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opencc-zeroJan 2024View details →

Data for: Nonrandom foraging and resource distributions

Nonrandom foraging can cause animals to aggregate in resource-dense areas, increasing host density, contact rates, and pathogen transmission, but when should nonrandom foraging and resource distributions also have density-independent effects? Here, we used a factorial experiment with constant resource and host densities to quantify host contact rates across seven resource distributions. We also used an agent-based model to compare pathogen transmission when host movement was based on random foraging, optimal foraging, or something between those states. Nonrandom foraging strongly depressed contact rates and transmission relative to the classic random movement assumptions used in most epidemiological models. Given nonrandom foraging in the ABM and experiment, contact rates and transmission increased with resource aggregation and average distance to resource patches due to increased host movement in search of resources. Overall, we describe three density-independent mechanisms by which host behavior and resource distributions alter contact rate functions and pathogen transmission.

opencc-zeroMar 2024View details →

Resources for: Spatio-temporal integrated Bayesian species distribution models reveal lack of broad relationships between traits and range shifts

Aim: Climate change and habitat loss or degradation are some of the greatest threats that species face today, often resulting in range shifts. Species traits have been discussed as important predictors of range shifts, with the identification of general trends being of great interest for conservation efforts. However, studies reviewing relationships between traits and range shifts have questioned the existence of such generalized trends, due to mixed results and weak correlations, as well as analytical shortcomings. The aim of this study was to test this relationship empirically, using analytical approaches that account for common sources of bias when assessing range trends. Location: Tanzania, East Africa. Time period: 1980-1999 and 2000-2020. Major taxa studied: 57 savannah specialist birds found in Tanzania, belonging to 26 families and 11 orders. Methods: We applied recently developed integrated spatio-temporal species distribution models in R-INLA, combining citizen science and bird atlas data to estimate ranges of species, quantify range shifts, and test the predictive power of traditional trait groups, as well as exposure-related and sensitivity traits. We based our study on 40 years of bird observations in East African savannahs, a biome that has experienced increasing climatic and non-climatic pressures over recent decades. We correlated patterns of change with species traits. Results: We find indications of relationships identified by previous research, but low average explanatory power of traits from an ecological perspective, confirming the lack of meaningful general associations. However, our analysis finds compelling species-specific results. Main conclusions: We highlight the importance of individual assessments, while demonstrating the usefulness of our analytical approach for analyses of range shifts.

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2024View details →

Distributing quantum correlations through local operations and classical resources

Text files containing data of the figures shown in "Distributing quantum correlations through local operations and classical resources". Where some variables do not affect the plot value, for instance the values of φ in Figures 4a and 4b, fewer plot points of these variables are used in the final heatmaps to allow more detail in the other variables which do affect the function values. https://arxiv.org/abs/2408.05490.

opencc-zeroMar 2022View details →

Group and individual social network metrics are robust to changes in resource distribution in experimental populations of forked fungus beetles

Social interactions drive many important ecological and evolutionary processes. It is therefore essential to understand the intrinsic and extrinsic factors that underlie social patterns. A central tenet of the field of behavioral ecology is the expectation that the distribution of resources shapes patterns of social interactions. We combined experimental manipulations with social network analyses to ask how patterns of resource distribution influence complex social interactions. We experimentally manipulated the distribution of an essential food and reproductive resource in semi-natural populations of forked fungus beetles (Bolitotherus cornutus). We aggregated resources into discrete clumps in half of the populations and evenly dispersed resources in the other half. We then observed social interactions between individually marked beetles. Half-way through the experiment, we reversed the resource distribution in each population, allowing us to control any demographic or behavioral differences between our experimental populations. At the end of the experiment, we compared individual and group social network characteristics between the two resource distribution treatments. We found a statistically significant but quantitatively small effect of resource distribution on individual social network position and detected no effect on group social network structure. Individual connectivity (individual strength) and individual cliquishness (local clustering coefficient) increased in environments with clumped resources, but this difference explained very little of the variance in individual social network position. Individual centrality (individual betweenness) and measures of overall social structure (network density, average shortest path length, and global clustering coefficient) did not differ between environments with dramatically different distributions of resources. Our results illustrate that the resource environment, despite being fundamental to our understanding of social systems, does not always play a central role in shaping social interactions. Instead, our results suggests that sex differences and temporally fluctuating environmental conditions may be more important in determining patterns of social interactions.

