomic over splitting and hybrid origin of the invasive Pterois volitans
The evolutionary consequences of hybridization are poorly understood, especially in the marine realm where hybridization was once thought to be a rare occurrence. Previous research indicated that the lionfishes Pterois volitans and P. miles are sister species, both of which have been detected in the recent invasion of the Atlantic. Anecdotal data from the invasive range indicates they may hybridize, but previous studies have not examined the potential for these species to hybridize in the native range, or how such hybridization affects the distribution of genetic diversity. Here we address evolutionary divergence and population structure using mtDNA COI and two nuclear introns from 214 lionfish including four putative sister species (36 P. miles, 90 P. volitans, 32 P. lunulata, and 56 P. russelii) collected at 10 locations. Genetic data are supplemented with a re-examination of key morphological characters: dorsal, anal and pectoral fin ray counts. These data reveal two lineages (d = 0.041 in COI) among the four putative species: an Indian Ocean lineage, represented by P. miles and a Pacific Ocean lineage represented by P. lunulata and P. russelii. Lionfish identified as P. volitans appear to be hybrids between the sister linages of P. miles and P. lunulata/russelii, a conclusion supported by both the genetic data and morphology. The degree and geographic extent of introgression indicates widespread hybridization, or the absence of valid species distinctions between all four species. These findings also indicate that the lionfish invading tropical Atlantic Ocean, usually labeled P. volitans, is a hybrid.
Fig. 4 in Redescription and Geographic Variations of Pterois antennata and First Record of Pterois paucispinula from French Polynesia (Scorpaenidae: Pteroinae)
Fig. 4. Preserved specimens of Pterois antennata from various localities at different growth stages. (A) USNM 356588, 53.4 mm SL, Vanuatu; (B) USNM 337707 (1 of 3 specimens), 78.1 mm SL, Tonga (right side, reversed); (C) KPM-NI 21471, 93.3 mm SL, Japan; (D) USNM 99021, 112.8 mm SL, Philippines; (E) USNM 360991 (1 of 2 specimens), 142.5 mm SL, Seychelles; (F) BPBM 11114 (1 of 2), 56.3 mm SL, French Polynesia; (G) USNM 399831, 81.2 mm SL, French Polynesia (right side, reversed); (H) AMNH 72814 (1 of 4), 87.5 mm SL, French Polynesia; (I) BPBM 6927, 120.9 mm SL, French Polynesia; (J) NMNZ 9501, 145.0 mm SL, New Zealand (Kermadec Islands). Note: specimens from central-south Pacific Ocean (F–J) possess relatively higher numbers of pectoral-fin blotches compared with those from other localities (A–E).
Fig. 11 in Redescription and Geographic Variations of Pterois antennata and First Record of Pterois paucispinula from French Polynesia (Scorpaenidae: Pteroinae)
Fig. 11. Fresh specimen of Pterois paucispinula from French Polynesia, USNM 392530, 95.9 mm SL. Photo: J. T. Williams.
Fig. 9 in Redescription and Geographic Variations of Pterois antennata and First Record of Pterois paucispinula from French Polynesia (Scorpaenidae: Pteroinae)
Fig. 9. Pectoral fin of Pterois antennata from various localities. (A–C) inner surface in fresh specimens and (D–H) outer surface in preserved specimens. (A) KAUM–I. 32022, 99.1 mm SL, Japan; (B) KAUM–I. 29745, 100.6 mm SL, Japan; (C) KAUM–I. 29746, 153.9 mm SL, Japan; (D) USNM 360991 (1 of 2 specimens), 142.5 mm SL, Seychelles; (E) BPBM 25487 (1 of 3), 112.9 mm SL, Phoenix Islands; (F) BPBM 6927, 120.9 mm SL, French Polynesia; (G) BPBM 11191, 143.4 mm SL, French Polynesia; (H) NMNZ 9501, 145.0 mm SL, New Zealand (Kermadec Islands).
Fig. 8 in Redescription and Geographic Variations of Pterois antennata and First Record of Pterois paucispinula from French Polynesia (Scorpaenidae: Pteroinae)
Fig. 8. Relationship of number of blotches on pectoral fin (counted on both sides) to standard length (mm) in Pterois antennata from French Polynesia (FP) and Pitcairn Islands (PT) (triangles); Cook (CO), Kermadec (KE), Line (LI) and Phoenix (PH) islands (squares); and other localities (circles). See also Fig. 5.
Fig. 3 in Redescription and Geographic Variations of Pterois antennata and First Record of Pterois paucispinula from French Polynesia (Scorpaenidae: Pteroinae)
Fig. 3. Primary types identified as Pterois antennata. (A) lectotype of Scorpaena antennata, ZMB 796, 117.6 mm SL, Ambon, Indonesia; (B) holotype of Pterois ellioti, FMNH 484, 48.8 mm SL, Berbera, Somalia.
Fig. 7 in Redescription and Geographic Variations of Pterois antennata and First Record of Pterois paucispinula from French Polynesia (Scorpaenidae: Pteroinae)
Fig. 7. Preserved larval specimen of Pterois antennata, WAM-P 26092.016, 12.8 mm SL, Christmas Island, Australia.
Fig. 6 in Redescription and Geographic Variations of Pterois antennata and First Record of Pterois paucispinula from French Polynesia (Scorpaenidae: Pteroinae)
Fig. 6. Relationships of body width (A), interorbital width at preocular spine base (B) (both as % of SL) and supraocular tentacle length (C) [as % of orbit diameter (OD)] to standard length (mm) in Pterois antennata, showing ontogenetic changes.
