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Fig. 3 in Age And Growth Of The European Bitterling, Rhodeus Amarus (Cyprinidae, Actinopterygii), In The Uday And Perevod Rivers (Dnipro Basin, Ukraine)
Fig. 3. Length weight ratio of bitterling in samples from the rivers Uday and Perevod in 2016–2019.
Population genetic structure and demographic history of Rhodeus atremius suigensis, an endangered bitterling in Japan
<p><span>Demographic events can shape genetic diversity through genetic drift, often leaving a persistent signal in the genetic characteristics of species. <em>Rhodeus atremius suigensis</em> is an endangered bitterling fish endemic to the Okayama Plain, Japan. In this study, we inferred its demographic history and genetic structure using a comprehensive analysis of the mtDNA ND1 gene, microsatellite marke</span>rs<span> (MS) and MHC class IIB gene. Based on mtDNA, <em>R. a. suigensis</em> included two sublineages; A and B. While <a name="OLE_LINK85"></a><a name="OLE_LINK88"></a>the former was widely distributed, the latter was restricted to eastern populations<a name="OLE_LINK11"></a><a name="OLE_LINK12"></a> that were monomorphic in MHC. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that <em>R. a. suigensis</em>, together with <em>R. a. atremius</em>, experienced a substantial bottleneck in the middle Pleistocene. In MS and MHC, genetic diversity was low in all populations; ranked as the lowest among bitterling species. Bayesian clustering suggested that two clusters of MS had been widely introgressed in the centre of its distribution. These clusters seem to have been formed by the disruption of the distribution in the last Pleistocene, and later admixed by a large-scale reclamation in the Okayama Plain since the 16th century, which triggered a decline in effective population size (<em>N</em><sub>e</sub>) in many populations. Based on coalescence analysis, all populations reached their lowest <em>N</em><sub>e</sub> around the middle of the 20th century. Accordingly, <em>R.</em> <em>a</em>. <em>suigensis</em> seems to have experienced two large bottlenecks in the past. While the first bottleneck was probably due to climatic changes in the middle Pleistocene, the second is due to anthropogenic degradation and fragmentation of habitats in recent years.</span></p>
Population genetic structure and demographic history of Rhodeus atremius suigensis, an endangered bitterling in Japan
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FIGURE 9 in Rhodeus flaviventris, a new bitterling (Teleostei: Cyprinidae: Acheilognathinae) from China
FIGURE 9. Distribution of Rhodeus flaviventris, R. albomarginatus, R. nigrodorsalis, and R. shitaiensis in the lower Yangtze River basin, China. ★ Type locality of R. flaviventris; ▲ localities of R. albomarginatus; ● localities of R. nigrodorsalis; ◆ type locality of R. shitaiensis.
FIGURE 7. Rhodeus flaviventris during the breeding season. A in Rhodeus flaviventris, a new bitterling (Teleostei: Cyprinidae: Acheilognathinae) from China
FIGURE 7. Rhodeus flaviventris during the breeding season. A, male; B, female. Specimens not preserved.
FIGURE 1 in Rhodeus flaviventris, a new bitterling (Teleostei: Cyprinidae: Acheilognathinae) from China
FIGURE 1. Rhodeus flaviventris, China: Jiangxi Province: Wuyuan County. A, SOU 1909001, holotype, 49.8 mm SL, male; B, SOU 1903002, paratype, 44.9 mm SL, female
FIGURE 6 in Rhodeus caspius, a new bitterling from Iran (Teleostei: Cypriniformes Acheilognathidae)
FIGURE 6. Dorsal (a), lateral (b) and ventral (c) views of the neurocranium in Rhodeus caspius. Abbreviations: Bo: basioccipital; Epo: epiotic; Exo: exoccipital; Fr: frontal; Le: lateral ethmoid; Nas: nasal; Orb: orbitosphenoid; Pa: parietal; Pe: preethmoid I; Ptt: posttemporal; Pr-Pp: posterior pharyngeal process; Pro: prootic; Ps: parasphenoid; Pts: pterosphenoid; Pto: pterotic; Stt: supratemporal; Scl: supracleithrum; So-cr; supraoccipital crest; So: supraorbital; Soc: supraoccipital; Sp: sphenotic; Se: supraethmoid; Vo: vomer. Scale bar is 2 mm.
FIGURE 4 in Rhodeus caspius, a new bitterling from Iran (Teleostei: Cypriniformes Acheilognathidae)
FIGURE 4. Cephalic sensory canal system of Rhodeus caspius, holotype, ZM-CBSU H1005, 46 mm SL; Iran: Shakhraz River.
FIGURE 2 in Rhodeus caspius, a new bitterling from Iran (Teleostei: Cypriniformes Acheilognathidae)
FIGURE 2. Rhodeus caspius, holotype, a, ZM-CBSU H1005, 46 mm SL; paratypes, b, ZM-CBSU H1003, 44 mm SL; c, ZM- CBSU H1004, 43 mm SL; d, ZM-CBSU H1008, 38 mm SL; Iran: Shakhraz River.
FIGURE 9 in Rhodeus caspius, a new bitterling from Iran (Teleostei: Cypriniformes Acheilognathidae)
FIGURE 9. Ventral view of branchial (a) and hyoid (b) arches in Rhodeus caspius. Bhy: basihyal; Brs;branchiostegal rays; Chy: ceratohyal; Epy: epihyal; Hhy: dorsal and ventral hypohyal; Ihy: interhyal; Uhy: urohyal; Bbr: basibranchial; Cbr: ceratobranchial; Ebr: epibranchial; Hbr: hypobranchial; Pbr: inphrapharyngobranchial.
