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2,025 results for “R&D”
AMOC reconstruction between 1981 and 2016 from hydrographic data using an empirical linear regression model from Worthington, E. L., Moat, B. I., Smeed, D. A., Mecking, J. V., Marsh, R., and McCarthy, G. D.: A 30-year reconstruction of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation shows no decline, Ocean Sci., 17, 285–299, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-285-2021, 2021.
<p>Dataset used to create Figure 8 in Worthington et al., 2021 (https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-285-2021). Details of the data and methods can be found in the journal article.<br> <br> Worthington, E. L., Moat, B. I., Smeed, D. A., Mecking, J. V., Marsh, R., and McCarthy, G. D.: A 30-year reconstruction of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation shows no decline, Ocean Sci., 17, 285–299, <a href="https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-285-2021">https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-285-2021</a>, 2021.</p>
Environment's Share in Total Government Budget Allocations for R&D
<p>Government Budget Allocations for R&D (GBARD). GBARD data are measuring government support to research and development (R&D) activities, and thereby provide information about the priority Governments give to different public R&D funding activities.</p> <p>GBARD data are compiled using the guidelines laid out in the OECD Guidelines for collecting and reporting data on research and experimental development - Frascati Manual, OECD, 2015 (See related identifiers). </p> <p>GBARD data are broken down by:</p> <p> - Socio-economic objectives (SEOs) in accordance to the Nomenclature for the analysis and comparison of scientific programmes and budget.</p> <p>This dataset calculates the share of the Environment objective compared to the total allocations.</p> <p><br> The source (raw) dataset released by Eurostat: <a href="http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=gba_nabsfin07&lang=en">GBARD by socioeconomic objectives (NABS 2007)[gba_nabsfin07]</a></p>
Government Budget Allocations for R&D in Environment
<p>Government Budget Allocations for R&D (GBARD). GBARD data are measuring government support to research and development (R&D) activities, and thereby provide information about the priority Governments give to different public R&D funding activities.</p> <p>GBARD data are compiled using the guidelines laid out in the OECD Guidelines for collecting and reporting data on research and experimental development - Frascati Manual, OECD, 2015 (See related identifiers). </p> <p>GBARD data are broken down by:</p> <p> - Socio-economic objectives (SEOs) in accordance to the Nomenclature for the analysis and comparison of scientific programmes and budget. This dataset uses the Environment objective.<br> <br> The missing data are approximated, forecasted and backcasted by country. In our version of the dataset, 40% more countries, and a 23% larger dataset can be used for supervised and unsupervised learning models, such as machine learning, that require complete datasets compared to the source dataset released by Eurostat: <a href="http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=gba_nabsfin07&lang=en">GBARD by socioeconomic objectives (NABS 2007)[gba_nabsfin07]</a></p>
Dataset for flavour tagging R&D
<p>This is a dataset for flavour tagging R&D.</p> <p>It consists of b-jets, c-jets and light-jets in equal number and equal distributions of transverse momentum, pseudo-rapidity and track multiplicity. </p> <p>The jets are sampled from ttbar events produced from proton-proton collisions at 14 TeV, using Pythia8. An ATLAS-like detector is parameterized using Delphes. The anti-kT R=0.4 algorithm with calorimeter inputs is used to define the jets.</p> <p>Jets are labelled as b-jets if there is a b-hadron within dR<0.3 of the jet, otherwise as c-jets if there is a c-hadron within dR<0.3, otherwise as light-jets. </p> <p>Tracks are associated to jets if they are within dR<0.4. If this condition holds for more than one jet, only the closest one is considered. Tracks are represented by their perigee parameters (d0, z0, pt, phi, cotan(theta)), which are smeared according to track pt and track eta dependent uncertainties.</p> <p>This dataset is heavily based on the <a href="../records/4044628" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Secondary Vertex Finding in Jets Dataset</a> and we thank J. Shlomi for the code and input.</p>
Cothran, R. D., F. Radarian, and R. A. Relyea. 2011. Altering aquatic food webs with a global insecticide: Arthropod-amphibian links in mesocosms that simulate wetland communities. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 30:893-912.
