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39 results for “Reproductive Senescence”
Data from: Reproductive senescence and mating tactic interact and conflict to drive reproductive success in a passerine
<p>An understanding of the drivers of individual fitness is a fundamental component of evolutionary ecology and life-history theory. Reproductive senescence, mate and mating tactic choice, and latent heterogeneity in individual quality interact to affect individual fitness. We sought to disentangle the effects of these fitness drivers, where longitudinal data are required to understand their respective impacts. We used reproductive allocation and success data from a long-term (1989-2018) study of white-throated dippers (Cinclus cinclus) in Switzerland to simultaneously examine the effects of female and male age, mating tactic, nest initiation date, and individual heterogeneity on reproductive performance. We modeled quadratic and categorical effects of age on reproductive parameters. The probability of polygyny increased with age in both sexes before declining in older age classes. Similarly, hatching probability in monogamous pairs and the number of nestlings hatched in both monogamous and polygynous pairs increased with female age before declining later in life. As predicted, offspring survival in monogamous pairs increased with male age before declining in older age classes, but male age had no effect on offspring survival in polygynous nesting attempts. Our results demonstrate that parental age, mating tactic, and individual heterogeneity all affect reproductive success, and that the impacts of senescent decline are expressed across different demographic components as a function of sex-specific senescent decline and mating tactic.</p>
Data from: Reproductive senescence and mating tactic interact and conflict to drive reproductive success in a passerine
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Data from: Social pairing in the absence of reproductive senescence in a socially monogamous songbird
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Sex-specific patterns of senescence in artificial insect populations varying in sex-ratio to manipulate reproductive effort
<p><strong>Background:</strong> The disposable soma theory of ageing assumes that organisms optimally trade-off limited resources between reproduction and longevity to maximize fitness. Early reproduction should especially trade-off against late reproduction and longevity because of reduced investment into somatic protection, including immunity. Moreover, as optimal reproductive strategies of males and females differ, sexually dimorphic patterns of senescence may evolve. In particular, as males gain fitness through mating success, sexual competition should be a major factor accelerating male senescence. In a single experiment, we examined these possibilities by establishing artificial populations of the mealworm beetle, <em>Tenebrio molitor</em>, in which we manipulated the sex-ratio to generate variable levels of investment into reproductive effort and sexual competition in males and females.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> As predicted, variation in sex-ratio affected male and female reproductive efforts, with contrasted sex-specific trade-offs between lifetime reproduction, survival and immunity. High effort of reproduction accelerated mortality in females, without affecting immunity, but high early reproductive success was observed only in balanced sex-ratio condition. Male reproduction was costly on longevity and immunity, mainly because of their investment into copulations rather than in sexual competition.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Our results suggest that <em>T. molitor</em> males, like females, maximize fitness through enhanced longevity, partly explaining their comparable longevity. </p>
Seychelles warblers with silver spoons: juvenile body mass is a lifelong predictor of annual survival, but not annual reproduction or senescence
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>The environment experienced during development, and its impact on intrinsic condition, can have lasting outcomes for individual phenotypes and could contribute to variation in adult senescence trajectories. However, the nature of this relationship in wild populations remains uncertain, owing to the difficulties in summarizing natal condition and in long-term monitoring of individuals from free-roaming long-lived species. Utilizing a closely monitored, closed population of Seychelles warblers (<em>Acrocephalus sechellensis</em>), we determine whether juvenile body mass is associated with natal socio-environmental factors, specific genetic traits linked to fitness in this system, survival to adulthood and senescence-related traits. Juveniles born in seasons with higher food availability and into smaller natal groups (i.e. fewer competitors) were heavier. In contrast, there were no associations between juvenile body mass and the genetic traits. Furthermore, size-corrected mass - but not separate measures of natal food availability, group size or genetic traits - was positively associated with survival to adulthood, suggesting juvenile body mass is indicative of natal condition. Heavier juveniles had greater body mass and had higher rates of annual survival as adults, independent of age. In contrast, there was no association between juvenile mass and adult telomere length attrition (a measure of somatic stress) nor annual reproduction. These results indicate that juvenile body mass, while not associated with senescence trajectories, can influence the likelihood of surviving to old age, potentially due to silver-spoon effects. This study shows that measures of intrinsic condition in juveniles can provide important insights into long-term fitness of individuals in wild populations.</span></p>