Fig. 2 in Relationships between morphology, diet and spatial distribution: testing the effects of intra and interspecific morphological variations on the patterns of resource use in two Neotropical Cichlids

Fig. 2. Head of Satanoperca pappaterra (a) and Crenicichla britskii (b), showing differences in the mouth protrusion.

Fig. 7 in Longitudinal use of feeding resources and distribution of fish trophic guilds in a coastal Atlantic stream, southern Brazil

Fig. 7. Spearman correlations between the distribution (percentage frequency) of guilds and scores of the first axis of the principal components analysis (PCA1) applied to the correlation matrix of abiotic variables. White circle = headwaters; gray circle = middle stretch; and black circle = mouth of the Vermelho River, East Atlantic basin, Antonina, Paraná State, Brazil.

Fig. 5 in Longitudinal use of feeding resources and distribution of fish trophic guilds in a coastal Atlantic stream, southern Brazil

Fig. 5. Longitudinal niche breadth (B values) of each fish trophic guild in the Vermelho River, East Atlantic basin, Antonina, Paraná State, Brazil. Aq = aquatic; ter = terrestrial.

Fig. 4 in Longitudinal use of feeding resources and distribution of fish trophic guilds in a coastal Atlantic stream, southern Brazil

Fig. 4. Mean ± standard error of diet breadth (B) of fish trophic guilds in the Vermelho River, East Atlantic basin, Antonina, Paraná State, Brazil. Aq = aquatic; ter = terrestrial. Piscivores and omnivores are not included in the ANOVA.

Fig. 6 in Longitudinal use of feeding resources and distribution of fish trophic guilds in a coastal Atlantic stream, southern Brazil

Fig. 6. Density (a) and biomass (b) of trophic guilds along the longitudinal gradient of the Vermelho River, East Atlantic basin, Antonina, Paraná State, Brazil. Aq = aquatic; ter = terrestrial.

Fig. 3 in Longitudinal use of feeding resources and distribution of fish trophic guilds in a coastal Atlantic stream, southern Brazil

Fig. 3. Ordination of fish species in the respective trophic guilds (a, b, c) and food items (d, e, f) along the longitudinal gradient of the Vermelho River, East Atlantic basin, Antonina, Paraná State, Brazil. Circles represent species belonging to the same trophic guild. Codes according to Table 3.

Fig. 2 in Longitudinal use of feeding resources and distribution of fish trophic guilds in a coastal Atlantic stream, southern Brazil

Fig. 2. Ordination of sampling sections along the environmental gradient defined by the first two axes of the principal components analysis (PCA1 and PCA2) applied to the correlation matrix of abiotic variables of the Vermelho River, East Atlantic basin, Antonina, Paraná State, Brazil.

Fig. 1 in Longitudinal use of feeding resources and distribution of fish trophic guilds in a coastal Atlantic stream, southern Brazil

Fig. 1. Location of the Vermelho River, East Atlantic basin, Antonina, Paraná State, Brazil. Black circles indicate the sampling sections; arrow indicates the direction of flow.

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2018View details →

Stable Modeling on Resource Usage Parameters of MapReduce Application-Figure 4. Statistical Metrics distribution of model on RIO as response of Terasort application

Figure 4 shows the statistical metrics distribution of regression model on read rate as the response of Terasort application. The filled triangle point-up indicates the minimum stable sampling time for statistical metrics. The top-half of figure 4 shows the residual standard error (RSE) distribution as training data size increase. The remaining half is for the distribution of R2.