Pesticides play a critical role in maximizing yields of economically important crops and minimizing the human health threats of disease-carrying pests, but they often have collateral effects on nontarget species. We used a mesocosm study to address how the most commonly used insecticide in the USA, malathion, applied at low, ecologically relevant concentrations (20 and 110 mg/L) affects species interactions in aquatic communities. Unlike many community ecotoxicology studies, our study assessed how malathion affects both consumptive and nonconsumptive effects of predators. We also considered how the vertical distribution of predator cues and malathion (caused by potential stratification) affects species interactions. We found no evidence for vertical stratification of malathion, a result suggesting that exposure to the pesticide was uniform throughout the water column. Malathion was lethal to some primary consumers (cladocerans) at both concentrations and to top predators (dragonflies) at the highest concentration (110 mg/L). These lethal effects initiated density-mediated indirect effects in both cases. Malathion also may have decreased dragonfly foraging efficiency, resulting in increased tadpole survival (trait-mediated indirect effect), which decreased the resources used by tadpoles (periphyton). Collectively, our results show that malathion alters species interactions. However, we suggest that the degree to which pesticides affect aquatic communities will depend strongly on the species composition of communities. Therefore, the community-level consequences of pesticide exposure are likely to vary across the ecological landscape.
IG. 6. — A, Trunk vertebra of Alsophis sp. 2 from Pointe du Helleux archaeological site (Square 2 – crab layer) located on Grande-Terre Island; B, trunk vertebra of Erythrolamprus juliae cf. copeae (Parker, 1936) from Sainte-Rose La Ramée archaeological site (US 2058) located on Basse-Terre Island. Abbreviations: cd., condyle; ct., cotyle; di., diapophysis; h. k., hemal keel; m. c., medial constriction; n. a., neural arch; n. s., neural spine; p. c., precondylar constriction; p. d., paracotylar depression; p. n., postero-medial notch of the zygantrum; pa., parapophysis; pz. f., prezygapophyseal facet; pz. p., prezygapophyseal process; s. d., subcentral depression; s. r., subcentral ridge; s. t., sub-cotylar tubercle; zs., zygosphene. Scale bars: 4 mm in Fossil dipsadid snakes from the Guadeloupe Islands (French West-Indies) and their interactions with past human populations
IG. 6. — A, Trunk vertebra of Alsophis sp. 2 from Pointe du Helleux archaeological site (Square 2 – crab layer) located on Grande-Terre Island; B, trunk vertebra of Erythrolamprus juliae cf. copeae (Parker, 1936) from Sainte-Rose La Ramée archaeological site (US 2058) located on Basse-Terre Island. Abbreviations: cd., condyle; ct., cotyle; di., diapophysis; h. k., hemal keel; m. c., medial constriction; n. a., neural arch; n. s., neural spine; p. c., precondylar constriction; p. d., paracotylar depression; p. n., postero-medial notch of the zygantrum; pa., parapophysis; pz. f., prezygapophyseal facet; pz. p., prezygapophyseal process; s. d., subcentral depression; s. r., subcentral ridge; s. t., sub-cotylar tubercle; zs., zygosphene. Scale bars: 4 mm
aquila (Whalen & Carter in Carter, Whalen & Guex, 1998), Orbuk-32; R, Pseudoeucyrtis busuangaensis (Yeh & Cheng, 1998), Orbuk-32; S, Farcus graylockensis Pessagno, Whalen & Yeh, 1986, Orbuk-32; T-U, Farcus sp. A, Orbuk-26; V, Farcus sp. B, Orbuk-27; W-X, Anaticapitula anatiformis (De Wever, 1982); W, Orbuk-32; X, Orbuk-38; Y, Saitoum sp. aff. S. triumphense Whalen & Carter in Carter, Whalen & Guex, 1998, Orbuk-32. Scale bar: A-C, K-L, T-U, W-Y, 100 µm; D-J, M-O, 120 µm; P-S, V, 150 µm. in Late Triassic to Early Jurassic radiolarian, conodont and ammonite assemblages from the Tavuscayiri block, Mersin Mélange, southern Turkey: Time constraints for the T/J boundary and sedimentary evolution of the southern margin of the northern Neotethys
aquila (Whalen & Carter in Carter, Whalen & Guex, 1998), Orbuk-32; R, Pseudoeucyrtis busuangaensis (Yeh & Cheng, 1998), Orbuk-32; S, Farcus graylockensis Pessagno, Whalen & Yeh, 1986, Orbuk-32; T-U, Farcus sp. A, Orbuk-26; V, Farcus sp. B, Orbuk-27; W-X, Anaticapitula anatiformis (De Wever, 1982); W, Orbuk-32; X, Orbuk-38; Y, Saitoum sp. aff. S. triumphense Whalen & Carter in Carter, Whalen & Guex, 1998, Orbuk-32. Scale bar: A-C, K-L, T-U, W-Y, 100 µm; D-J, M-O, 120 µm; P-S, V, 150 µm.
