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79 results for “Recolonization”
Genetic insights into recolonization processes of Mediterranean octocorals
<p>Marine ecosystems are strongly impacted by the consequences of human activities, such as climate change and habitat destruction or artificialization. In the Mediterranean Sea, sessile benthic species, and particularly octocorals, have been affected by mass mortality events linked with temperature anomalies. The future evolution of octocorals facing global change will depend on their recolonization abilities facing local extirpation or important modification of their habitat. We studied these processes in Mediterranean octocorals in two situations: the colonization of artificial substrates (wrecks) by the red gorgonian Paramuricea clavata, and the recolonization following mortality events in the yellow gorgonian Eunicella cavolini. With microsatellite markers, we analyzed the genetic diversity of these populations and their differentiation from other neighboring populations. For P. clavata the populations on artificial substrates were not or lowly differentiated from the closest populations on natural substrates, and with similar levels of genetic diversity. Artificial substrates can then be considered as an interesting substitute for natural substrates for this species. For E. cavolini we did not detect any variation in diversity nor relatedness following recuperation after mortality events. In both cases our results suggest input from different populations in recolonization process, which helps in maintaining genetic diversity. These results are useful for the management of these species and of associated ecosystems.<br> The data are presented in two files, one for each species, at the Genepop format (https://kimura.univ-montp2.fr/~rousset/Genepop.htm). Some alleles have been recoded and do not correspond to the original PCR size so this dataset can not be used with methods based on allele size.</p>
Fig. 2 in Surrogate hosts: Hunting dogs and recolonizing grey wolves share their endoparasites
Fig. 2. Normalized helminth prevalence in hunting dogs from the wolf area (dark grey, n = 49) and control area without wolves (light grey, n = 29). Lack of statistical significance was determined using a GLM.
Fig. 3. S. grueneri and S in Surrogate hosts: Hunting dogs and recolonizing grey wolves share their endoparasites
Fig. 3. S. grueneri and S. taeniata developmental cycles with their intermediate and definitive host in areas without wolves (A) and with wolves (B). In wolf habitats, wolves increase S. grueneri prevalence in their prey, in turn leading to a higher infection rate in hunting dogs. S. grueneri and S. taeniata strains spread by wolves are well‾adapted to both ungulate species, while S. grueneri and S. taeniata strains spread by hunting dogs from the control area are restricted to roe deer (right ungulate pictogram). The epidemiological influence of wolves regarding the spread of Sarcocystis in comparison to hunting dogs has a higher impact on red deer (left ungulate pictogram) than on roe deer. Sarcocystis strains in hunting dogs from the wolf area are likely to be a mixture of both dog and wolf strains. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)
Fig. 1 in Surrogate hosts: Hunting dogs and recolonizing grey wolves share their endoparasites
Fig. 1. Normalized Sarcocystis spp. prevalence in hunting dogs from the wolf area (dark grey, n = 49) and control area without wolves (light grey, n = 29). Hunting dogs were infected with 11 distinct Sarcocystis species, of which two species only occurred in wolf inhabited areas. They were significantly more likely to be infected with the 'wolf- ‾specialized' parasite S. grueneri when sharing their habitat with wolves (p = 0.035). It was not possible to determine a correlation for an infection with the other 'wolf specialist' S. taeniata and wolf presence (n.s. = not significant, p = 0.476). P values were extracted from GLMs.
