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46 results for “Rana temporaria”
Used Coordinates of Rana temporaria from Spain .
<p>Distribution data of Rana temporaria used in the paper: <strong>Surviving on the edge: present and future effects of climate warming on the common frog (Rana temporaria) population in the Montseny massif (NE Iberia).</strong></p>
Fig. 5 in Age Structure In A Declining Population Of Rana Temporaria From Northern Italy
Fig. 5. Relationship between age and body length in male (filled circles) and female (empty circles) Rana temporaria
Fig. 3 in Age Structure In A Declining Population Of Rana Temporaria From Northern Italy
Fig. 3. Diaphyseal cross-sections of phalanges of Rana temporaria females. (a) Individual, 70 mm in body length, with 1 visible LAG plus one confluent with the outer margin of periosteal bone. Some false lines are also present. (b) Individual, 73.2 mm in body length, with 2 visible LAGs plus one confluent with the outer margin of periosteal bone. (c) Individual, 85.7 mm in body length, with 5 LAGs. (d) Individual, 101 mm in body length, with 7 LAGs. (e) Individual, 120 mm in body length, with the first 4 but not the peripheral LAGs clearly distinguishable. (f) Same individual as in the previous figure but adjacent section at higher magnification showing 6 distinct LAGs at the periphery of periosteal bone. Based on these observations it is concluded that this frog had 10 LAGs. Abbreviations: EB = endosteal bone; MC = medullar cavity; RL = reversal line; VC = vascular canal. Arrows indi-
Fig. 2 in Age Structure In A Declining Population Of Rana Temporaria From Northern Italy
Fig. 2. Diaphyseal cross-sections of phalanges of Rana temporaria males. (a) Juvenile, 50.1 mm in body length, without LAGs. (b) Individual, 63 mm in body length, with 1 visible LAG plus one nonvisible probably because it is confluent with the outer margin of periosteal bone. (c) Individual, 74.7 mm in body length, with 6 LAGs. (d) Same individual as in Fig. 2c but at higher magnification. 5 LAGs can be more easily counted in the ridge at the periphery of periosteal bone. (e) Individual, 85.2 mm in body length, with 8 LAGs. (f) Individual, 89 mm in body length, with 10 LAGs, of which the peripheral are very close to each other. Abbreviations: EB = endosteal bone; MC = medullar cavity; RL = reversal line. Arrows indicate lines of arrested growth (LAGs). Scale bar, 100 µm in Figs 2a–e;
Fig. 1 in Age Structure In A Declining Population Of Rana Temporaria From Northern Italy
Fig. 1. Body length distribution (2 mm classes) of male (filled bars) and female (empty bars) Rana temporaria. The dotted bar represents a juvenile male
Data related to: Bottom-up effects of fungicides on tadpoles of the European common frog (Rana temporaria)
<p>We have uploaded a range of files informding about ergosterol and bacteria levels on leaf litter (LeafMicrobes.xlsx); the feces production, leaf consumption and legnth development of tadpoles during the study and among the two experimental phases as detailed in the mansucript (FecesFeedingLength.xlxs); composition of fatty acids in tadpoles and leaf litter (NFLA.xlxs); metamophoses event (Metamorphosis.xlsx)</p> <p> </p> <p>Paper abstract as submitted:</p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Biodiversity is under pressure world-wide, with amphibians being particularly threatened. Stressors related to human activity, such as chemicals, are contributing to this decline. It remains, however, unclear whether chemicals exhibiting a fungicidal activity could indirectly affect tadpoles, that depend on microbially conditioned leaf litter as food source. The indirect effect of fungicides (sum concentration of a fungicide mixture composed of azoxystrobin, carbendazim, crybrodinil, quinoxifen and tebuconcazole: 100 µg/L) on tadpoles was assessed relative to leaf litter colonised by microbes in absence of fungicides (control) and a worst case scenario, that is leached leaf litter without microbial colonisation. The quality of leaf litter as food for tadpoles of the European common frog (<i>Rana temporaria</i>) was characterised through neutral lipid fatty acid profiles and microbial sum parameters and verified by sublethal responses in tadpoles (i.e. feeding rate, feces production, growth and fatty acid composition). Fungicides changed the nutritious quality of leaf litter likely through alterations in leaves' neutral lipid fatty acid profiles (i.e., changes in some physiologically important highly unsaturated fatty acids reached more than 200%) in combination with a potential adsorption onto leaves during conditioning. These changes were reflected by differences in the development of tadpoles ultimately resulting in an earlier start of metamorphosis. Our data provide a first indication that fungicides potentially affect tadpole development indirectly through bottom-up effects. This pathway is so far not addressed in fungicide environmental risk assessment and merits further attention.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Data from: European common frog (Rana temporaria) recolonised Switzerland from multiple glacial refugia in northern Italy via trans- and circum-Alpine routes