Data from: Age at first reproduction and senescence in Eastern chipmunks (Tamia striatus)
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Senescence is the degradation of biological functions with </span><span>increasing </span><span>age. Its existence and relationship with life-history strategies remains poorly studied in short-lived wild vertebrate species. We investigated the relationships between age at first reproduction (AFR), reproductive senescence and longevity in an eastern chipmunk (<em>Tamias striatus</em>) population, where the first opportunity to breed is conditioned by pulses of seed production by trees (i.e., masts). </span><span>We used 11 years of data from a longitudinal study, in which females breed for the first time at seven, 15, or 22 months of age and males at seven or 15 months of age. We first assessed the effect of age on three traits associated with breeding performance, namely the number of offspring produced, and the probability of weaning or siring a litter. We then tested whether an earlier AFR accelerated reproductive senescence and reduced survival of both males and females. </span><span>We found sex-specific relationships between AFR and senescence. Females reproducing at 15 or 22 months of age showed reproductive senescence, but early-breeding females did not show any decline in reproductive performance at an older age. Also, although we observed reproductive senescence in males, it was not affected by AFR. </span><span>Our results are consistent with studies highlighting the existence of reproductive senescence in small, wild mammals. Importantly, we provide the first evidence that AFR can strongly influence the patterns of senescence in small short-lived species and does it in a sex-specific way. Our results highlight the importance of studying life-history strategies in both males and females when studying senescence in the wild.</span></p>
Experimentally increased brood size accelerates actuarial senescence and increases subsequent reproductive effort in a wild bird population
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Sex-specific patterns of senescence in artificial insect populations varying in sex-ratio to manipulate reproductive effort
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Data from: Age at first reproduction and senescence in Eastern chipmunks (Tamia striatus)
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Seychelles warblers with silver spoons: juvenile body mass is a lifelong predictor of annual survival, but not annual reproduction or senescence
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Data from: Morph-specific patterns of reproductive senescence: connections to discrete reproductive strategies
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Data from: Ageing and senescence across reproductive traits and survival in superb fairy-wrens (Malurus cyaneus)
Why do senescence rates of fitness-related traits often vary dramatically? By considering the full ageing trajectories of multiple traits we can better understand how a species' life-history shapes the evolution of senescence within a population. Here, we examined age-related changes in sex-specific survival, reproduction, and several components of reproduction using a long-term study of a cooperatively-breeding songbird, the superb fairy-wren (Malurus cyaneus). We compared ageing patterns between traits by estimating standardized rates of maturation, the age of onset of senescence, and rates of senescence, while controlling for confounding factors reflecting individual variability in life-history. We found striking differences in ageing and senescence patterns between survival and reproduction, as well as between reproductive traits. In both sexes, survival started to decline from maturity onwards. In contrast, all reproductive traits showed improvements into early adulthood, and many showed little or no evidence of senescence. In females, despite senescence in clutch size, number of offspring surviving to independence did not decline in late life, possibly due to improvements in maternal care with age. Superb fairy-wrens have exceptionally high levels of extra-group paternity, and male extra-group reproductive success showed much greater changes with age than did within-group reproductive success, suggesting that male reproductive ageing is driven by sexual selection. We discuss how the superb fairy-wrens' complex life history may contribute to the disparate ageing patterns across different traits.