Monhystera agilis de Man. a, a n t e r i o r e n d 1 /12, ok. 3,.x.450. b, tail 1/ 12, ok. 3, x 4 5 0. in Terrestrial nematodes from Jan Mayen
Monhystera agilis de Man. a, a n t e r i o r e n d 1 /12, ok. 3,.x.450. b, tail 1/ 12, ok. 3, x 4 5 0.
Figs. 3A-R. A. Alysicarpus vaginalis – Folha. B-D. Chamaecrista rotundifolia var. rotundifolia. B in Leguminosae no Parque Natural Municipal de Jacarenema, Vila Velha, Espírito Santo, Brasil
Figs. 3A-R. A. Alysicarpus vaginalis – Folha. B-D. Chamaecrista rotundifolia var. rotundifolia. B. Folíolo; C. Flor; D. Fruto. E-G. Zornia glabra. E. Folíolos; F. Inflorescência; G. Fruto. H, I. Stylosanthes gracilis. H. Estípulas; I. Folha; J. Stylosanthes scabra - Folha. K. Crotalaria maypurensis - Estípula. L, M. Crotalaria pallida. L. Fruto; M. Estípula. N. Ancistrotropis peduncularis - Fruto. O, P. Desmodium adscendens; O. Fruto; P. Flor. Q. Rhynchosia phaseoloides - Fruto. R. Centrosema virginianum Flor.
РИС. 1. Схематичное иЗображение глаЗа наЗемного лёгочного моллюска. СокраЩениЯ: c – роговица; ec – глаЗнаЯ капсула; r – сетчатка; p – краЯ Зрачка; l – хрусталик, окруженный слоем стекловидного тела; L abs – абсолютное расстоЯние между Зрачком и наружной поверхностью хрусталика; D l – продольный диаметр хрусталика; А – абсолютный диаметр Зрачabs ка; D – поперечный диаметр глаЗа. FIG. 1. Schematic drawing of the eye of a terrestrial pulmonate mollusk. Abbreviation: c – cornea; ec – eye capsule; r – retina; p – edges of the pupil; l – lens, surrounded by a layer of the vitreous body; L abs – the absolute distance between the pupil and the outer surface of the lens; D l – the longitudinal diameter of the lens; А abs – the absolute diameter of the pupil; D e – the transverse diameter of the eye. in Зрачок камерных глаЗ наЗемных брюхоногих моллюсков (Heterobranchia, Stylommatophora)
РИС. 1. Схематичное иЗображение глаЗа наЗемного лёгочного моллюска. СокраЩениЯ: c – роговица; ec – глаЗнаЯ капсула; r – сетчатка; p – краЯ Зрачка; l – хрусталик, окруженный слоем стекловидного тела; L abs – абсолютное расстоЯние между Зрачком и наружной поверхностью хрусталика; D l – продольный диаметр хрусталика; А – абсолютный диаметр Зрачabs ка; D – поперечный диаметр глаЗа. FIG. 1. Schematic drawing of the eye of a terrestrial pulmonate mollusk. Abbreviation: c – cornea; ec – eye capsule; r – retina; p – edges of the pupil; l – lens, surrounded by a layer of the vitreous body; L abs – the absolute distance between the pupil and the outer surface of the lens; D l – the longitudinal diameter of the lens; А abs – the absolute diameter of the pupil; D e – the transverse diameter of the eye.