FIGURE 3 in Rhodeus caspius, a new bitterling from Iran (Teleostei: Cypriniformes Acheilognathidae)
FIGURE 3. Rhodeus caspius, Uncatalogued; a, and c, male, b, female, Anzali wetland; d, male, Razavar River; e, female, Tajan River and f, male, Babol River.
FIGURE 5 in Rhodeus caspius, a new bitterling from Iran (Teleostei: Cypriniformes Acheilognathidae)
FIGURE 5. Skeleton of R. caspius (X-ray images), a, ZM-CBSU H1002, b, ZM-CBSU H1001; Iran: Shakhraz River.
FIGURE 8 in Rhodeus caspius, a new bitterling from Iran (Teleostei: Cypriniformes Acheilognathidae)
FIGURE 8. The suspensorium and opercular series (c) in Rhodeus caspius. Abbreviations: Ect: ectopterygoid; End: endopterygoid; Hm: hyomandibulare; Iop: interopercle; Mtp: metapterygoid; Op: opercle; P: palatine; Pop: preopercle; Q: quadrate; Sop: subopercle; Sym: symplectic.
FIGURE 7 in Rhodeus caspius, a new bitterling from Iran (Teleostei: Cypriniformes Acheilognathidae)
FIGURE 7. Internal view of circumorbital series (a) and the upper (b) and lower (c) jaws of Rhodeus caspius. Abbreviations: An: Angular; Crb: coronoid process; Cm: coronomeckelian; Dn: dentary; Io 2-5: infraorbitals 2-5; Keth: kinethmoid; Ra: retroarticular; Mx: maxillary; Pmx: premaxillary; Mdip: maxillary descending process; Mip: maxillary mid-lateral ascending process.
FIGURE 11 in Rhodeus caspius, a new bitterling from Iran (Teleostei: Cypriniformes Acheilognathidae)
FIGURE 11. Lateral view of the dorsal and anal fins (a) and caudal skeleton (b) in Rhodeus caspius. Abbreviations: Dfs: dorsal fin spine; Dpt: distal pterygiophore; Epu: epural; Hp 1-6: hypural plates 1-6; Hsp: hemal spine; Mtp: medial pterygiophore; Ns: neural spine; Ppt: proximal pterygiophore; Ph: parhypurale; Pls: pleurostyle; Rna: rudimentary neural arch; Sn: supraneural; Sty: stay; Un: uroneural.
FIGURE 10 in Rhodeus caspius, a new bitterling from Iran (Teleostei: Cypriniformes Acheilognathidae)
FIGURE 10. Medial view of pectoral girdle (left side) (a) and pelvic girdle (b) of Rhodeus caspius. Abbreviations: Cl: cleithrum; Co; coracoid; Mco: mesocoracoid; Mlp; mid-lateral process; Pb: pelvic bone; Pcl; postcleithrum; Ps: pelvic splint; R: radials; Sc: scapula.
FIGURE 14. Rhodeus amarus ZMB 3393 in Rhodeus caspius, a new bitterling from Iran (Teleostei: Cypriniformes Acheilognathidae)
FIGURE 14. Rhodeus amarus ZMB 3393, syntypes: Müggelsee (Lake) near Köpenick, Berlin, Germany. Photo by Edda Assel, Collection Manager of Ichthyology, ZMB.
FIGURE 12 in Rhodeus caspius, a new bitterling from Iran (Teleostei: Cypriniformes Acheilognathidae)
FIGURE 12. Records of Rhodeus caspius from the southern Caspian Sea basin, Urmia Lake basin and Tigris River drainage in Iran.
FIGURE 1 in Rhodeus caspius, a new bitterling from Iran (Teleostei: Cypriniformes Acheilognathidae)
FIGURE 1. Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian phylogeny reconstructed based on COI gene sequences. The values beside the branches before and after a slash are BI posterior and ML bootstrap probability values, respectively. Black bars to the right of specimen labels indicate species delimitation results from PTP followed by the results of the mPTP approach as dashed bars.
Data from: No evidence for host specialization or host-race formation in the European bitterling (Rhodeus amarus), a fish that parasitizes freshwater mussels
Coevolutionary relationships between parasites and hosts can elevate the rate of evolutionary changes due to reciprocal adaptations between coevolving partners. Such relationships can result in the evolution of host specificity. Recent methodological advances have permitted the recognition of cryptic lineages, with important consequences for our understanding of biological diversity. We used the European bitterling (Rhodeus amarus), a freshwater fish that parasitizes unionid mussels, to investigate host specialization across regions of recent and ancient sympatry between coevolving partners. We combined genetic data (12 microsatellite and 2 mitochondrial markers) from five populations with experimental data for possible mechanisms of host species recognition (imprinting and conditioning). We found no strong evidence for the existence of cryptic lineages in R. amarus, though a small proportion of variation among individuals in an area of recent bitterling-mussel association was statistically significant in explaining host specificity. No other measures supported the existence of host-specific lineages. Behavioural data revealed a weak effect of conditioning that biased behavioural preferences toward specific host species. Host imprinting had no effect on oviposition behaviour. Overall, we established that populations of R. amarus show limited potential for specialization, manifested as weak effects of host conditioning and genetic within-population structure. Rhodeus amarus is the only species of mussel-parasitizing fish in Europe, which contrasts with the species-rich communities of bitterling in eastern Asia where several host-specific bitterling occur. We discuss costs and constraints on the evolution of host-specific lineages in our study system and more generally.
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