Recolonization of secondary forests by a locally extinct Caribbean anole through the lens of range expansion theory
<p>Disturbance and recovery dynamics are characteristic features of many ecosystems. Disturbance dynamics are widely studied in ecology and conservation biology. Still, we know less about the ecological processes that drive ecosystem recovery. The ecological processes that mediate ecosystem recovery stand at the intersection of many theoretical frameworks. Range expansion theory is one of these complementary frameworks that can provide unique insights into the population-level processes that mediate ecosystem recovery, particularly fauna recolonization. Although the biodiversity patterns that follow fauna recolonization of recovering forests have been well described in the literature, the ecological processes at the population level that drive these patterns remain conspicuously unknown. In this study, we tested three fundamental predictions of range expansion theory during the recolonization of recovering forests in Puerto Rico by a shade specialist anole, <em>Anolis</em> <em>gundlachi</em>. Range expansion theory predicts that individuals at the early stages of recolonization (i.e., younger forests) would have a high prevalence of dispersive traits, experience less density dependence, and suffer less parasitism. To test these predictions, we conducted a chronosequence study applying space-for-time substitution where we compared phenotypic traits (i.e., body size, body condition, and relative limb size), population density, population growth rates, and <em>Plasmodium</em> parasitism rates among lizard populations living in young (< 30 years), mid (40–60 years), and old-growth forests (> 75 years). Lizard populations in younger forests had lower densities, higher population growth rates, and lower rates of <em>Plasmodium</em> parasitism compared with old-growth forests. Still, while we found that individuals had larger body sizes, and longer forelimbs in young forests in one site, this result was not consistent among sites. This suggests a potential trade-off between the traits that provide a dispersal advantage during the initial stages of recolonization and those that are advantageous to establish in novel environmental conditions. Overall, our study emphasizes the suitability of range expansion theory to describe fauna recolonization but also highlights that the ecological processes that drive recolonization are time-dependent, complex, and nuanced.</p>
No Allee effect detected during the natural recolonization by a large carnivore despite low growth rate
<p>Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) have recently naturally recolonized southern Sweden. The first documented reproduction of lynx in recent times occurred in 2003, and the population increased from two to 48 family groups (the unit of measurement in Swedish monitoring) during its first 18 years (2003/04 – 2020/21). We did not detect any Allee effect, i.e., lower growth rate at low population density, during the recolonization of southern Sweden, although our population simulations revealed a non-negligible (30 %) chance that population observed development could include an Allee effect. The probable absence of an Allee effect was likely because colonizing females did not lack mating partners, as a larger number of wide-ranging males were established in the area before documented reproduction took place. Despite the absence of an Allee effect, the growth rate during recolonization was lower in southern Sweden (lambda = 1.20) than in central Sweden (lambda = 1.29). We have no evidence of higher mortality, including that from poaching, or lower reproduction in southern Sweden could explain the lower growth rate. Instead, we suggest that the lower growth rate during the recolonization of southern Sweden was explained by fewer immigrants arriving from central Sweden due to areas of less suitable habitat between central and southern Sweden, partially preventing immigration southward. From a conservation point of view, it is positive that this small population could recover without being negatively influenced by an Allee effect, as small populations with an Allee effect experience lower viability than those without.</p>
Summary data for plots in: Eco-evolutionary extinction and recolonization dynamics reduce genetic load and increase time to extinction in highly inbred populations
<p>Understanding how genetic and ecological effects can interact to shape genetic loads within and across local populations is key to understanding ongoing persistence of systems that should otherwise be susceptible to extinction through mutational meltdown. Classic theory predicts short persistence times for metapopulations comprising small local populations with low connectivity, due to accumulation of deleterious mutations. Yet, some such systems have persisted over evolutionary time, implying the existence of mechanisms that allow metapopulations to avoid mutational meltdown. We first hypothesize a mechanism by which the combination of stochasticity in the numbers and types of mutations arising locally (genetic stochasticity), resulting in local extinction and recolonization through evolving dispersal, facilitates metapopulation persistence. We then test this mechanism using a spatially and genetically explicit individual-based model. We show that genetic stochasticity in highly structured metapopulations can result in local extinctions, which can favour increased dispersal, thus allowing recolonization of empty habitat patches. This causes fluctuations in metapopulation size and transient gene flow, which reduces genetic load and increases metapopulation persistence over evolutionary time. Our suggested mechanism and simulation results provide an explanation for the conundrum presented by the continued persistence of highly structured populations with inbreeding mating systems that occur in diverse taxa.</p>
Coyotes take advantage of ungulate carrion subsidies as wolves recolonize Washington
<p>Apex predators exert suppressive effects on mesocarnivores; however, they also provide important carrion subsidies. Optimal foraging theory predicts that individuals respond to resource competition by using high value resources, while competition theory predicts that individuals respond by partitioning resources. This study investigated how the return of wolves (Canis lupus Linneas, 1758) to Washington state impacted the diet of a subordinate carnivore - the coyote (Canis latrans Say, 1823). We collected coyote scats from two areas of northern Washington with differing wolf densities and used traditional analysis of undigested remains to infer diet. We tested for differences in the volumes of prey categories, the proportion of ungulate prey that was scavenged, and diet diversity between seasons, study sites, and inside and outside of wolf pack territories. Coyote scats contained more adult ungulate remains inside of wolf pack territories (27%) compared to outside (14%), while seeds and berries were more commonly consumed outside of wolf pack territories (23%) than inside of wolf pack territories (4%). These findings suggest that coyotes are taking advantage of wolf kills to increase ungulate carrion consumption, as predicted by optimal foraging theory, which may substantially affect plant and wildlife communities as wolves continue to recover and coyote diets shift in response.</p>