sal; W, visceral; X-Z, Pal. 1308 (costal 5); X, Y, dorsal; Z, visceral; A'-C', Pal. 1309 (costal 6); A', B', dorsal; C', visceral; D'-F', Pal. 1310 (costal 8); D', E', dorsal; F', visceral; G'-J', Pal. 1312 (peripheral 1); G', H', dorsal; I', J', visceral; K'-N', Pal. 1313 (peripheral 7); K', L', dorsal; M', N', visceral; O'-R', Pal. 1314 (peripheral 8); O', P', dorsal; Q', R', visceral views; S', reconstruction of carapace. Thick lines indicate to scute sulci, dotted lines sutures and oblique lines denote missing plate portions. Abbreviations: Ce, cervical; co, costal; Ma, marginal; ne, neural; nu, nuchal; per, peripheral; Pl, pleural; py, pygal; sp, suprapygal; Ve, vertebral. Scale bars: 1 cm. in Fossil turtles from the early Miocene localities of Mokrá-Quarry (Burdigalian, MN4), South Moravian Region, Czech Republic
sal; W, visceral; X-Z, Pal. 1308 (costal 5); X, Y, dorsal; Z, visceral; A'-C', Pal. 1309 (costal 6); A', B', dorsal; C', visceral; D'-F', Pal. 1310 (costal 8); D', E', dorsal; F', visceral; G'-J', Pal. 1312 (peripheral 1); G', H', dorsal; I', J', visceral; K'-N', Pal. 1313 (peripheral 7); K', L', dorsal; M', N', visceral; O'-R', Pal. 1314 (peripheral 8); O', P', dorsal; Q', R', visceral views; S', reconstruction of carapace. Thick lines indicate to scute sulci, dotted lines sutures and oblique lines denote missing plate portions. Abbreviations: Ce, cervical; co, costal; Ma, marginal; ne, neural; nu, nuchal; per, peripheral; Pl, pleural; py, pygal; sp, suprapygal; Ve, vertebral. Scale bars: 1 cm.
Fig. 2 in Pabstiella pseudotrifida L. Kollmann & D. R. Couto (Orchidaceae), a new species from Espírito Santo, Brazil
Fig. 2. – Distribution of Pabstiella pseudotriFida L. Kollmann & D. R. Couto (triangles) in Southern Espírito Santo, Brazil.
Fig. 1. – Pabstiella pseudotriFida L. Kollmann & D. R. Couto. A in Pabstiella pseudotrifida L. Kollmann & D. R. Couto (Orchidaceae), a new species from Espírito Santo, Brazil
Fig. 1. – Pabstiella pseudotriFida L. Kollmann & D. R. Couto. A. Habit; B. Flower (side view); C. Dorsal sepal; D. Lateral sepals; E-F. Petals; G. Lip (spread); H. Lip (lateral view); I. Column (apical portion spread and from below); J. Column and ovary (lateral view); K. Anther (1. ventral face, 2. dorsal face). [D. R. Couto 229, MBML] [Drawn by L. Kollmann]
Low carbon energy R&D portfolios that are robust when models and experts disagree
<p>This data archive contains model runs and data analysis files to the research article</p> <p><strong>Low carbon energy R&D portfolios that are robust when models and experts disagree</strong></p> <p>by</p> <p>Franklyn Kanyako, Erin Baker, David Anthoff</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>All Model output and Non-Dominated Portfolios</strong>: This contains all expected values of all model outputs, used to determine the non-dominated portfolios under each policy.</p> <p><strong>Large Scale Expert Elicitation of R&D Investment</strong>: Contains samples of expert elicitation from each elicitation team.</p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
R&D Dataset for LHC Olympics 2020 Anomaly Detection Challenge
<p>This is the first R&D dataset for the LHC Olympics 2020 Anomaly Detection Challenge. It consists of 1M QCD dijet events and 100k W'->XY events, with X->qq and Y->qq. The W', X, and Y masses are 3.5 TeV, 500 GeV and 100 GeV respectively. The events are produced using Pythia8 and Delphes 3.4.1, with no pileup or MPI included. They are selected using a single fat-jet (R=1) trigger with pT threshold of 1.2 TeV. </p> <p>The events are randomly shuffled together, but for the purposes of testing and development, we provide the user with a signal/background truth bit for each event. Obviously, the truth bit will not be included in the actual challenge.</p> <p>These events are stored as pandas dataframes saved to compressed h5 format. For each event, all Delphes reconstructed particles in the event are assumed to be massless and are recorded in detector coordinates (pT, eta, phi). More detailed information such as particle charge is not included. Events are zero padded to constant size arrays of 700 particles, with the truth bit appended at the end. The array format is therefore (Nevents=1.1M, 2101).