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2018View details →

Stable Modeling on Resource Usage Parameters of MapReduce Application-Figure 3. Estimate coefficients distribution of model on read rate as response of Terasort application

Figure 3 shows estimate coefficients distribution of model on read rate as the response of Terasort application. The filled triangle point-up indicates the position of the minimum stable sampling time for the corresponding estimate coefficients as well as the number above it shows the exact position value. The dashed line represents the average estimated coefficient of the regression model.

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2022View details →

Fig. 2 in South American Sea Lions Otaria flavescens, a good indicator of relative spatial and temporal changes in the distribution and abundance of marine resources?

Fig. 2. Frequency of occurrence of the main prey taxa in the diet of Otaria flavescens (Shaw, 1800) from the San MatÍas Gulf, Argentina.

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2017View details →

Text-fig. 6. Distribution of Oligocene continental sediments of Africa, revealing the patchy and incomplete coverage of the occurrences. The Tunisian sedimentary outcrops represent an important resource for the north-western part of the continent. in Arsinoitherium (Embrithopoda) And Other Large Mammals And Plants From The Oligocene Of Tunisia

Text-fig. 6. Distribution of Oligocene continental sediments of Africa, revealing the patchy and incomplete coverage of the occurrences. The Tunisian sedimentary outcrops represent an important resource for the north-western part of the continent.

opencc-zeroJun 2023View details →

Data from: How do resource distribution and taxonomy affect the use of dual foraging in seabirds?: A review

In many seabird species, parents feeding young switch between short and long foraging excursions in a strategy known as "dual foraging". To investigate whether habitat quality near breeding colonies drives the use of dual foraging, we conducted a systematic review of the seabird literature, compiling the results of 103 studies which identified dual-foraging in 50 species across nine families from all six seabird orders. We estimated the mean distance from the colony of each species' short and long foraging trips and obtained remote-sensed data on chlorophyll concentrations within the radius of both short and long trips around each colony. We then assessed, for each seabird family, the relationship between the use of dual foraging strategies and the difference in the quality of foraging locations between short- and long-distance foraging trips. We found that the probability of dual foraging grew with increasing difference in the quality of foraging locations available during short- and long-distance trips. We also found that when controlling for differences in habitat quality, albatrosses and penguins were less likely to use dual foraging than Procellariidae, which in turn were less likely to use dual foraging than Sulids. This study helps clarify how environmental conditions and taxon-specific characteristics influence seabird foraging behaviour. Keywords: seabirds, dual foraging, habitat quality, central-place foraging, interspecific differences.

opencc-zeroOct 2023View details →

Data from: Home is where the high-quality resources are: nursery characteristics and territory distribution suggest reproductive resource defense in golden rocket frogs

For externally fertilizing animals, the early stages of development are often the most precarious. In the face of multiple abiotic and biotic stressors, parents must assess and select rearing sites that maximize the probability of offspring survival. This is particularly true for Neotropical poison frogs, many of which transport tadpoles to small pools of water called phytotelmata that serve as larval-rearing sites. In these systems, pool choice can have a large effect on offspring growth and survival. Here, we studied the golden rocket frog (Anomaloglossus beebei, Aromobatidae), a territorial phytotelm-breeding frog that lives exclusively in giant tank bromeliads (Brocchinia micrantha), to examine phytotelm selection and reproductive resource defense. We first quantified the characteristics of phytotelmata and found that tadpoles were more likely to occur in pools with low levels of mucilage and in leaves at intermediate heights on the plant. We additionally found that low mucilage pools have significantly clearer water, have higher concentrations of dissolved oxygen, and are exposed to lower levels of photosynthetically active radiation. We then mapped the spatial distribution of pools with low levels of mucilage in relation to male territories and found that these "clear" pools are (1) more likely to be within male territories than outside of them, and (2) territory centroids are closer to clear pools than are random locations. Overall, our results show that male golden rocket frogs defend territories that include preferred tadpole deposition sites, suggesting a direct relationship between high-quality reproductive resources and territory defense.