Recolonizing native wildlife facilitates exotic plant invasion into Singapore's rain forests: Data and R script
<p>Halting biological invasions and rewilding extirpated fauna are conservation interventions to bolster biodiversity, species interactions, and ecosystems. These actions are often considered separately and the potential for reintroduced wildlife to facilitate invasive plants has been largely overlooked. Here, we investigate the role of Singapore's recolonizing native wild pigs (<em>Sus scrofa</em>) in facilitating an invasive weed <em>Miconia crenata </em>into tropical rain forests, which are normally highly resistant to invasion. We conducted line-transect surveys in 11 Singaporean rain forests and used generalized linear mixed models to consider the contribution of pigs' soil disturbances, human forest paths, and other environmental covariates, on the density of <em>M. crenata</em>. We found that <em>M. crenata</em> was more abundant at forest edges and invasion into forest interior was facilitated by pigs, paths, and canopy gaps, but that these effects were all additive, not synergistic (i.e. not multiplicative). These<span> results highlight how modern invasions are driven by multiple disturbances as well as propagule pressure (e.g. urban birds dispersing seeds at forest edges where they establish in pig soil disturbances). </span>Singapore's extensive native forest restoration efforts may have provided plentiful edge and secondary forests that are well suited to pigs and <em>M. crenata</em>, which in turn undermine the aims of fostering later-successional native plant communities. To prevent negative externalities, we suggest that plant restoration and rewilding projects consider the potential role of wildlife in facilitating non-native plants, and couple these actions with preliminary screening of unintended consequences and continued monitoring, as well as limiting human-mediated weed invasion to minimize propagule sources.</p>
Understanding habitat selection of range-expanding populations of large carnivores: 20 years of grey wolves (Canis lupus) recolonizing Germany
<p><strong>Aim</strong>: The non-stationarity in habitat selection of expanding populations poses a significant challenge for spatial forecasting. Focusing on the grey wolf (<em>Canis lupus</em>) natural recolonization of Germany, we compared the performance of different distribution modelling approaches for predicting habitat suitability in unoccupied areas. Furthermore, we analysed whether grey wolf showed non-stationarity in habitat selection in newly colonized areas, which will impact the predictions for potential habitat.</p> <p><strong>Location</strong>: Germany</p> <p><strong>Methods</strong>: Using telemetry data as presence points, we compared the predictive performance of five modelling approaches based on combinations of distribution modelling algorithms –GLMM, MaxEnt, and ensemble modelling– and two background point selection strategies. We used a homogeneous Poisson point process to draw background points from either the minimum convex polygons derived from telemetry or the whole area known to be occupied by wolves. Models were fit to the data of the first years and validated against independent data representing the expansion of the species. The best-performing approach was then used to further investigate non-stationarity in the species' response in spatiotemporal restricted datasets that represented different colonization steps.</p> <p><strong>Results</strong>: Whilst all approaches performed similarly when evaluated against a subset of the data used to fit the models, the ensemble model based on integrated data performed best when predicting range expansion. Models for subsequent colonization steps differed substantially from the global model, highlighting the non-stationarity of wolf habitat selection towards human disturbance during the colonization process.</p> <p><strong>Main conclusions</strong>: While telemetry-only data overfitted the models, using all available datasets increased the reliability of the range expansion forecasts. The non-stationarity in habitat selection pointed to wolves settling in the best areas first, and filling in nearby lower-quality habitat as the population increases. Our results caution against spatial extrapolation and space-for-time substitutions in habitat models, at least with expanding species.</p>
Iodine Impregnated Incision Drapes and Bacterial Recolonization in Simulated Knee Surgery. A Controlled Randomized Experimental Trial.
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT02342561. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 32.
Data from: Mesopredators change temporal activity in response to a recolonizing apex predator
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Recolonizing native wildlife facilitates exotic plant invasion into Singapore’s rain forests: Data and R script
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Data from: Reduced representation sequencing detects only subtle regional structure in a heavily exploited and rapidly recolonizing marine mammal species
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No Allee effect detected during the natural recolonization by a large carnivore despite low growth rate
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Data from: You can't go home again: Changes in trophic niche following extinction and recolonization of the New Zealand sea lion
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Summary data for plots in: Eco-evolutionary extinction and recolonization dynamics reduce genetic load and increase time to extinction in highly inbred populations
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Recolonization of secondary forests by a locally extinct Caribbean anole through the lens of range expansion theory
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Understanding habitat selection of range-expanding populations of large carnivores: 20 years of grey wolves (Canis lupus) recolonizing Germany
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Coyotes take advantage of ungulate carrion subsidies as wolves recolonize Washington
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