</p> <p>For more information, including an example Jupyter notebook illustrating how to read and process the events, see the official LHC Olympics 2020 webpage.</p> <p><a href="https://lhco2020.github.io/homepage/">https://lhco2020.github.io/homepage/</a></p> <p><strong>UPDATE May 18 2020</strong></p> <p>We have uploaded a second signal dataset for R&D, consisting of 100k W'->XY with X,Y->qqq (i.e. 3-prong substructure). Everything else about this signal dataset (particle masses, trigger, Pythia configuration, detector simulation) is the same as the previous one described above. </p> <p><strong>UPDATE November 23 2020</strong></p> <p>We now include high-level feature files for the background and 2-prong signal (events_anomalydetection_v2.features.h5) and for the 3-prong signal (events_anomalydetection_Z_XY_qqq.features.h5). To produce the features, we have clustered every event into R=1 jets using the anti-kT algorithm. The features (calculated using fastjet plugins) are the 3-momenta, invariant masses, and n-jettiness variables tau1, tau2 and tau3 for the highest pT jet (j1) and the second highest pT jet (j2):</p> <p>'pxj1', 'pyj1', 'pzj1', 'mj1', 'tau1j1', 'tau2j1', 'tau3j1', 'pxj2', 'pyj2', 'pzj2', 'mj2', 'tau1j2', 'tau2j2', 'tau3j2'</p> <p>The rows (events) in each feature file should be ordered exactly the same as in their corresponding raw event file. For convenience, we have also included the label (1 for signal and 0 for background) as an additional column in the first feature file (events_anomalydetection_v2.features.h5).</p> <p><strong>UPDATE February 11 2021</strong></p> <p>We have included the Delphes detector card and the Pythia8 command files used to produce the R&D datasets.</p> <p><strong>UPDATE April 17 2022</strong></p> <p>It was brought to our attention that somehow the raw events file events_anomalydetection.h5 was never updated to v2, which had a lower generator-level pT threshold (PhaseSpace:pTHatMin = 500) for QCD events to minimize artificial trigger sculpting. This v2 is the version that the features file (events_anomalydetection_v2.features.h5) corresponds to, as well as the Pythia cmnd file (pythia_RnD_qcd.cmnd). Now the raw events file has been brought up to date as well. </p>
Fig.ç3.D isasterina akajimaensis sp. nov., holotype (NSMT E-6758). A, Anal pore and a patch; B, madreporite; C, proximal part of arm, abactinal view; D, oral plate pair and interradial uncalci ed area, some oral spines have been lost (see also Fig. 6 for oral plate pair and interradial uncalci ed area at another interradius); E, proximal part of ambulacral furrow (oral plates seen at the lower-le corner are drawn in Fig. 6); F, inferomarginal spinelets, abactinal view. Abbreviations: als, actinolateral spine; apo, anal pore; fs, furrow spine; imp, inferomarginal plate; ims, inferomarginal spine; ir, interradial; iua, interradial uncalci ed area; md, madreporite; op, oral plate; os, oral spine; r, radial; rp, rigid patch; sas, subambulacral spine. in A New Asterinid Sea Star, Disasterina akajimaensis (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) from the Ryukyu Islands, Japan, with Notes on the Genus Disasterina
Fig.ç3.D isasterina akajimaensis sp. nov., holotype (NSMT E-6758). A, Anal pore and a patch; B, madreporite; C, proximal part of arm, abactinal view; D, oral plate pair and interradial uncalci ed area, some oral spines have been lost (see also Fig. 6 for oral plate pair and interradial uncalci ed area at another interradius); E, proximal part of ambulacral furrow (oral plates seen at the lower-le corner are drawn in Fig. 6); F, inferomarginal spinelets, abactinal view. Abbreviations: als, actinolateral spine; apo, anal pore; fs, furrow spine; imp, inferomarginal plate; ims, inferomarginal spine; ir, interradial; iua, interradial uncalci ed area; md, madreporite; op, oral plate; os, oral spine; r, radial; rp, rigid patch; sas, subambulacral spine.
