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25 results for “Return stroke”
Investigation on Dynamic Characteristics of Lightning Return Stroke Channel
<p>The dynamic characteristics in lightning discharge plasma channel are of great significance in studying the micro-physical mechanism of the discharge process. This paper established a simplified radiation-hydrodynamic model (RHM) of the return stroke channel radial expansion based on the fluid dynamics theory, and for the first time, considered the affect of the light radiation loss in the discharge process. The temporal evolutions of the characteristic parameters, such as temperature, pressure and expansion rate for return stroke channel were analyzed. The results indicated that the current peak value and the risetime are important factors in determining the channel dynamics characteristics. At the initial stage of return stroke, the light radiation loss has a distinct influence on channel temperature, which leads to a transitory drop in temperature forming a bimodal waveform structure. Following the peak current, the channel reaches peak pressure, which leads to a subsequent secondary temperature peak and accelerates the expansion of the channel. Peak current and the risetime are the indicator parameters of strong discharge and the main factors of lightning disaster. This work provides reference data for further research on the radial energy transport of lightning return stroke channel and the formation mechanism of shock waves.The dynamic characteristics in lightning discharge plasma channel are of great significance in studying the micro-physical mechanism of the discharge process. This paper established a simplified radiation-hydrodynamic model (RHM) of the return stroke channel radial expansion based on the fluid dynamics theory, and for the first time, considered the affect of the light radiation loss in the discharge process. The temporal evolutions of the characteristic parameters, such as temperature, pressure and expansion rate for return stroke channel were analyzed. The results indicated that the current peak value and the risetime are important factors in determining the channel dynamics characteristics. At the initial stage of return stroke, the light radiation loss has a distinct influence on channel temperature, which leads to a transitory drop in temperature forming a bimodal waveform structure. Following the peak current, the channel reaches peak pressure, which leads to a subsequent secondary temperature peak and accelerates the expansion of the channel. Peak current and the risetime are the indicator parameters of strong discharge and the main factors of lightning disaster. This work provides reference data for further research on the radial energy transport of lightning return stroke channel and the formation mechanism of shock waves.</p>
Characteristics of the initial stage and return stroke currents of rocket-triggered lightning flashes in southern China
<p>This study investigates the initial stage (IS) and return stroke (RS) currents of 50 triggered lightning flashes (TLFs) that were conducted in southern China. The IS of the negative TLFs has a longer duration, and larger average current, charge transfer, and action integral than those reported elsewhere, with geometric means (GMs) of 347.9 ms, 132.5 A, 45.1 C, and 10.0 × 10<sup>3</sup> A<sup>2</sup> s, respectively. Two positive TLFs containing no RS have much greater average currents, charge transfers, and action integrals in the IS when compared with the negative TLFs. The RS has a greater peak current (17.2 kA; GM, same to below), charge transfer within 1 ms (1.3 C), and action integral within 1 ms (5.8 × 10<sup>3</sup> A<sup>2</sup> s), and shorter 10% to 90% rise time (0.4 μs) than elsewhere. The peak current is prominently correlated with the rate of rise, charge transfer within 1 ms, and action integral within 1 ms. Furthermore, when the total duration of the RS and any following continuing currents is longer than 40 ms, the peak current, charge transfer within 1 ms, and action integral within 1 ms of the RS are seldom greater than 25 kA, 2.6 C, and 15 × 10<sup>3</sup> A<sup>2</sup> s, respectively. It is indicated that TLFs containing RSs tend to have a longer duration but a smaller charge transfer during the IS than those without RS. The peak current of the RS is weakly correlated with its preceding silence period when there was no channel base current.</p>
Preliminary Breakdown Process of Winter Positive Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Flash and Its relation to the Following First Return Stroke
<p>The file <em>+CG statistics.xlsx</em> contains various statistical parameters for 60 +CG events.</p> <p>The files <em>3D_UPB.dat</em>, <em>3D_DPB.dat</em>, <em>3D_IRPB1.dat</em>, and <em>3D_IRPB2.dat</em> provide the 3D location results for the four example events discussed in the main text. Each file includes data organized in four lines, representing time (ms), x (m), y (m), and z (m), respectively.</p> <p><strong> </strong></p>
Abnormal Upward Attempted Leaders Before the First Return Stroke of a Rocket-triggered Lightning Flash
<p><span>The electric field and optical data</span></p>
Temporal Evolution Feature on Spectrum and Temperature of Lightning return stroke Channel
