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Figure 9 in Morphometrics highlights subspecies differentiation of continental (Rangifer t. tarandus) and insular (Rangifer t. platyrhynchus) Norwegian reindeer

Figure 9: Differences of metapodes between genders based on size and shape extracted from Log Shape Ratio from Svalbard reindeer. Boxplot of the isometric size based on metacarpals (A) and metatarsal (B). p-Value of the tests comparing two genders are mentioned in posterior Table 5.

Figure 4 in Morphometrics highlights subspecies differentiation of continental (Rangifer t. tarandus) and insular (Rangifer t. platyrhynchus) Norwegian reindeer

Figure 4: Geometric morphometrics protocol of the outline and the mesial enamel with the location of the eight landmarks (black dots) and the curve of sliding semi-landmarks (white dotted lines). Landmarks: 1-Lingual connection of paracone/metacone; 2-Buccal connection of protocone/hypocone; 3-Lingual/mesial crest of paracone; 4-Lingual/ distal crest of metacone; 5-Lingual/mesial extremity of the first infundibulum (mesial half of molar); 6-Lingual/distal extremity of the first infundibulum (distal half of molar); 7-Lingual/mesial extremity of the second infundibulum (distal side); 8-Lingual/distal extremity of the second infundibulum (distal side). Photo/illustration by F. Yu.

Figure 3 in Morphometrics highlights subspecies differentiation of continental (Rangifer t. tarandus) and insular (Rangifer t. platyrhynchus) Norwegian reindeer

Figure 3: Measurements of reindeer's metacarpal (A) and metatarsal (B). Illustrations by Kuntz 2011, modified by F. Yu.

Figure 2 in Morphometrics highlights subspecies differentiation of continental (Rangifer t. tarandus) and insular (Rangifer t. platyrhynchus) Norwegian reindeer

Figure 2: Occlusal view of measurements of reindeer mandibular cheek teeth. (A) Standards used for premolars P2, P3, P4 and molar M3. (B) Standards used for M1 and M2. Illustrated by A. Lau-Bignon and F. Yu.

Figure 8 in Morphometrics highlights subspecies differentiation of continental (Rangifer t. tarandus) and insular (Rangifer t. platyrhynchus) Norwegian reindeer

Figure 8: Between subpopulations/population differences in metatarsal size and shape. Boxplots of (A) the osteometric raw measurements (see Figure 3), (B) isometric size and (C) two first axes of the PCA of Log Shape Ratio. HAR, Hardangervidda; COL, Colesdalen; GR, GrØndalen; SAS,Sassendalen; GL, largest length; SD, smallest breadth of diaphysis; BP, proximal transversal diameter; DP, proximal antero-posterior diameter; DD, smallest thickness of diaphysis; Bd, distal transversal diameter; Dd, distal antero-posterior diameter;DdL, distal lateral antero-posterior diameter; DdM, distal mesial anteroposterior diameter.

Figure 5 in Morphometrics highlights subspecies differentiation of continental (Rangifer t. tarandus) and insular (Rangifer t. platyrhynchus) Norwegian reindeer

Figure 5: Differences between the two subspecies based on size and shape extracted from the CLog Shape Ratio of linear measurements of lower cheek teeth, metacarpals and metatarsals. Boxplot of the isometric size (left) and visualization of the two first axes of the PCA of shape (right) based on teeth (A), metacarpals (B) and metatarsals (C).

Figure 1 in Morphometrics highlights subspecies differentiation of continental (Rangifer t. tarandus) and insular (Rangifer t. platyrhynchus) Norwegian reindeer

Figure 1: Geographic location of the study populations. Dark red polygones represent the geographic range of the six populations in Norway. Hardangervidda, KnutshØ and Forollhogna, localized in the south of continental Norway correspond to R. tarandus tarandus, while GrØndalen, Colesdalen and Sassendalen correspond to R. tarandus platyrhynchus from the island of Spitsbergen, Svalbard. Illustration by A. Lau-Bignon.

Table 1 in Morphometrics highlights subspecies differentiation of continental (Rangifer t. tarandus) and insular (Rangifer t. platyrhynchus) Norwegian reindeer