Text-fig. 2. Tectocarya spp. a–n: Tectocarya grandis (E.REID et M.CHANDLER) comb. n. Holotype V.22968. a: Lateral view of broken endocarp, reflected light. b–d: Longitudinal views, surface renderings from micro-CT data. e: Translucent volume renderings. f: Apical view, surface rendering. g: View of transversely broken surface showing curved locule, reflected light. h–n: Successive digital transverse sections. Note septum in the dorsal infold (arrows). o, p: Tectocarya rhenana KIRCHH., Miocene of Germany, dorsal view and transverse section [Holotype of Mastixoidea tectocaryoides KIRCHH., Alfred Mine near Konzendorf, photo by Dieter Mai] (Synonym of T. rhenana MAI, 1993). q: T. rhenana transverse section. from Mine Alfred, Düren, Germany, coll. Claire A. Brown 1952, USNM 355632. r, s: Tectocarya sp. from late Eocene of Post, Oregon, USA, physical transverse section, reflected light. UF279-50014. [Surface views of same specimen shown in Manchester and McIntosh 2007: figs 62, 63]. Scale bars 1 cm in (a–r), 0.5 cm in (s). in Mastixioid Fruits (Cornales) From The Early Eocene London Clay Flora: Morphology, Anatomy And Nomenclatural Revision
Text-fig. 2. Tectocarya spp. a–n: Tectocarya grandis (E.REID et M.CHANDLER) comb. n. Holotype V.22968. a: Lateral view of broken endocarp, reflected light. b–d: Longitudinal views, surface renderings from micro-CT data. e: Translucent volume renderings. f: Apical view, surface rendering. g: View of transversely broken surface showing curved locule, reflected light. h–n: Successive digital transverse sections. Note septum in the dorsal infold (arrows). o, p: Tectocarya rhenana KIRCHH., Miocene of Germany, dorsal view and transverse section [Holotype of Mastixoidea tectocaryoides KIRCHH., Alfred Mine near Konzendorf, photo by Dieter Mai] (Synonym of T. rhenana MAI, 1993). q: T. rhenana transverse section. from Mine Alfred, Düren, Germany, coll. Claire A. Brown 1952, USNM 355632. r, s: Tectocarya sp. from late Eocene of Post, Oregon, USA, physical transverse section, reflected light. UF279-50014. [Surface views of same specimen shown in Manchester and McIntosh 2007: figs 62, 63]. Scale bars 1 cm in (a–r), 0.5 cm in (s).
