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Fig. 8 in The digital Plateosaurus II: An assessment of the range of motion of the limbs and vertebral column and of previous reconstructions using a digital skeletal mount

Fig. 8. Digital skeleton mount of prosauropod Plateosaurus engelhardti Meyer, 1837 GPIT1, from Trossingen, Germany, posed to conform to drawings by Paul (1987, 2000; Fig. 2A). A. Left antepodium and manus in lateral and dorsal view. B. Right antepodium and manus in medial and dorsal view. C. Right crus and pes in medial view. Note intersection of tarsals and metatarsals with crus. D. Pelvis and femora in lateral view. E. Anteroventral view, parallel with the long axis of the dorsal column, of the pelvis and femora and the last five dorsal ribs. F. Lateral view of "gallop" position. Note gaps in knees and neck. Length of ulna 239 mm, length of fibula 463 mm, length of femur 595 mm.

Fig. 7 in The digital Plateosaurus II: An assessment of the range of motion of the limbs and vertebral column and of previous reconstructions using a digital skeletal mount

Fig. 7. Digital skeleton mount of prosauropod Plateosaurus engelhardti Meyer, 1837 GPIT1, from Trossingen, Germany, posed: head at ground level (A), hands at ground level (B), resting pose in lateral (C) and dorsal (D) views. Length of femur 595 mm.

Fig. 4 in The digital Plateosaurus II: An assessment of the range of motion of the limbs and vertebral column and of previous reconstructions using a digital skeletal mount

Fig. 4. Range of motion of prosauropod Plateosaurus engelhardti Meyer, 1837 using the digital skeleton mount of GPIT, from Trossingen, Germany. A. Lateral view of cervicals in neutral articulation, maximal dorsiflexion and maximal ventriflexion. B. Dorsal view of cervicals in neutral articulation and maximal lateral flexion. C–F. Dorsal vertebral column and ribcage in dorsal view in maximal lateral flexion (C), lateral view in maximal ventriflexion (D), lateral view in maximal dorsiflexion (E); air exchange volume determination (F). Pink ribs and dark green volume = exhaled volume, red ribs and translucent green volume = inhaled volume. See text for further explanation. G. Tail in lateral view, showing (top to bottom) dorsiflexion at 10° and at 5° per joint, neutral articulation, maximum ventriflexion. H. Tail in dorsal view, straight and at 10° lateral flexion. Length of cervical series 103 cm, length of dorsal series 137 cm, length of caudal series 261 cm. Anterior to the left in A–C and F–H, to the right in D and E.

Fig. 3 in The digital Plateosaurus II: An assessment of the range of motion of the limbs and vertebral column and of previous reconstructions using a digital skeletal mount

Fig. 3. Examples for the influence of soft tissues on joint motions. A. Outline drawing of caudals 5 and 6 of salt−water crocodile Crocodylus porosus, IPFUB OS 13 in dorsal view. Anterior is up. Caudal 6 is shown in positions with full, 50% and minimal zyapophysal overlap (0°, 10°, 21°, respectively). Width of caudal 5 across transverse processes is 113 mm. B–D. Ulnae of stegosaur Kentrosaurus aethiopicus Hennig, 1915 from the Upper Jurassic Tendaguru Formation of Tanzania, in anterior (B1–D1) and lateral (B2–D2) views. Right (B, field number St [unknown]) and left (C, field number St 113) ulnae, both part of GPIT 1424 (mounted skeleton). D. Left ulna (part of skeletal mount in MFN) MB.R.4800.33 (length 306 mm) shows cartilage preservation on the distal and especially proximal end, preserving a large olceranon process.

Fig. 6 in The digital Plateosaurus II: An assessment of the range of motion of the limbs and vertebral column and of previous reconstructions using a digital skeletal mount

Fig. 6. Range of motion of the hind limb of prosauropod Plateosaurus engelhardti Meyer, 1837 using the digital skeleton mount of GPIT1, from Trossingen, Germany. A–H. Left pes in left to right: flexion, probable standing pose, extension, in lateral (A), medial (B), oblique (C–F), plantar (G), and dorsal (H) views. Length of metatarsal III 231 mm. I–K. Pelvis and left hind limb, in lateral (I, J) and anterior (K) views. I, K, probable standing (blue) and minimally possible flexion (resting) pose; J, maximum femur protraction and retraction angles for locomotion, resulting stride length 1.34 m. L. Left hind limb showing knee range of motion. Crus positions left to right: maximal extension, maximum flexion under large loads, maximum flexion for resting. M. Crus in lateral view, showing maximum ankle flexion and extension under load. Length of fibula 463 mm.