Table 1: Number of reindeer specimens studied per skeletal element, subspecies (Rangifer t. tarandus, Rangifer t. platyrhynchus) and the six populations or subpopulations in the case of Svalbard reindeer.<table><tbody><tr><th>Subspecies</th><th></th><th>Rangifer t. tarandus (n = 170)</th><th></th><th></th><th>Rangifer t. platyrhynchus (n = 92)</th><th></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>Localisation</th><td></td><td>Continental Norway</td><td></td><td></td><td>Island of Spitsbergen, Svalbard</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Population</th><td>Forollhogna</td><td>Hardangervidda</td><td>Knutshø (n = 49)</td><td>Colesdalen</td><td>Grøndalen</td><td>Sassendalen</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>(n = 52)</td><td>(n = 69)</td><td></td><td></td><td>(n = 32)</td><td>(n = 33)</td><td>(n = 27)</td></tr><tr><th>Gender of specimens</th><td>Males</td><td>Females</td><td>Males Females</td><td>Males</td><td>Females</td><td>Males</td><td>Females</td><td>Males Females</td><td>Males</td><td>Females</td></tr><tr><th>Teeth – linear measurements</th><td>27</td><td>21</td><td>30 35</td><td>17</td><td>28</td><td>10</td><td>13</td><td>7 11</td><td>6</td><td>9</td></tr><tr><th>Teeth – GMM</th><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>28 20</td><td>15</td><td>11</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0 0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><th>Metacarpal</th><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>49a 0</td><td>0</td><td>17</td><td>12</td><td>12</td><td>19 16</td><td>10</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Metatarsal</th><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>50a 0</td><td>0</td><td>16</td><td>12</td><td>13</td><td>20 15</td><td>10</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>a Not specified in Kuntz (2011).

Table 5 in Morphometrics highlights subspecies differentiation of continental (Rangifer t. tarandus) and insular (Rangifer t. platyrhynchus) Norwegian reindeer

Table 5: Sexual dimorphism in metacarpal and metatarsal size and shape of the three insular Svalbard reindeer subpopulations.<table><tbody><tr><th>Skeletal elements</th><th></th><th>Metacarpal</th><th></th><th></th><th>Metatarsal</th><th></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>Morphometric parameters</th><td>Size</td><td>Shape</td><td>Size</td><td>Shape</td></tr><tr><th>Tests</th><td>W</td><td>p</td><td>F</td><td>p</td><td>W</td><td>p</td><td>F</td><td>p</td></tr><tr><th>Colesdalen GrØndalen Sassendalen</th><td>36 65 29</td><td>0.002 0.048 0.006</td><td>0.58 2.23 0.58</td><td>0.76 0.069 0.76</td><td>39 51 58</td><td>0.007 0.002 0.37</td><td>1.32 3.48 0.37</td><td>0.28 0.009 0.9</td></tr></tbody></table>Results of Wilcoxon test (W statistic and p-value) for size and manova (F statistic and p-values) for shape. Bold values mean significant tests.

Table 4 in Morphometrics highlights subspecies differentiation of continental (Rangifer t. tarandus) and insular (Rangifer t. platyrhynchus) Norwegian reindeer

Table 4: Test of sexual dimorphism in mandibular teeth size and shape for each of the six populations/subpopoulations (significant statistical results (p <0.05) are presented in bold).<table><tbody><tr><th>Subspecies</th><th>Morphometric parameters</th><th>Size</th><th>Shape</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th></th><td>Tests</td><td>W</td><td>p</td><td>F</td><td>p</td></tr><tr><th>Continental reindeer</th><td>Forollhogna</td><td>155</td><td>0.007</td><td>0.77858</td><td>0.5708</td></tr><tr><th>Rangifer t. tarandus</th><td>Hardangervidda</td><td>499</td><td>0.7389</td><td>0.66636</td><td>0.6504</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>KnutshØ</td><td>223</td><td>0.737</td><td>0.92948</td><td>0.4725</td></tr><tr><th>Insular Svalbard reindeer</th><td>Colesdalen</td><td>68</td><td>0.8793</td><td>1.3164</td><td>0.3037</td></tr><tr><th>Rangifer t. platyrhynchus</th><td>GrØndalen</td><td>25</td><td>0.2463</td><td>1.042</td><td>0.4372</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Sassendalen</td><td>27</td><td>1</td><td>2.0517</td><td>0.1646</td></tr></tbody></table>Results of Wilcoxon test (W statistic and p-value) for size and manova (F statistic and p-values) for shape. Bold values mean significant tests.

Table 3 in Morphometrics highlights subspecies differentiation of continental (Rangifer t. tarandus) and insular (Rangifer t. platyrhynchus) Norwegian reindeer