Fig. 5 in Redescription and Geographic Variations of Pterois antennata and First Record of Pterois paucispinula from French Polynesia (Scorpaenidae: Pteroinae)
Fig. 5. Distributional map of Pterois antennata based on examined specimens. Star, triangle and circles indicate localities of lectotype of Scorpaena antennata, holotype of Pterois ellioti, and other specimens, respectively. FP, French Polynesia; PT, Pitcairn Islands; CO, Cook Islands; KE, Kermadec Islands; LI, Line Islands; PH, Phoenix Islands.
Fig. 10 in Redescription and Geographic Variations of Pterois antennata and First Record of Pterois paucispinula from French Polynesia (Scorpaenidae: Pteroinae)
Fig. 10. Neighbor-joining tree based on 548 basepairs of COI gene sequence. All sequence data taken from DDBJ/EMBL/ GenBank and identified by accession number and collection locality. Sequences shown in bold type were included in Hubert et al.'s (2012) analysis (see text). Identifications of asterisked sequences based on examination of voucher specimens. Numbers at branches indicate bootstrap probabilities in 1,000 bootstrap replications. Evolutionary distances computed using the uncorrected p-distance.
Fig. 6 in Newly Recognized Diagnostic Characters of the Poorly Known Lionfish Pterois brevipectoralis (Scorpaenidae: Pteroinae), with Notes on Fresh Coloration
Fig. 6. Relationships of (A) body depth at anal-fin origin, (B) second pectoral-fin ray length, (C) longest pelvic-fin soft ray length, and (D) upper jaw length (as % of standard length), and (E) length of skin flap on supraocular and (F) length of skin flap on posterior lacrimal spine tip [as % of orbit diameter (OD)] to standard length in Pterois brevipectoralis.
Fig. 7 in Newly Recognized Diagnostic Characters of the Poorly Known Lionfish Pterois brevipectoralis (Scorpaenidae: Pteroinae), with Notes on Fresh Coloration
Fig. 7. Relationship of position of longest pectoral-fin ray tip to standard length (mm) in Pterois brevipectoralis. A, D, and C represent the anal-fin base end, the dorsal-fin base end, and the caudalfin base, respectively; =,>,
Fig. 4 in Newly Recognized Diagnostic Characters of the Poorly Known Lionfish Pterois brevipectoralis (Scorpaenidae: Pteroinae), with Notes on Fresh Coloration
Fig. 4. Skin flaps on lacrimal (A and C) and preopercle (B and D) of Pterois brevipectoralis at different growth stages. A, B, USNM 392069, 49.2 mm SL; C, D, HUMZ 73848, 125.7 mm SL. Arrows indicate third preopercular spine.
Fig. 2 in Newly Recognized Diagnostic Characters of the Poorly Known Lionfish Pterois brevipectoralis (Scorpaenidae: Pteroinae), with Notes on Fresh Coloration
Fig. 2. Fresh specimen of Pterois brevipectoralis, HUMZ 73846, 115.8 mm SL, Saya de Malha Bank. Photo: HUMZ.
Fig. 1 in Newly Recognized Diagnostic Characters of the Poorly Known Lionfish Pterois brevipectoralis (Scorpaenidae: Pteroinae), with Notes on Fresh Coloration
Fig. 1. Lateral (top) and dorsal (bottom) views of head of Pterois brevipectoralis, HUMZ 73848, 125.7 mm SL. Shaded areas indicate skin flaps. 1, nasal spine; 2, preocular spine; 3, supraocular spine; 4, postocular spine; 5, coronal spine; 6, tympanic spine; 7, parietal spine; 8, nuchal spine; 9, pterotic spine; 10, lower posttemporal spine; 11, supracleithral spine; 12, sphenotic spine; 13, supplemental preopercular spine; 14, preopercular spine; 15, suborbital ridge/spine; 16, lateral lacrimal ridge/spine; 17, posterior lacrimal spine. Barbel on anteroventral lacrimal based on right side in lateral view; nasal spines and right supraocular skin flap not illustrated in dorsal view.
No evidence that lionfish Pterois miles coordinate and reciprocate during hunts
<p><span>Collaborative hunting can be defined as predators coordinating their movements in time and space, assuming different roles in catching prey. As lionfishes are naturally solitary hunters; an experimental study documenting active recruitment, coordination and alternating (potentially reciprocal) striking in dwarf lionfish <em>Dendrochirus zebra</em> received major attention. A hypothesis was that collaborative hunting may contribute to the successful invasion of another lionfish species, <em>Pterois miles</em>, in the Caribbean. A first study on <em>P. miles</em> in the native range, the Red Sea did not find evidence for any recruitment signaling. Here, we expand on these results, testing for coordinated movements and for alternation in strikes. We exposed subject pairs to inaccessible prey in three transparent housings. The two lionfish did not aggregate at the same prey housing or even share larger space units in the presence of prey. In a second experiment, we found that some alternation can be induced if prey items become alternatingly accessible at two corners, with each lionfish tending to monopolise one corner each. When the movement of prey is slow or even absent, we observed less alternation than expected by chance. In conclusion, <em>P. miles</em> in the Red Sea does not use any coordination to hunt prey.</span></p>
Figure 2 in Objective record of Pterois russelii (Scorpaenidae: Pteroinae) from the Red Sea
Figure 2. – Relationship between supraocular tentacle length and standard length (mm) in Pterois russelii, showing ontogenetic change of the former.
Figure 1 in Objective record of Pterois russelii (Scorpaenidae: Pteroinae) from the Red Sea
Figure 1. – Fresh specimen of Pterois russelii from the Red Sea [SMF 35752 (KAU 14-168), 99.7 mm standard length, off Jizan, Saudi Arabia]. Photo by S. V. Bogorodsky.
No evidence that lionfish Pterois miles coordinate and reciprocate during hunts
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