<p>Temperature is one of the crucial parameters reflecting the energy and current transfer characteristics in the lightning discharge channel. According to the spectra of eight lightning return strokes recorded simultaneously by two high-speed slitless spectrographs with different time resolutions, the spectral-structure and temperature evolution of the return stroke channels over time was quantitatively analyzed. Different from the previous report, one of the spectrographs have recorded the ionic lines in the spectra within approximately 200 microseconds during the return stroke. The ionic line intensity decayed rapidly with time as the current declined, while the atomic line intensity decreased more slowly. The spectral-structure evolution characteristics indicate that the ionic lines in the spectra existed throughout the discharge current process (including the continuing current (CC) stage). Additionally, it further suggests that the ionic line intensities are associated with the discharge currents and that their radiation mechanism is closely related to the collision excitation under the action of strong currents. The temperature calculated by the ionic lines can reflect the thermodynamic properties of the current-carrying channel. The temperature calculated using atomic lines is significantly lower than that calculated by the ionic lines in the same spectrum. The radiation mechanism of the atomic lines differs from that of the ionic lines. Compared with the decay of the ionic-line intensity, the decline of the channel temperature calculated by ionic lines is slower. The temperature calculated by atomic lines shown the similar feature, and it is even basically unchanged in the CC stage. This property reflects the persistent heating effect of the current.</p>
Data for "Estimation of Return Stroke Velocity by Time Reversal Reconstruction of Channel Feature Points"
<p>In the manuscript entitled “Estimation of Return Stroke Velocity by Time Reversal Reconstruction of Channel Feature Points”, station coordinates of the location system, simulation data, and experimental data can be obtained through the following attachment. These files can be opened by Matlab 2018(or later). The data supports the aforementioned manuscript and can be used freely for scientific purposes with appropriate citations.</p> <p> </p> <p>'IniationParameters_center.mat' is the coordinates of LFLLS stations and strike point (simulation).</p> <p>a) simulation_strike_point: coordinates of the return point (simulation).</p> <p>b) x0, y0, and z0: coordinates of LFLLS stations in x, y, and z directions.</p> <p> </p> <p>1. Simulation data (EE_zd: E-field waveforms (Unit V/m); Ee_zd: Electrostatic component of the E-field waveforms (Unit V/m); Ei_zd: Induction component of the E-field waveforms (Unit V/m); Er_zd: Radiation component of the E-field waveforms (Unit V/m); T: times corresponding to the E-field waveforms; vv: RS velocity condition; tort_x, tort_y, and tort_z: Coordinates of segmented channels).</p> <p>'Simulation_Vertical_channel_Ez_V1.mat' is the vertical channel E-field waveforms calculated under the RS velocity condition V1.</p> <p>'Simulation_Vertical_channel_Ez_V2.mat' is the vertical channel E-field waveforms calculated under the RS velocity condition V2.</p> <p>'Simulation_Vertical_channel_Ez_V3.mat' is the vertical channel E-field waveforms calculated under the RS velocity condition V3.</p> <p>'Simulation_Inclined_channel_Ez.mat' is the inclined channel E-field waveforms calculated under the RS velocity condition V1.</p> <p>'Simulation_Tortuous(randomly)_channel_Ez.mat' is the tortuous channel (randomly) E-field waveforms calculated under the condition of RS velocity constant.</p> <p>'Simulation_Tortuous_channel_Ez.mat' is the tortuous channel E-field waveforms calculated under the RS velocity condition V1.</p> <p> </p> <p>2. Experimental data</p> <p>'2020-08-09-002418-905.5ms(0.4)-siteidx(12346).mat' is the E-field original waveforms of -CG002418.RS2.</p> <p>a) wave: E-field original waveforms of -CG002418.RS2 (D.U.).</p> <p>b) time: times corresponding to the E-field waveforms.</p> <p> </p> <p>3. Figure data</p> <p>This folder contains the .fig format files of Figure 3 ~ 10 in the paper.</p>
Characteristics of negative cloud-to-ground lightning flashes associated with their peak currents of first return strokes
<p>These are the data that were used to draw the figures in an submitted manuscript ("<span>Characteristics of negative cloud-to-ground lightning flashes associated with their peak currents of first return strokes</span>").</p>
High-speed videos for the paper "The role of secondary recoil leaders in the formation of subsequent return strokes"
<p>This page contains high-speed video files as .cine files, that can be watched frame by frame to reproduce the analysis done in the paper titled "The role of secondary recoil leaders in the formation of subsequent return strokes", submitted for publication in Geophysical Research Letters.</p> <p><em>Instructions to watch the videos</em>: <strong>UP 44.cine </strong>and<strong> UP 154.cine:</strong></p> <p>Download and use the software Phantom Camera Control (PCC) available at:</p> <p><a href="https://www.phantomhighspeed.com/resourcesandsupport/phantomresources/pccsoftware">https://www.phantomhighspeed.com/resourcesandsupport/phantomresources/pccsoftware</a></p> <p>The Phantom Camera Control (PCC) software is compatible with Windows 7 Pro and Windows 8.1 and Windows 10, for both 32 and 64-bit operating systems.</p> <p>It is important to highlight that the time stamped on the video of the <strong>UP 44.cine</strong> is 97 ms delayed compared to the Earth Networks Total Lightning Network (ENTLN).</p>
High-speed videos for the paper "Correlation between speed of the stepped leader and peak current of the return stroke of lightning flashes"
<p>This page contains one spreadsheets with the data of the analyzed lightning flashes (.xlsx file). And it also has high-speed camera video files (.cine files) that are located inside the Lighning Flashes.rar folder. The videos can be watched frame by frame to reproduce the analysis done in the paper titled "Correlation between speed of the stepped leader and peak current of the return stroke of lightning flashes", submitted for publication in Geophysical Research Letters.</p> <p>Instructions to watch the videos: </p> <p>Download and use the software Phantom Camera Control (PCC) available at:</p> <p>https://www.phantomhighspeed.com/resourcesandsupport/phantomresources/pccsoftware</p> <p>The Phantom Camera Control (PCC) software is compatible with Windows 7 Pro and Windows 8.1 and Windows 10, for both 32 and 64-bit operating systems.</p>
Investigation on Dynamic Characteristics of Lightning Return Stroke Channel