Text-fig. A3. a: Leaf morphotype 1 Tebano MSF SG 049. b: Leaf morphotype 2 Oriolo MSF 631. c: Leaf morphotype 3 Oriolo MSF n.n. d, f: Leaf morphotype 4. d: Oriolo MSF 891. e: Oriolo MSF 856. f: Oriolo MSF 858. g: Leaf morphotype 5 Oriolo MSF 783. h: Leaf morphotype 6 Oriolo MSF 952. i: Leaf morphotype 7 Oriolo MSF 862. j, l: Leaf morphotype 8. j: Oriolo MSF 912. k: Oriolo MSF 662. l: Oriolo MSF 662-1. m: Leaf morphotype 9 Oriolo MSF 715. n: Leaf morphotype 10 Oriolo MSF 716. o: Leaf morphotype 11, overview and detail of margin Oriolo MSF 880. p–z: Various rosaceous leaves/ leaflets. p: Oriolo MSF 943. q: Oriolo MSF 890. r: Oriolo MSF 950. s: Oriolo MSF 958. t: Oriolo MSF 966 aff. Sorbus. u: Oriolo MSF 956. v: Oriolo MSF 961. w: Oriolo MSF 962. x: Oriolo MSF 874. y: Oriolo MSF 883. z: Oriolo MSF 960. in The Late Early Pleistocene Flora Of Oriolo, Faenza (Italy): Assembly Of The Modern Forest Biome
Text-fig. A3. a: Leaf morphotype 1 Tebano MSF SG 049. b: Leaf morphotype 2 Oriolo MSF 631. c: Leaf morphotype 3 Oriolo MSF n.n. d, f: Leaf morphotype 4. d: Oriolo MSF 891. e: Oriolo MSF 856. f: Oriolo MSF 858. g: Leaf morphotype 5 Oriolo MSF 783. h: Leaf morphotype 6 Oriolo MSF 952. i: Leaf morphotype 7 Oriolo MSF 862. j, l: Leaf morphotype 8. j: Oriolo MSF 912. k: Oriolo MSF 662. l: Oriolo MSF 662-1. m: Leaf morphotype 9 Oriolo MSF 715. n: Leaf morphotype 10 Oriolo MSF 716. o: Leaf morphotype 11, overview and detail of margin Oriolo MSF 880. p–z: Various rosaceous leaves/ leaflets. p: Oriolo MSF 943. q: Oriolo MSF 890. r: Oriolo MSF 950. s: Oriolo MSF 958. t: Oriolo MSF 966 aff. Sorbus. u: Oriolo MSF 956. v: Oriolo MSF 961. w: Oriolo MSF 962. x: Oriolo MSF 874. y: Oriolo MSF 883. z: Oriolo MSF 960.
Text-fig. 3. Juglandaceae. Carya (a–x). Scale bars = 1 cm. a–e: USNM PAL 772346. Micro-CT scan surface rendering. a, b: Lateral, c: apical, d: basal views. e: Virtual equatorial transverse section. f–n: USNM PAL 772347. f: Lateral view, reflected light, showing path of saw cut for transverse section of (i). g: Basal view, reflected light. h: Apical view, micro-CT surface rendering. i: Physical transverse section displaying locule and cellular preservation of parts of wall. j–n: Virtual sections from micro-CT scan data. j: Transverse section at apical 1/3 of nut. Note narrow lacunae (arrows). k: Longitudinal section parallel to primary septum, traversing one of the cotyledon lobes and showing secondary septum at base. l: Longitudinal section in plane at right angles to (k) in plane of primary septum, showing divergent placental bundles arising from base of nut (arrows). m: Equatorial transverse section showing two lobes of locule separated by primary septum. n: Transverse section near base of nut showing primary and secondary septa, creating four basal lobes of locule; note diverging placental bundles (arrows). o–x: USNM PAL 772351. o: Lateral view of broken nut with exposed locule cast, reflected light. p: Same orientation of nut, micro-CT surface rendering. q: Same specimen lateral view, rotated 90° from (p), micro-CT surface rendering. r: Apical view, reflected light. s–x: Virtual sections from micro-CT in The Early Middle Eocene Wagon Bed Carpoflora Of Central Wyoming, U.S.A.