Table 3: Pairwise comparison of continental populations and insular reindeer subpopulations in isometric size and Log Shape Ratio for the distal and proximal parts of the metatarsal and metacarpal.<table><tbody><tr><th></th><th></th><th></th><th>Proximal</th><th></th><th></th><th>Distal</th><th></th><th></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Hardangervidda a</td><td>Colesdalen</td><td>Grøndalen</td><td>Sassendalen</td><td>Hardangervidda a</td><td>Colesdalen</td><td>Grøndalen</td><td>Sassendalen</td></tr><tr><th>Metacarpe</th><td>Hardangervidda a</td><td>–</td><td>0.40141</td><td>0.00089</td><td>0.00451</td><td>–</td><td>0.012</td><td>0.024</td><td>0.066</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Colesdalen</td><td>0.00018</td><td>–</td><td>0.02263</td><td>0.08285</td><td>1.9e-7</td><td>–</td><td>0.573</td><td>0.478</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>GrØndalen</td><td>0.00045</td><td>0.65390</td><td>–</td><td>0.72177</td><td>1.9e-7</td><td>0.99</td><td>–</td><td>0.670</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Sassendalen</td><td>5.7e-6</td><td>0.12495</td><td>0.04323</td><td>–</td><td>1.9e-7</td><td>0.60</td><td>0.60</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th>Metatarse</th><td>Hardangervidda a</td><td>–</td><td>1.2e-14</td><td>1.2e-14</td><td>7.3e-10</td><td>–</td><td>0.35</td><td>0.83</td><td>0.34</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Colesdalen</td><td>0.023</td><td>–</td><td>0.83</td><td>0.83</td><td>7.7e-8</td><td>–</td><td>0.34</td><td>0.64</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>GrØndalen</td><td>0.023</td><td>1</td><td>–</td><td>0.87</td><td>5.5e-8</td><td>0.75</td><td>–</td><td>0.34</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Sassendalen</td><td>4.2e-5</td><td>0.023</td><td>0.023</td><td>–</td><td>3.2e-8</td><td>0.25</td><td>0.1</td><td>–</td></tr></tbody></table>p-Value of the size comparisons are in the lower hemi-matrices while the p-values for LSR comparisons are in the upper hemi-matrices.Significant p-value are presented in bold.p-Value were corrected for multitest comparison for each pairwise analysis separately. a Continental population. Bold values mean significant tests.

Table 2 in Morphometrics highlights subspecies differentiation of continental (Rangifer t. tarandus) and insular (Rangifer t. platyrhynchus) Norwegian reindeer

Table 2: Differences in mandibular teeth between the 6 populations/subpopulations of reindeer located in the continental Norway mainland and the insular Svalbard archipelago.<table><tbody><tr><th></th><th>Colesdalen</th><th>Forollhogna</th><th>Grøndalen</th><th>Hardangervidda</th><th>Knushø</th><th>Sassendalen</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>Colesdalen</th><td>–</td><td>4.8e-19</td><td>8.8e-3</td><td>2.4e-8</td><td>1.1e-6</td><td>2.4e-2</td></tr><tr><th>Forollhogna</th><td>0.812</td><td>–</td><td>3.4e-13</td><td>4.8e-15</td><td>1.1e-17</td><td>9.3e-11</td></tr><tr><th>GrØndalen</th><td>0.948</td><td>0.972</td><td>–</td><td>1.3e-13</td><td>2.7e-7</td><td>4.1e-2</td></tr><tr><th>Hardangervidda</th><td>2.00E-10</td><td>4.4e-15</td><td>9.7e-8</td><td>-</td><td>3.7e-5</td><td>3.1e-6</td></tr><tr><th>KnushØ</th><td>0.278</td><td>0.275</td><td>0.541</td><td>3.2e-11</td><td>–</td><td>6.4e-4</td></tr><tr><th>Sassendalen</th><td>0.073</td><td>0.089</td><td>0.166</td><td>1.4e-6</td><td>0.520</td><td>–</td></tr></tbody></table>Isometric size (below the diagonal) and shape (Log Shape Ratios, above the diagonal) pairwise differences. p-Values of Wilcoxon-tests for size and of Manovas for shape. p-Values <0.05 in bold.

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Figure 6 in Morphometrics highlights subspecies differentiation of continental (Rangifer t. tarandus) and insular (Rangifer t. platyrhynchus) Norwegian reindeer

Figure 6: Differences of teeth between populations/subpopulations based on size and shape extracted from Log Shape Ratio (LSR) for the three populations (studied) in continental Norway (KnutshØ, Forollhogna, Hardangervidda) and three populations in Svalbard (GrØndalen, Colesdalen, Sassendalen). (A) Boxplot of the isometric size, (B) network analysis of phenotype of shape based on LSR, (C) boxplot of centroid size, (D) two first axes of the PCA of geometric shape, and (E) visualization of mean shape differences.

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Figure 7 in Morphometrics highlights subspecies differentiation of continental (Rangifer t. tarandus) and insular (Rangifer t. platyrhynchus) Norwegian reindeer

Figure 7: Between subpopulations/population differences in metacarpal size and shape. Boxplots of (A) the osteometric raw measurements (see Figure 3), (B) isometric size, and (C) two first axes of the PCA of Log Shape Ratio. HAD,Hardangervidda;COL, Colesdalen;GR,GrØndalen; SAS,Sassendalen; GL, largest length; SD, smallest breadth of diaphysis; BP, proximal transversal diameter; DP, proximal antero-posterior diameter; DD, smallest thickness of diaphysis; Bd, distal transversal diameter; Dd: distal antero-posterior diameter.