Fig. 2 in The digital Plateosaurus II: An assessment of the range of motion of the limbs and vertebral column and of previous reconstructions using a digital skeletal mount

Fig. 2. Skeletal reconstructions of prosauropod Plateosaurus engelhardti Meyer, 1837, redrawn from: A. Paul (1987, 2000). B. Wellnhofer (1994). C. Jaekel (1913–1914). D. Huene (1926). E. Galton (1990). F. Weishampel and Westphal (1986). G. Scott Hartmann. (www.skeletaldrawing.com). Typical femur length of Plateosaurus is 0.6 to 0.8 m.

Fig. 5 in The digital Plateosaurus II: An assessment of the range of motion of the limbs and vertebral column and of previous reconstructions using a digital skeletal mount

Fig. 5. Range of motion of the fore limb of prosauropod Plateosaurus engelhardti Meyer, 1837 using the digital skeleton mount of GPIT1, from Trossingen, Germany. A–E. Left scapula and fore limb in anterior (A), anterolateral (B), anteromedial (C), lateral (D), and dorsal (E) views. Equal colors are identical positions. B is parallel, C is perpendicular to the main axis (flexion/extension) of the glenoid. Length of humerus 350 mm. Dashed line(s) refer to: body midline (A), orthogonal to scapula blade long axis (B), body midline and main axis of glenoid (C). Red numbers in B refer to elbow, black to humerus flexion/extension. Numbers in C refer to humerus abduction/adduction versus the vertical. F. Left radius and ulna in articulation in (top row) proximolateral, medial view, (bottom row) distal and lateral views. Length of ulna 237 mm. G. Radius and ulna in proximal view. Dotted line indicates main joint axis of elbow. Circle and lines show method for determination of theoretical maximal pronation angle. H–M. Left manus. H, I. Left to right: flexion, neutral position and extension in dorsal (H) and palmar (I) views. Digit IV duplicated in neutral position views to show lateromedial deviation range. J–M. Oblique views of flexion (J, K) and extension (L, M). Length of metacarpal III 97 mm.

Fig. 9 in The digital Plateosaurus II: An assessment of the range of motion of the limbs and vertebral column and of previous reconstructions using a digital skeletal mount

Fig. 9. Digital skeleton mount of prosauropod Plateosaurus engelhardti Meyer, 1837 GPIT1, from Trossingen, Germany. A. Anterior view of the pectoral girdle and forelimbs posed to conform to the life−sized, bipedal SMNS model (Fig. 1J) of Plateosaurus engelhardti. Dotted line indicates body outline of the model. Note gaps in elbows and wrists and too large gap between coracoids (arrows). B. Anterior view of the pelvic girdle posed to conform to the life−sized, bipedal SMNS model (Fig. 1J). Note gaps in the pelvis between sacrum and ilia, and between ilia and pubes (arrows). C. Virtual skeleton posed to conform to the toy model version (Fig. 1L) of the new SMNS quadrupedal model (Fig. 1K, L) of Plateosaurus engelhardti. Dotted line indicates body outline of the model. Arrows mark skeleton's (upper) and model's (lower arrow) knee joint. Note gaps in forelimbs and posterior ribs extending below the pubes. Length of the femur 595 mm, length of the ulna 239 mm.

opencc-zeroDec 2017View details →

Data from: Historical data for conservation: reconstructing range changes of Chinese pangolin (Manis pentadactyla) in eastern China (1970-2016)

The Chinese pangolin (Manis pentadactyla) has long suffered from intense exploitation driven by consumer demand for medicinal use and food. Effective conservation management is hampered by insufficient data on pangolin status and distribution. We integrated ecological niche modeling with long-term ecological records at the local scale (e.g. from local historical documents, grey and published literature and interviews) to estimate the magnitude of potential distribution change of the Chinese pangolin in eastern China (Fujian, Jiangxi and Zhejiang provinces) over time. Our results suggest that the range of the species decreased by 52.20% between the 1970s and early 2000s, and that the population is now mainly confined to the Wuyi Mountains. This reduction in potential distribution range is attributable to anthropogenic pressures. According to our conservation prioritization analysis, the priority conservation area for the Chinese pangolin in eastern China is 51,268.4 km2, 5.62% of which is covered by nature reserves. There are 18 nature reserves and 46 prefectures which are priority areas for conservation in China. The priority-level nature reserves and prefectures in eastern China are mainly located in the center of the Wuyi Mountains, and areas declared important tend to be around the Wuyi Mountains. We propose several actions to improve the conservation status of this species: establish or enlarge nature reserves, ensure local governments at the prefecture level prioritizes conservation management, and encourage local communities to participate in pangolin conservation.

opencc-zeroJul 2019View details →

Data from: Reconstruction of the historical range alters niche estimates in an endangered rodent