<p>The dynamic characteristics in lightning discharge plasma channel are of great significance in studying the micro-physical mechanism of the discharge process. This paper established a simplified radiation-hydrodynamic model (SRHM) of the return stroke channel radial expansion based on the fluid dynamics theory and the time evolution characteristics of the light radiation power observed by experiments. The influence of current waveform on the dynamic characteristics of return stroke channel was investigated, and the temporal evolutions of the characteristic parameters, such as temperature, pressure and expansion speed for return stroke channel were analyzed. The results indicated that the current peak value and the risetime are important factors in determining the channel dynamics characteristics. At the initial stage of return stroke, the light radiation loss has a distinct influence on channel temperature, which leads to a transitory drop in temperature forming a bimodal waveform structure. Following the peak current, the channel reaches peak pressure, which leads to a subsequent secondary temperature peak and accelerates the expansion of the channel. Large peak current and the rise time are the indicative parameters of strong discharge and the main factors leading to lightning disaster. This work provides reference data for further research on the radial energy transport of lightning return stroke channel and the formation mechanism of shock waves.</p>
Prevent Return of Stroke Study
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT01027273. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 6.
Study on the Evolution Characteristics of the Return Stroke Spectra and Channel Temperatures by Using Two Spectrographs with Different Time Resolution
<p>Temperature is one of the crucial parameters reflecting the energy and current transfer characteristics in the lightning discharge channel. According to the spectra of six lightning return strokes recorded simultaneously by two high-speed slit-less spectrographs with different time resolutions, the spectral intensity and temperature evolution of the return stroke channels over time was quantitatively analyzed. The spectral characteristics show that the ionic line intensity decayed rapidly with time as the current declined, while the atomic line intensity decreased more slowly. Additionally, it is found that ionic lines existed in the spectra of continuing current process for up to hundreds of microseconds. It further indicates that the ionic line intensities are associated with the discharge currents and that their radiation mechanism is closely related to the collision excitation under the action of strong currents. The temperature calculated by the ionic lines can reflect the thermodynamic properties of the current-carrying channel. The temperature calculated using atomic lines is significantly lower than that calculated by the ionic lines in the same spectrum. The radiation mechanism for majority of the atomic lines differs from that of the ionic lines. During the continuing current, the channel temperatures calculated by both ionic lines and atomic lines showed a similar evolution feature which declined slowly or even basically unchanged. This property reflects the persistent heating effect of the current.</p>
Observed Variation of Three-dimensional Return Stroke Speeds Along the Channel in a Triggered Lightning
<p>In a manuscript entitled “Observed Variation of Three-dimensional Return Stroke Speeds Along the Channel in a Triggered Lightning”, the lightning data obtained by the Photron SAZ high-speed video and an improved VHF location system were analyzed. The data of our results are including in the Fig_x.figs. These files can be opened by MATLAB. The data supports the aforementioned manuscript and can be used freely for scientific purposes with appropriate citation.</p>
Current Full-Waveform Inversion of the Return Stroke Channel based on Single-Station Electric Field Observations
<p>In manuscript entitled "Current Full-Waveform inversion of the Return Stroke Channel Based on Single-Station Electric Field Oberbations", the data of rocket-triggered flash o901 was obtained during the SHATLE was used. The data of our results are including in the Data- for- figrue-x.fig. These files can be opened later. The data supports the aforementioned manuscript and can bue used freely for scientific purposed with appropriate citation.</p>
Characteristics of negative cloud-to-ground lightning flashes associated with their peak currents of first return strokes - v2
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Data for "Correlation Between the First Return Stroke of Negative CG Lightning and Its Preceding Discharge Processes"
<p>In a manuscript entitled "Correlation Between the First Return Stroke of Negative CG Lightning and Its Preceding Discharge Processes", lightning location results and E-change waveforms can be obtained through the following attachment. These files can be opened by matlab 2016(or later). The data supports the aforementioned manuscript and can be used freely for scientific purposes with appropriate citation.</p> <p><br> The files associated with lightning location results, have four columns represent time,x, y and z (unit: m), respectively.</p> <p>E-change waveforms data has two columns, namely to time(unit: s) and waveform amplitude(unit: d.u).</p> <p>The data name corresponds to the figures used in the manuscript.</p>
Survey on Return to Work After Stroke
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT01699035. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
Multiple Interventions to Accelerate the Return to the Pre-event Level of Functioning After a TIA and Minor Stroke
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT05369637. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
Data from: Return to work after ischemic stroke in young adults: a registry-based follow-up study
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Predictive Factors for Return to Work After a First Stroke Treated at Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital in Puy de Dôme Between January 2020 and December 2024
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT07264387. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 0.
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