<p><span>The high mountain ranges of western Europe had a profound effect on the biotic recolonisation of Europe from glacial refugia. The Alps present a particularly interesting case because they form an absolute barrier to dispersal for most taxa, obstructing recolonisation from multiple refugia in northern Italy. Here we investigate the effect of the European Alps on the phylogeographic history of the European common frog <i>Rana temporaria</i>. Based on partial <i>cytochrome b </i>and <i>COXI </i>sequences from Switzerland, we find two mitochondrial lineages roughly north and south of the alpine ridge, with contact zones between them in eastern and western Switzerland. The northern haplogroup falls within the previously identified western European haplogroup, while the southern haplogroup is unique to Switzerland. We find that the lineages diverged ~110 kya, at approximately the onset of the last glacial glaciation; this indicates that they are from different glacial refugia. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that the northern and southern haplogroups colonised Switzerland via trans- and circum-alpine routes from at least two separate refugia in northern Italy. Our results illustrate how a complex recolonisation history of the central European Alps can arise from the semi-permeable barrier created by high mountains.</span></p>
Fig. 4 in Age Structure In A Declining Population Of Rana Temporaria From Northern Italy
Fig. 4. Age distribution of male (filled bars) and female (empty bars) Rana temporaria
Data related to: Bottom-up effects of fungicides on tadpoles of the European common frog (Rana temporaria)
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Data from: European common frog (Rana temporaria) recolonised Switzerland from multiple glacial refugia in northern Italy via trans- and circum-Alpine routes
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Data from: Molecular phenotyping of maternally mediated parallel adaptive divergence within Rana arvalis and Rana temporaria
When similar selection acts on the same traits in multiple species or populations, parallel evolution can result in similar phenotypic changes, yet the underlying molecular architecture of parallel phenotypic divergence can be variable. Maternal effects can influence evolution at ecological timescales and facilitate local adaptation, but their contribution to parallel adaptive divergence is unclear. In this study, we (i) tested for variation in embryonic acid tolerance in a common garden experiment and (ii) used molecular phenotyping of egg coats to investigate the molecular basis of maternally mediated parallel adaptive divergence in two amphibian species (Rana arvalis and Rana temporaria). Our results on three R. arvalis and two R. temporaria populations show that adaptive divergence in embryonic acid tolerance is mediated via maternally derived egg coats in both species. We find extensive polymorphism in egg jelly coat glycoproteins within both species and that acid-tolerant clutches have more negatively charged egg jelly – indicating that the glycosylation status of the jelly coat proteins is under divergent selection in acidified environments, likely due to its impact on jelly water balance. Overall, these data provide evidence for parallel mechanisms of adaptive divergence in two species. Our study highlights the importance of studying intraspecific molecular variation in egg coats and, specifically, their glycoproteins, to increase understanding of underlying forces maintaining variation in jelly coats.
Data from: Dmrt1 polymorphism covaries with sex-determination patterns in Rana temporaria
Patterns of sex-chromosome differentiation and gonadal development have been shown to vary among populations of Rana temporaria along a latitudinal transect in Sweden. Frogs from the northern-boreal population of Ammarnäs displayed well-differentiated X and Y haplotypes, early gonadal differentiation, and a perfect match between phenotypic and genotypic sex. In contrast, no differentiated Y haplotypes could be detected in the southern population of Tvedöra, where juveniles furthermore showed delayed gonadal differentiation. Here, we show that Dmrt1, a gene that plays a key role in sex determination and sexual development across all metazoans, displays significant sex differentiation in Tvedöra, with a Y-specific haplotype distinct from Ammarnäs. The differential segment is not only much shorter in Tvedöra than in Ammarnäs, it is also less differentiated and associates with both delayed gonadal differentiation and imperfect match between phenotypic and genotypic sex. Whereas Tvedöra juveniles with a local Y haplotype tend to ultimately develop as males, those without it may nevertheless become functional XX males, but with strongly female-biased progeny. Our findings suggest that the variance in patterns of sex determination documented in common frogs might result from a genetic polymorphism within a small genomic region that contains Dmrt1. They also substantiate the view that recurrent convergences of sex determination toward a limited set of chromosome pairs may result from the co-option of small genomic regions that harbor key genes from the sex-determination pathway.
