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35 results for “Pteronotus”
FIGURE 5. Chiropteran mandibles. A. Mormoops blainvillei, B. Pteronotus macleayii, C. Pteronotus parnellii, D. Pteronotus quadridens, E. Brachyphylla nana, F. Erophylla bombifrons, G. Monophyllus redmani, H in Quaternary Bat Diversity in the Dominican Republic
FIGURE 5. Chiropteran mandibles. A. Mormoops blainvillei, B. Pteronotus macleayii, C. Pteronotus parnellii, D. Pteronotus quadridens, E. Brachyphylla nana, F. Erophylla bombifrons, G. Monophyllus redmani, H. Phyllonycteris poeyi. Scale bar = 5 mm.
FIGURE 3. Haplotype network inferred from A in On the taxonomic identity of Pteronotus davyi incae Smith, 1972 (Chiroptera: Mormoopidae)
FIGURE 3. Haplotype network inferred from A, cyt-b and B, CO1 datasets, highlighting the clusters corresponding to Pteronotus davyi, P. fulvus, and P. gymnonotus. Each circle represents one distinct haplotype (H), whose size is proportional to its frequency in the sample (1 to 6 individuals).
FIGURE 1 in On the taxonomic identity of Pteronotus davyi incae Smith, 1972 (Chiroptera: Mormoopidae)
FIGURE 1. Map showing the geographic range of Pteronotus davyi (shaded green) and the localities sampled in the molecular (red) analyses, morphometric (blue) analyses, or both (black). P. d. davyi localities are represented by circles and P. d. incae by triangles.
FIGURE 5 in On the taxonomic identity of Pteronotus davyi incae Smith, 1972 (Chiroptera: Mormoopidae)
FIGURE 5. Dorsal and ventral views of the cranium of A, Pteronotus davyi davyi (MCZ 11266, Trinidad); B, P. d. incae (MUSM 52787, Peru); and C, P. fulvus (MVZ 130481, El Salvador). Scale bar = 5 mm.
FIGURE 4 in On the taxonomic identity of Pteronotus davyi incae Smith, 1972 (Chiroptera: Mormoopidae)
FIGURE 4. Plots of multivariate analyses showing the position of individuals of Pteronotus fulvus (red), P. davyi davyi (blue) and P. d. incae (orange) in the morphometric space. A, PCA: plot of the first and second principal components (PC1 × PC2). B, DFA: plot of the first and second discriminant functions (DF1 × DF2).
FIGURE 2 in On the taxonomic identity of Pteronotus davyi incae Smith, 1972 (Chiroptera: Mormoopidae)
FIGURE 2. Bayesian inference phylogram using the concatenated dataset (CO1 + cyt-b) showing the position of the Pteronotus d. incae specimen (MUSM 34626) within the clade comprising all individuals of P. d. davyi.
Fig. 2 in A coalescent-based estimator of genetic drift, and acoustic divergence in the Pteronotus parnellii species complex
Fig. 2 Echolocation call frequency by island by sex and its relation to mass on the call frequency (F(1, 49) = 0.435, P value = 0.512). The body dimensions. a Boxplots of echolocation frequency (summarizing 95% HPD of population differences in means for body mass was 10 calls/individual). Bayesian 95% high-probability density (HPD) of 0.89–2.29 g. c Call frequency as a function of forearm length. Anathe difference in call frequency means between Puerto Rico and Hislyses of covariance support little influence of forearm length on the call paniola was 5.2–6.0 kHz. b Call frequency as a function of body mass. frequency (F(1, 52) = 2.851, P value = 0.097). The 95% HPD of Analyses of covariance support very different call frequency for island population differences in means for forearm lengths was −1.82, groups (F(1, 49) = 704.260, P value = 0.000), but no influence of body 0.422 mm
Fig. 1 Results from IMa2 in A coalescent-based estimator of genetic drift, and acoustic divergence in the Pteronotus parnellii species complex
Fig. 1 Results from IMa2 analyses of Pteronotus parnellii s.l. populations. a Joint posterior density of Ne estimates for island populations. b Divergence time estimates between Puerto Rican and Hispaniolan populations in thousands of years (Ka)
Fig. 3 in A coalescent-based estimator of genetic drift, and acoustic divergence in the Pteronotus parnellii species complex
Fig. 3 Densities of Bayesian posteriors for FST based on betweenpopulation migration rates, and PST for relevant phenotypic variables (Brommer et al. 2014). The lines show the 95th percentile for the corresponding FST, and the 5% percentile for the PST. The overlap between PST body mass and FST Hispaniola was 0.023, for FST Puerto Rico it was 0.084; between PST call frequency and FST Hispaniola was <0.001, for FST Puerto Rico it was 0.003; and between PST forearm length and FST Hispaniola was 0.049, for FST Puerto Rico it was 0.125
Data from: A coalescent-based estimator of genetic drift, and acoustic divergence in the Pteronotus parnellii species complex
Determining the processes responsible for phenotypic variation is one of the central tasks of evolutionary biology. While the importance of acoustic traits for foraging and communication in echolocating mammals suggests adaptation, the seldom-tested null hypothesis to explain trait divergence is genetic drift. Here we derive FST values from multi-locus coalescent isolation-with-migration models, and couple them with estimates of quantitative trait divergence, or PST, to test drift as the evolutionary process responsible for phenotypic divergence in island populations of the Pteronotus parnellii species complex. Compared to traditional comparisons of PST to FST, the migration-based estimates of FST are unidirectional instead of bidirectional, simultaneously integrate variation among loci and individuals, and posterior densities of PST and FST can be compared directly. We found the evolution of higher call frequencies is inconsistent with genetic drift for the Hispaniolan population, despite many generations of isolation from its Puerto Rican counterpart. While the Hispaniolan population displays dimorphism in call frequencies, the higher frequency of the females is incompatible with sexual selection. Instead, cultural drift toward higher frequencies among Hispaniolan females might explain the divergence. By integrating Bayesian coalescent and trait analyses, this study demonstrates a powerful approach to testing genetic drift as the default evolutionary mechanism of trait differentiation between populations.