Text-fig. 3. Juglandaceae. Carya (a–x). Scale bars = 1 cm. a–e: USNM PAL 772346. Micro-CT scan surface rendering. a, b: Lateral, c: apical, d: basal views. e: Virtual equatorial transverse section. f–n: USNM PAL 772347. f: Lateral view, reflected light, showing path of saw cut for transverse section of (i). g: Basal view, reflected light. h: Apical view, micro-CT surface rendering. i: Physical transverse section displaying locule and cellular preservation of parts of wall. j–n: Virtual sections from micro-CT scan data. j: Transverse section at apical 1/3 of nut. Note narrow lacunae (arrows). k: Longitudinal section parallel to primary septum, traversing one of the cotyledon lobes and showing secondary septum at base. l: Longitudinal section in plane at right angles to (k) in plane of primary septum, showing divergent placental bundles arising from base of nut (arrows). m: Equatorial transverse section showing two lobes of locule separated by primary septum. n: Transverse section near base of nut showing primary and secondary septa, creating four basal lobes of locule; note diverging placental bundles (arrows). o–x: USNM PAL 772351. o: Lateral view of broken nut with exposed locule cast, reflected light. p: Same orientation of nut, micro-CT surface rendering. q: Same specimen lateral view, rotated 90° from (p), micro-CT surface rendering. r: Apical view, reflected light. s–x: Virtual sections from micro-CT
Text-fig. 2. Salicaceae (a–g), Cannabaceae (h–n), cf. Betulaceae (o–r). a–g: Saxifragispermum, USNM PAL 772341. Scale bar = 5 mm except as indicated. a–b: Lateral, c: apical, and d: basal views of fruit, reflected light, palladium coated; apex at top of (a, b). e: Equatorial transverse section reflected light; arrows indicate presumed seeds, scale bar = 2 mm. f: Detail of locule contents extracted from (e), transmitted light, scale bar = 200 Μm. g: Interwoven trichomes or fibers from locule, transmitted light, scale bar = 5 Μm. h–j: Celtis. h, i: USNM PAL 772342, reflected light, palladium coated, scale bar = 5 mm. h: Lateral view parallel with plane of dehiscence. i: Lateral view perpendicular to plane of dehiscence. j: DMNH EPI.47809, Celtis in lateral view; showing reticulate sculpture and the vertically-oriented, plane of dehiscence (arrow), scale bar = 5 mm. k–m: Aphananthe. USNM PAL 772344, reflected light, palladium coated, scale bar = 5 mm. k: Apical view, note triangular cross section and apical plug (arrow). l: Lateral view, apex up. m: Lateral view at 90° to (l). n: Detail of cellular pattern at surface of endocarp, scale bar = 0.5 mm. o–r: in The Early Middle Eocene Wagon Bed Carpoflora Of Central Wyoming, U.S.A.
Text-fig. 2. Salicaceae (a–g), Cannabaceae (h–n), cf. Betulaceae (o–r). a–g: Saxifragispermum, USNM PAL 772341. Scale bar = 5 mm except as indicated. a–b: Lateral, c: apical, and d: basal views of fruit, reflected light, palladium coated; apex at top of (a, b). e: Equatorial transverse section reflected light; arrows indicate presumed seeds, scale bar = 2 mm. f: Detail of locule contents extracted from (e), transmitted light, scale bar = 200 Μm. g: Interwoven trichomes or fibers from locule, transmitted light, scale bar = 5 Μm. h–j: Celtis. h, i: USNM PAL 772342, reflected light, palladium coated, scale bar = 5 mm. h: Lateral view parallel with plane of dehiscence. i: Lateral view perpendicular to plane of dehiscence. j: DMNH EPI.47809, Celtis in lateral view; showing reticulate sculpture and the vertically-oriented, plane of dehiscence (arrow), scale bar = 5 mm. k–m: Aphananthe. USNM PAL 772344, reflected light, palladium coated, scale bar = 5 mm. k: Apical view, note triangular cross section and apical plug (arrow). l: Lateral view, apex up. m: Lateral view at 90° to (l). n: Detail of cellular pattern at surface of endocarp, scale bar = 0.5 mm. o–r:
ScienceDex guides
Understand access before you commit
These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.