Data from: Local selection modifies phenotypic divergence among Rana temporaria populations in the presence of gene flow
In ectotherms, variation in life-history traits among populations is common and suggests local adaptation. However, geographic variation itself is not a proof for local adaptation, since genetic drift and gene flow may also shape patterns of quantitative variation. We studied local and regional variation in means and phenotypic plasticity of larval life history traits in the common frog Rana temporaria using six populations from central Sweden, breeding in either open canopy or partially closed canopy ponds. To separate local adaptation from genetic drift we compared differentiation in quantitative genetic traits (QST) obtained from a common garden experiment with differentiation in presumably neutral microsatellite markers (FST). We found that R. temporaria populations differ in means and plasticities of life-history traits in different temperatures at local, and in Fst at regional scale. Comparisons of differentiation in quantitative traits and in molecular markers suggested that natural selection was responsible for the divergence in growth and development rates as well as in temperature-induced plasticity, indicating local adaptation. However, at low temperature the role of genetic drift could not be separated from selection. Phenotypes were correlated with forest canopy closure but not with geographical or genetic distance. These results indicate that local adaptation can evolve in the presence of ongoing gene flow among populations, and that natural selection is strong in this system.
Data from: Hindered and constrained: limited potential for thermal adaptation in post-metamorphic and adult Rana temporaria along elevational gradients
Adaptation to warming climates could counteract the effects of global warming. Thus, understanding how species cope with contrasting climates may inform us about their potential for thermal adaptation and which processes may hamper that ability (e.g. evolutionary trade-offs, phenology, or behavioural thermoregulation). In addition to temperature, time constraints may also exert important selective pressures. Here we compare the thermal sensitivity of locomotion of metamorphic and adult European common frogs (Rana temporaria) originating from populations along an elevational gradient. We employed the template mode of variation (TMV) analysis to decompose the thermal sensitivity of locomotion and explore the existence of trade-offs ('hotter is better' and 'specialist-generalist') and the degree of local adaptation. To that end, we studied the relationship between TMV parameters and local environmental conditions. Further, we compared preferred temperatures to assess whether behavioral thermoregulation could dampen the effects of thermal variation, reducing the intensity of selection and limiting thermal adaptation (i.e. 'Bogert effect'). We suggest that behavioral thermoregulation has promoted the conservatism of thermal sensitivity in R. temporaria. Yet, we observed a trend towards narrower thermal niches shifted towards warmer temperature in populations with severe temporal constraints, conforming to the 'generalist-specialist' trade-off. Apparently, this enables time-constrained populations – especially in the case of metamorphs – to effectively exploit resources during the warmest periods. The limited potential of R. temporaria for thermal adaptation suggests that forecasts of global warming should incorporate thermoregulation and explore its potential to buffer species from rising temperatures.
Data from: Using genetic variation to infer associations with climate in the common frog, Rana temporaria
Recent and historical species' associations with climate can be inferred using molecular markers. This knowledge of population and species-level responses to climatic variables can then be used to predict the potential consequences of ongoing climate change. The aim of this study was to predict responses of Rana temporaria to environmental change in Scotland by inferring historical and contemporary patterns of gene flow in relation to current variation in local thermal conditions. We first inferred colonization patterns within Europe following the last glacial maximum by combining new and previously published mitochondrial DNA sequences. We found that sequences from our Scottish samples were identical to (92%), or clustered with, the common haplotype previously identified from Western Europe. This clade showed very low mitochondrial variation, which did not allow inference of historical colonization routes but did allow interpretation of patterns of current fine-scale population structure without consideration of confounding historical variation. Second, we assessed fine-scale microsatellite-based patterns of genetic variation in relation to current altitudinal temperature gradients. No population structure was found within altitudinal gradients (average FST = 0.02), despite a mean annual temperature difference of 4.5 °C between low- and high-altitude sites. Levels of genetic diversity were considerable and did not vary between sites. The panmictic population structure observed, even along temperature gradients, is a potentially positive sign for R. temporaria persistence in Scotland in the face of a changing climate. This study demonstrates that within taxonomic groups, thought to be at high risk from environmental change, levels of vulnerability can vary, even within species.
Data from: Local adaptation with high gene flow: temperature parameters drive adaptation to altitude in the common frog (Rana temporaria)
Both environmental- and genetic-influences can result in phenotypic variation. Quantifying the relative contributions of local adaptation and phenotypic plasticity to phenotypes is key to understanding the effect of environmental variation on populations. Identifying the selective pressures that drive divergence is an important, but often lacking, next step. High gene flow between high- and low-altitude common frog (Rana temporaria) breeding sites has previously been demonstrated in Scotland. The aim of this study was to assess whether local adaptation occurs in the face of high gene flow and to identify potential environmental selection pressures that drive adaptation. Phenotypic variation in larval traits was quantified in R. temporaria from paired high- and low-altitude sites using three common temperature treatments. Local adaptation was assessed using QST-FST analyses, and quantitative phenotypic divergence was related to environmental parameters using Mantel tests. Although evidence of local adaptation was found for all traits measured, only variation in larval period and growth rate was consistent with adaptation to altitude. Moreover, this was only evident in the three mountains with the highest high-altitude sites. This variation was correlated with mean summer and winter temperatures, suggesting temperature parameters are potentially strong selective pressures maintaining local adaptation, despite high gene flow.