Big family, warm home, and lots of friends: Pteronotus large
<p>Roosts are essential for the survival of most animals. Due to homothermic requirements, mammals are particularly dependent on roost quality and availability. Bats select their roosts in a species-specific way, likely related to species´ different physiological and adaptive needs. Unlike species whose individuals roost solitarily, roost selection is critical for bats forming large colonies due to the requirements for maintaining thousands of individuals in a single shelter. This is the case of <em>Pteronotus</em> (Mormoopidae), whose colonies reach hundreds of thousands of bats. Using captures, bioacoustics, and automated censuses, we evaluated how cave size, ceiling characteristics, environmental stability, temperature, and humidity influence the formation of exceptionally large colonies, species richness and composition in caves in north-eastern Brazil. We expected that colonies would be positively related to cave size and stability and internal cave selection would be species-specific, but larger and more environmentally stable caves would have higher richness. <em>Pteronotus</em> colonies were positively related to cave size, stability, and ceiling characteristics, and their presence strongly influenced cave temperature variation. Species richness was positively correlated to a cave stability index. Species other than <em>Pteronotus</em> preferred different climatic and ceiling characteristics. We detected an indirect influence of the large colonies of <em>Pteronotus</em> on the species richness and occupation inside caves. On the other hand, such caves favour species coexistence, as they offer a range of microenvironments, reducing niche overlap in their interior.<em> P. gymnonotus</em> and <em>P. personatus</em> are both key- and umbrella-species for cave ecosystems, stressing the need for specific conservation strategies in Brazil.</p>
Data from: A coalescent-based estimator of genetic drift, and acoustic divergence in the Pteronotus parnellii species complex
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Big family, warm home, and lots of friends: Pteronotus large
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Fig. 4 in Integrating multiple evidences in taxonomy: species diversity and phylogeny of mustached bats (Mormoopidae: Pteronotus)
Fig. 4. Species tree for the genus Pteronotus estimated from the complete dataset, depicting the relationships among major clades according to the multispecies coalescent approach. Names of terminals incorporate results of Fig. 3 and correspond to our new proposed hypothesis of species diversity in the genus Pteronotus (for more details, see text).
FIG. 4 in Morphometrics and Taxonomy of Bats of the Genus Pteronotus (Subgenus Phyllodia) in Venezuela
FIG. 4.—Scores of specimens on the 1st components of the principal component analyses performed with craniodental (x axis) and appendicular (y axis) measurements. Pteronotus parnellii rubiginosus (males, solid diamonds; females, open diamonds), P. parnellii fuscus (males, solid dots; females, open dots), and P. p. paraguanensis (males, solid triangles; females, open triangles).
FIG. 3.—A in Morphometrics and Taxonomy of Bats of the Genus Pteronotus (Subgenus Phyllodia) in Venezuela
FIG. 3.—A) Lateral, B) dorsal, and C) ventral views of a cranium, and D, E) views of mandible and F) 2nd lower molar of Mormoops megalophylla (drawings taken from Gutiérrez 2004) showing the method used for obtaining craniodental measurements on mormoopid bats. Measurements: 1 ¼ occipitonasal length, 2 ¼ condylobasal length, 3 ¼ zygorostral length, 4 ¼ braincase depth, 5 ¼ premaxillaeinfraorbital foramen length, 6 ¼ maxillary toothrow length, 7 ¼ upper canine height, 8 ¼ upper PM3 length, 9 ¼ upper PM4 height, 10 ¼ rostral breadth, 11 ¼ interorbital breadth, 12 ¼ anterior braincase breadth, 13 ¼ posterior braincase breadth, 14 ¼ zygomatic breadth, 15 ¼ upper 1st incisor breadth, 16 ¼ palatal length, 17 ¼ ectotympanic bulla length, 18 ¼ basioccipital breadth, 19 ¼ M3 breadth, 20 ¼ mandibular toothrow length, 21 ¼ mandibular condylocanine length, 22 ¼ mandibular depth, 23 ¼ m2 breadth, 24 ¼ m2 length, 25 ¼ intercondylar breadth, 26 ¼ mandibular condyle breadth.