Defining historical baselines is critical for species conservation. Under the niche reduction hypothesis, species in decline may be restricted disproportionately from parts of their environmental niche. This bias likely has important implications for modeling species' distributions if only contemporary occurrences (i.e. post‐range reduction) are used, because suitable habitat will be classified as unsuitable. Unfortunately, robust historical occurrence data is rarely available for sensitive species. In this study, we documented historical locations of the endangered, keystone giant kangaroo rat Dipodomys ingens by examining aerial imagery for burrow mounds. These burrow mounds are readily identifiable and distinguishable from other soil disturbances. We found giant kangaroo rat burrows well outside the currently accepted estimate of their historical distribution. Following the niche reduction hypothesis, we found that giant kangaroo rats have been extirpated from the flattest, hottest, driest parts of their range due to agricultural conversion. This reduction in their realized niche led to significant changes between historical and contemporary models of their distribution. We found that giant kangaroo rats may have occupied up to 56% more habitat historically than currently believed. Our results provide new guidance for managers working on restoration and habitat protection for this ecosystem engineer. This study highlights the critical importance of modeling historical distributions using the entire environmental niche once occupied by species of conservation need.

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FIGURE 10. Unrooted maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree reconstructed from a 481 in A new species of nurse-frog (Aromobatidae, Allobates) from the Madeira River basin with a small geographic range

FIGURE 10. Unrooted maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree reconstructed from a 481 bp fragment of the mitochondrial 16S rDNA sampled from six Allobates bacurau paratypes and other cryptically colored species of Allobates distributed in Brazil and across cis-Andean South America. Clade labels indicate bootstrap support values estimated from 5000 bootstrap replicates (only support values>80% are shown). Basal clades with low bootstrap support should not be considered to reflect the true evolutionary history between taxa. Locations described in parentheses indicate sequence samples obtained from voucher specimens that did not proceed from the species type locality.

opennotspecifiedFeb 2016View details →

publicJul 2019View details →

Data from: Reconstruction of the historical range alters niche estimates in an endangered rodent

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publicJul 2018View details →

Data from: Historical data for conservation: reconstructing range changes of Chinese pangolin (Manis pentadactyla) in eastern China (1970-2016)

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publicMay 2021View details →

Data from: Combining stable isotopes, morphological, and molecular analyses to reconstruct the diet of free-ranging consumers

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publicAug 2025View details →

Data from: Come from away: Reconstructing the long-range migratory flight of spruce budworm moths to Newfoundland, Canada

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opencc-zeroDec 2017View details →

Data from: The demographic history of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) across its distribution range reconstructed from approximate Bayesian computations

Understanding the dual roles of demographic and selective processes in the buildup of population divergence is one of the most challenging tasks in evolutionary biology. Here, we investigated the demographic history of Atlantic Salmon across the entire species range using 2035 anadromous individuals from North America and Eurasia. By combining results from admixture graphs, geo-genetic maps and an Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC) framework, we validated previous hypotheses pertaining to secondary contact between European and Northern American populations, but also identified secondary contacts in European populations from different glacial refugia. We further identified the major sources of admixture from the southern range of North America into more northern populations along with a strong signal of secondary gene flow between genetic regional groups. We hypothesize that these patterns reflects the spatial redistribution of ancestral variation across the entire North American range. Results also support a role for linked selection and differential introgression that likely played an under-appreciated role in shaping the genomic landscape of species in the Northern hemisphere. We conclude that studies between partially isolated populations should systematically include heterogeneity in selective and introgressive effects among loci to perform more rigorous demographic inferences of the divergence process.

opencc-zeroDec 2016View details →

Data from: Reconstructing geographic range size dynamics from fossil data

Ecologists and paleontologists alike are increasingly using the fossil record as a spatial data set, in particular to study the dynamics and distribution of geographic range sizes among fossil taxa. However, no attempts have been made to establish how accurately range sizes and range-size dynamics can be preserved. Two fundamental questions are: Can common paleo range-size reconstruction methods accurately reproduce known species' ranges from locality (i.e., point) data? And, are some reconstruction methods more reliable than others? Here, we develop a methodological framework for testing the accuracy of commonly used paleo range-size reconstruction methods (maximum latitudinal range, maximum great-circle distance, convex hull, and alpha convex hull) in different extinction-related biogeographic scenarios. We use the current distribution of surface water bodies as a proxy for "preservable area," in which to test the performance of the four methods. We find that maximum great-circle distance and convex-hull methods most reliably capture changes in range size at low numbers of fossil sites, whereas convex hull performs best at predicting the distribution of "victims" and "survivors" in hypothetical extinction scenarios. Our results suggest that macroevolutionary and macroecological patterns in the relatively recent past can be studied reliably using only a few fossil occurrence sites. The accuracy of range-size reconstruction undoubtedly changes through time with the distribution and area of fossiliferous sediments; however, our approach provides the opportunity to systematically calibrate the quality of the spatial fossil record in specific environments and time intervals, and to delineate the conditions under which paleobiologists can reconstruct paleobiogeographical, macroecological, and macroevolutionary patterns over critical intervals in Earth history.

publicJul 2017View details →

Data from: Reconstructing geographic range size dynamics from fossil data

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