Data from: Dmrt1 polymorphism and sex-chromosome differentiation in Rana temporaria
Sex-determination mechanisms vary both within and among populations of common frogs, opening opportunities to investigate the molecular pathways and ultimate causes shaping their evolution. We investigated the association between sex-chromosome differentiation (as assayed from microsatellites) and polymorphism at the candidate sex-determining gene Dmrt1 in two Alpine populations. Both populations harboured a diversity of X-linked and Y-linked Dmrt1 haplotypes. Some males had fixed male-specific alleles at all markers ("differentiated" Y chromosomes), others only at Dmrt1 ("proto-" Y chromosomes), while still others were genetically indistinguishable from females (undifferentiated X chromosomes). Besides these XX males, we also found rare XY females. The several Dmrt1 Y haplotypes differed in the probability of association with a differentiated Y chromosome, which we interpret as a result of differences in the masculinizing effects of alleles at the sex-determining locus. From our results, the polymorphism in sex-chromosome differentiation and its association with Dmrt1, previously inferred from Swedish populations, are not just idiosyncratic features of peripheral populations, but also characterize highly diverged populations in the central range. This implies that an apparently unstable pattern has been maintained over long evolutionary times.
Development and survival of tadpoles and metamorphs of Rana temporaria in six boreal lakes in southern Finland
<p>We assessed the effect of water colour on the development of larval amphibian. Tadpoles of Rana temporaria were raised in experimental cages in 6 boreal lakes representing a gradient of water colour.</p> <p>The dataset includes the recording of the environmental variables in the lake during the experiment, morphometric variables for tadpoles and metamorphs, as well as tabulated data for survival analysis during the tadpole stage and to metamorphosis. The experiment took place from May to July 2023 in Evo Natural 2000 site in Finland.</p>
Data from: Within-population polymorphism of sex-determination systems in the common frog (Rana temporaria)
In sharp contrast with birds and mammals, the sex chromosomes of ectothermic vertebrates are often undifferentiated, for reasons that remain debated. A linkage map was recently published for Rana temporaria (Linnaeus, 1758) from Fennoscandia (Eastern European lineage), with a proposed sex-determining role for linkage group 2 (LG2). We analysed linkage patterns in lowland and highland populations from Switzerland (Western European lineage), with special focus on LG2. Sibship analyses showed large differences from the Fennoscandian map in terms of recombination rates and loci order, pointing to large-scale inversions or translocations. All linkage groups displayed extreme heterochiasmy (total map length was 12.2 cM in males, versus 869.8 cM in females). Sex determination was polymorphic within populations: a majority of families (with equal sex ratios) showed a strong correlation between offspring phenotypic sex and LG2 paternal haplotypes, whereas other families (some of which with female-biased sex ratios) did not show any correlation. The factors determining sex in the latter could not be identified. This coexistence of several sex-determination systems should induce frequent recombination of X and Y haplotypes, even in the absence of male recombination. Accordingly, we found no sex differences in allelic frequencies on LG2 markers among wild-caught male and female adults, except in one high-altitude population, where nonrecombinant Y haplotypes suggest sex to be entirely determined by LG2. Multifactorial sex determination certainly contributes to the lack of sex-chromosome differentiation in amphibians.
Data from: Sex-chromosome differentiation and 'sex races' in the common frog (Rana temporaria)
Sex-chromosome differentiation was recently shown to vary among common frog populations in Fennoscandia, suggesting a trend of increased differentiation with latitude. By rearing families from two contrasted populations (respectively, from northern and southern Sweden), we show this disparity to stem from differences in sex-determination mechanisms rather than in XY-recombination patterns. Offspring from the northern population display equal sex ratios at metamorphosis, with phenotypic sexes that correlate strongly with paternal LG2 haplotypes (the sex chromosome); accordingly, Y haplotypes are markedly differentiated, with male-specific alleles and depressed diversity testifying to their smaller effective population size. In the southern population, by contrast, a majority of juveniles present ovaries at metamorphosis; only later in development do sex ratios return to equilibrium. Even at these later stages, phenotypic sexes correlate only mildly with paternal LG2 haplotypes; accordingly, there are no recognizable Y haplotypes. These distinct patterns of gonadal development fit the concept of 'sex races' proposed in the 1930s, with our two populations assigned to the 'differentiated' and 'semi-differentiated' races, respectively. Our results support the suggestion that 'sex races' differ in the genetic versus epigenetic components of sex determination. Analysing populations from the 'undifferentiated race' with high-density genetic maps should help to further test this hypothesis.
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