On following pages: 3. Davy's Naked-backed Bat (Pteronotus davyi); 4. Thomas's Naked-backed Bat (Pteronotus fulvus); 5. Big Naked-backed Bat (Pteronotus gymnonotus); 6. Macleay's Mustached Bat (Pteronotus macleayii), 7. Sooty Mustached Bat (Pteronotus quadridens); 8. Wagner's Lesser Mustached Bat (Pteronotus personatus); 9. Dobson's Lesser Mustached Bat (Pteronotus psilotis); 10. Parnell's Common Mustached Bat (Pteronotus parnellii); 11. Hispaniolan Common Mustached Bat (Pteronotus pusillus); 12. Puerto Rican Common Mustached Bat (Pteronotus portoricensis); 13. Mexican Common Mustached Bat (Pteronotus mexicanus); 14. Mesoamerican Common Mustached Bat (Pteronotus mesoamericanus); 15. Allen's Common Mustached Bat (Pteronotus fuscus); 16. Paraguana Common Mustached Bat (Pteronotus paraguanensis); 17. Wagner's Common Mustached Bat (Pteronotus rubiginosus); 18. Amazonian Common Mustached Bat (Pteronotus alitonus). in Mormoopidae
On following pages: 3. Davy's Naked-backed Bat (Pteronotus davyi); 4. Thomas's Naked-backed Bat (Pteronotus fulvus); 5. Big Naked-backed Bat (Pteronotus gymnonotus); 6. Macleay's Mustached Bat (Pteronotus macleayii), 7. Sooty Mustached Bat (Pteronotus quadridens); 8. Wagner's Lesser Mustached Bat (Pteronotus personatus); 9. Dobson's Lesser Mustached Bat (Pteronotus psilotis); 10. Parnell's Common Mustached Bat (Pteronotus parnellii); 11. Hispaniolan Common Mustached Bat (Pteronotus pusillus); 12. Puerto Rican Common Mustached Bat (Pteronotus portoricensis); 13. Mexican Common Mustached Bat (Pteronotus mexicanus); 14. Mesoamerican Common Mustached Bat (Pteronotus mesoamericanus); 15. Allen's Common Mustached Bat (Pteronotus fuscus); 16. Paraguana Common Mustached Bat (Pteronotus paraguanensis); 17. Wagner's Common Mustached Bat (Pteronotus rubiginosus); 18. Amazonian Common Mustached Bat (Pteronotus alitonus).
Fig. 2 in Timing and patterns of diversification in the Neotropical bat genus Pteronotus (Mormoopidae).
Fig. 2. Geographic range evolution in the genus Pteronotus. (a) Current distribution of genus Pteronotus (coloured map) with biogeographical areas scored for species presence/absence matrix. ME = Mexico; CA = Central America; CC = Caribean Coast of South America; LA = Lesser Antilles; AM = Amazon; CE = Brazilian Dry Diagonal: Cerrado and Caatinga; AF = Northern Atlantic Forest; JC = Jamaica and Cuba; HI = Hispaniola; PR = Puerto Rico. (b) Geographic range estimates with the highest marginal probabilities for Pteronotus ancestral nodes according to DIVAj model. Dashed-line borders indicate area combinations with probabilities smaller than 10% in the model, but still being the most probable state in that node among the 638 possible combinations. Curved arrows represent splits in the ancestral geographic ranges explained by vicariance; many of them were succeeded by anagenetic dispersal/extinction events, as highlighted by the linear black arrows; Dotted-line straight arrows highlight shifts in nodes geographic ranges due to dispersal jumps.
Fig. 1 in Timing and patterns of diversification in the Neotropical bat genus Pteronotus (Mormoopidae).
Fig. 1. Maximum clade credibity tree with divergence estimates in the genus Pteronotus using fossil calibration. Bars correspond to the 95% High Posterior Density (HPD) time interval of each node. Bayesian Posterior Probabilities (BPP) of all nodes were higher than 0.95.
Fig. 4 in Geographic variation in a South American clade of mormoopid bats, Pteronotus (Phyllodia), with description of a new species
Fig. 4.—Range of the discriminant function (DF) values for the 2 species according to their geographic position or populations (left) and their mode of distribution (right). Notice the difference between the mean DF values in the populations of Pteronotus rubiginosus from the sympatric area of occurrence with Pteronotus sp. 1 (samples 1–5) and the populations from the allopatric area (samples 6–9).
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