Late-life reproduction in an insect: terminal investment, reproductive restraint or senescence
<p>1. The Terminal Investment, Reproductive Restraint or Senescence theories may explain individual late-life patterns of reproduction. The terminal investment hypothesis predicts that individuals increase reproductive allocation late in life as prospects for future survival decrease. The other two hypotheses predict reduced reproduction late in life, but for different reasons. Under the Reproductive Restraint hypothesis, individuals restrain their reproductive effort to sustain future survival and gain more time for reproducing, whereas under the Senescence process, reproduction is constrained because of somatic deterioration. While these hypotheses imply that reproduction is costly, they should have contrasted implications in terms of survival after late reproduction and somatic maintenance.</p> <p>2. Testing these hypotheses requires proper consideration of the effects of age-dependent reproductive effort on post-reproduction survival and age-related somatic functions. We experimentally tested these three hypotheses in females of the mealworm beetle, Tenebrio molitor, an iteroparous and income breeder insect. We manipulated their age-specific allocation into reproduction and observed the effects of this manipulation on their late life- fecundity, post-reproduction survival and immunocompetence as a measurement of somatic protection.</p> <p>3. We found that females exhibit age-related declines in fecundity and that this reproductive senescence is accelerated by a cost of early reproduction. The cost of reproduction had no significant effect on female longevity and their ability to survive a bacterial infection, despite that some immune cells were depleted by reproduction. We found that female post-infection survival deteriorated with age, which could be partly explained by a decline in some immune parameters. Importantly, females did not increase their reproductive effort late in life at the expense of their late-life post-reproduction survival.</p> <p>4. Late-life reproduction in T. molitor females is senescing and not consistent with a terminal investment strategy. Rather, our results suggest that females allocate resources according to a priority scheme favouring longevity at the expense of reproduction, which is in line with the reproductive restraint hypothesis.</p> <p>5. Such a priority scheme also shows that a relatively short-lived insect can evolve life history strategies hitherto known only in long-lived animals. This puts in perspective the role of longevity in the evolution of life history strategies. </p>
Data from: Actuarial senescence in a dimorphic bird: different rates of aging in morphs with discrete reproductive strategies
It is often hypothesized that intra-sexual competition accelerates actuarial senescence, or the increase in mortality rates with age. However, an alternative hypothesis is that parental investment is more important to determining senescence rates. We used a unique model system, the white-throated sparrow (Zonotrichia albicollis), to study variation in actuarial senescence. In this species, genetically-determined morphs display discrete mating strategies and disassortative pairing, providing an excellent opportunity to test the predictions of the above hypotheses. Compared to tan-striped males, white-striped males are more polygynous and aggressive, and less parental. Tan-striped females receive less parental support, and invest more into parental care than white-striped females, which are also more aggressive. Thus, higher senescence rates in males and white-striped birds would support the intra-sexual competition hypothesis, whereas higher senescence rates in females and tan-striped birds would support the parental investment hypothesis. White-striped males showed the lowest rate of actuarial senescence. Tan-striped females had the highest senescence rate, and tan-striped males and white-striped females showed intermediate, relatively equal rates. Thus, results were inconsistent with sexual selection and competitive strategies increasing senescence rates. Rather, results suggest that senescence may be accelerated by female-biased parental care, and lessened by sharing of parental duties.
Individual variation in age-dependent reproduction: fast explorers live fast but senesce young?
<p>1. Adaptive integration of life history and behaviour is expected to result in variation in the pace-of-life. Previous work focused on whether "risky" phenotypes live-fast-but-die-young, but reported conflicting support. We posit that individuals exhibiting risky phenotypes may alternatively invest heavily in early-life reproduction but consequently suffer greater reproductive senescence.<br> 2. We used a 7-year longitudinal dataset with >1200 breeding records of >800 female great tits assayed annually for exploratory behaviour to test whether within-individual age-dependency of reproduction varied with exploratory behaviour. We controlled for biasing effects of selective (dis)appearance and within-individual behavioural plasticity.<br> 3. Slower and faster explorers produced moderate-sized clutches when young; faster explorers subsequently showed an increase in clutch size that diminished with age (with moderate support for declines when old), whereas slower explorers produced moderate-sized clutches throughout their lives. There was some evidence that the same pattern characterized annual fledgling success, if so, unpredictable environmental effects diluted personality-related differences in this down-stream reproductive trait.<br> 4. Support for age-related selective appearance was apparent, but only when failing to appreciate within-individual plasticity in reproduction and behaviour.<br> 5. Our study identifies within-individual age-dependent reproduction, and reproductive senescence, as key components of life history strategies that vary between individuals differing in risky behaviour. Future research should thus incorporate age-dependent reproduction in pace-of-life studies.</p>
Data from: Senescence impacts reproduction and maternal investment in bottlenose dolphins
Reproductive senescence is evident across many mammalian species. An emerging perspective considers components of reproductive senescence as evolutionarily distinct phenomena: fertility senescence and maternal-effect senescence. While fertility senescence is regarded as the aging of reproductive physiology, maternal-effect senescence pertains to the declining capacity to provision and rear surviving offspring due to age. Both contribute to reproductive failure in utero making it difficult to differentiate between the two prenatally in the wild. We investigated both components in a long-lived mammal with prolonged maternal care through three parameters: calf survival, interbirth interval (IBI), and lactation period. We provide clear evidence for reproductive senescence in a wild population of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) using 34+ years of longitudinal data on 229 adult females and 562 calves. Calf survival decreased with maternal age, and calves with older mothers had lower survival than predicted by birth order, suggesting maternal-effect senescence. Both lactation period and IBIs increased with maternal age, and IBIs increased regardless of calf mortality, indicating interactions between fertility and maternal-effect senescence. Of calves that survived to weaning, last-born calves weaned later than earlier-born calves, evidence of terminal investment, a mitigating strategy given reduced reproductive value caused by either components of reproductive senescence.
Data from: Condition dependent mortality exacerbates male (but not female) reproductive senescence and the potential for sexual conflict
Disentangling the relationship between age and reproduction is central to understand life-history evolution, and recent evidence shows that considering condition-dependent mortality is a crucial piece of this puzzle. For example, non-random mortality of "low-condition" individuals can lead to an increase in average lifespan. However, selective disappearance of such low-condition individuals may also affect reproductive senescence at the population level due to trade-offs between physiological functions related to survival/lifespan and the maintenance of reproductive functions. Here, we address the idea that condition-dependent extrinsic mortality (i.e. simulated predation) may increase the age-related decline in male reproductive success, and with it the potential for sexual conflict, by comparing reproductive ageing in Drosophila melanogaster male/female cohorts exposed (or not) to condition-dependent simulated predation across time. While female reproductive senescence was not affected by predation, male reproductive senescence was considerably higher under predation, due mainly to an accelerated decline in offspring viability of "surviving" males with age. This sex-specific effect suggests that condition-dependent extrinsic mortality can exacerbate survival-reproductive trade-offs in males, which are typically under stronger condition-dependent selection than females. Interestingly, condition-dependent extrinsic mortality did not affect mating success, hinting that accelerated reproductive senescence is due to a decrease in male post-copulatory fitness components. Our results support the recent proposal that male ageing can be an important source of sexual conflict, further suggesting this effect could be exacerbated under more natural conditions.
Lemaitre et al. XY Females exhibit steeper reproductive senescence in African pygmy mouse
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Diversity, plasticity and asynchrony of actuarial and reproductive senescence in the Collembola Folsomia candida (Willem, 1902)
<p>This spreadsheet contains the data that has been analysed in the paper entitled </p><p> Diversity, plasticity and asynchrony of actuarial and reproductive senescence in the Collembola Folsomia candida (Willem, 1902)</p><p>Thomas Tully Original Research, Front. Ecol. Evol. - Behavioral and Evolutionary Ecology </p><p>10.3389/fevo.2023.1112045<br> </p><p>220 isolated individuals of the Collembola Folsomia candida have been raised and followed until their death. The Collembola belong to 11 clonal lineages grouped into two distinct clades (A and B, see "Clones" sheet). Half of the Collembola have been raised in an environment where food was provided ad libitum (high food, "+"), while for the other half, food was available only one day per week (low food "-").</p><p>We report the age of death in the "Lifespan" sheet, together with the Collembola size at death, and their lifetime reproductive success.</p><p>We report the clutch size (number of eggs) of each clutch laid by each individual in the "Reproduction" sheet. For each clutch we have the Collembola size and for some of the clutches the mean egg size and proportion of sterile eggs. </p><p>In the "Egg_size" sheet we put all the egg size measurements that have been made (one line per egg measured). </p><p>In the "Cumulative_Fecundity" sheet, we have the age, fecundity and cumulative fecundity for each laying event and also for the individual death ("clutch number=0 for death). </p>
Individual variation in age-dependent reproduction: fast explorers live fast but senesce young?
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