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Figure 16. Anthocharis thoosa thoosa and A in A review of three species-level taxa of the Anthocharis sara complex (Lepidoptera: Pieridae: Pierinae: Anthocharidini)

Figure 16. Anthocharis thoosa thoosa and A. julia sulfuris contact zone in Huntington Canyon, Emery County, Utah.

Figure 14 in A review of three species-level taxa of the Anthocharis sara complex (Lepidoptera: Pieridae: Pierinae: Anthocharidini)

Figure 14. (Left) Anthocharis julia sulfuris (as A. sara) male. (Right) Anthocharis julia sulfuris (as A. sara) female. Both were collected by Oscar Dorfman from South Willow Canyon, Tooele County, Utah.

Figure 13 in A review of three species-level taxa of the Anthocharis sara complex (Lepidoptera: Pieridae: Pierinae: Anthocharidini)

Figure 13. Possible hybrid of A. thoosa thoosa × A. julia sulfuris from Clear Creek Road; Raft River Range, Box Elder County, Utah.

Figure 11 in A review of three species-level taxa of the Anthocharis sara complex (Lepidoptera: Pieridae: Pierinae: Anthocharidini)

Figure 11. Clear Creek Road transect with GPS coordinates showing where adults of A. thoosa thoosa and A. julia sulfuris were sampled from the Raft River Range, Box Elder County, Utah.

Figure 8 in A review of three species-level taxa of the Anthocharis sara complex (Lepidoptera: Pieridae: Pierinae: Anthocharidini)

Figure 8. Top row: (Left) Second brood A. sara sara stray female collected from the Dead Mountains, San Bernardino County, CA, by Mark Walker and Brian Banker. (Right) Female A. thoosa reared from Christmas Tree Pass, Newberry Mts, Clark County, Nevada, 15 aerial miles to the north of where the Dead Mts. A. sara female was collected. Bottom row: (Left) Second brood female A. sara sara collected from Brand Park, Verdugo Mts., Glendale, Los Angeles County, CA, shown for comparison purposes. (Right) Female A. thoosa reared from Christmas Tree Pass, Newberry Mts, Clark County, Nevada.

Figure 5. Pupal cone curvature differences between Colorado A in A review of three species-level taxa of the Anthocharis sara complex (Lepidoptera: Pieridae: Pierinae: Anthocharidini)

Figure 5. Pupal cone curvature differences between Colorado A. julia prestonorum (Garfield County) and A. thoosa colorado (Montezuma County).

Figure 6 in A review of three species-level taxa of the Anthocharis sara complex (Lepidoptera: Pieridae: Pierinae: Anthocharidini)

Figure 6. Pupal cone curvature differences between Juab County, Utah, A. julia browningi and A. thoosa thoosa where the two species fly sympatric and synchronic. The third pupa may represent a hybrid between the two species.

Figure 2 in A review of three species-level taxa of the Anthocharis sara complex (Lepidoptera: Pieridae: Pierinae: Anthocharidini)

Figure 2. Comparison of similar phenotypes from different populations of A. sara, A. thoosa, and A. julia. Photo captions with * denote topotypes. (Third row photo of A. t. inghami male from Tucson, AZ, courtesy Jim Brock.)

Figure 7 in A review of three species-level taxa of the Anthocharis sara complex (Lepidoptera: Pieridae: Pierinae: Anthocharidini)

Figure 7. Pupae of all subspecies of A. sara, A. thoosa, and A. julia. Photo captions with * denote topotypes.

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2018View details →

Testing phantoms & SARAS' arms position - Part 1

The SARAS project will allow the next generation of surgical robots to execute minimally invasive procedures with only the main surgeon, without the need of an assistant. In this video a small team of experts of the SARAS Consortium met in Verona to test progresses of Prostate’s phantom and the positioning of the SARAS arms with respect to the phantom and the Commercial Robot.

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2010View details →

Figure 8. Callopora sarae n in Diversity and taxonomy of intertidal Bryozoa (Cheilostomata) at Akkeshi Bay, Hokkaido, Japan

Figure 8. Callopora sarae n. sp. (A, E) NHM 2006.2.27.5; (B) NHM 2006.2.27.3; (C, D, F) NHM 2006.2.27.4. (A) Zooids at colony edge, unbleached; (B) immature zooids with spines, lateral and proximal avicularia, unbleached; (C) immature zooids, showing bases of spines and lateral avicularia, bleached; (D) two immature zooids showing bases of additional spines on outer distolateral gymnocyst, bleached; (E) mature zooids with ovicells and associated avicularia, unbleached; (F) mature zooids with heavily calcified ovicells, bleached. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A–C, E, F); 0.4 mm (D).

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2023View details →

SARA - A Collection of Sensitivity-Aware Relevance Assessments

SARA - A Collection of Sensitivity-Aware Relevance Assessments Presented here is a collection of Sensitivity-Aware Relevance Assessments for the UC Berkely labelled subset of the Enron Email Collection. The Hearst [1] labelled version of the Enron Email Collection is a subset of the CMU collection that contains 1702 emails that were annotated as part of a class project at UC Berkley. Students in the Natural Language Processing course were tasked with annotating the emails as relevant or not relevant to 53 different categories. Therefore, the labelled version of the Enron email collection provides a rich taxonomy of labels which can be used for multiple definitions of sensitivity such as the Purely Personal and Personal but in a Professional Context. The categories that the emails are labelled for can be seen in [Table 1](#table-1). The files for the labelled version of the Enron Email Collection are available from the<a href="https://bailando.berkeley.edu/enron_email.html"> UC Berkely website</a>. We deploy a topic modelling approach to identify topical themes in the labelled Enron collection that serve as a basis for our information needs which are in turn used to gather queries and relevance assessments, the notebook for which is available <a href="https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1r_mzjVETN5ytYbdJEKuuTUOopFiWjyWR?usp=sharing">here</a>. Two separate crowdsourcing tasks are carried out in the development of SARA. Firstly, query formulations are crowdsourced to represent the information needs and, secondly, relevance assessments are crowdsourced for a pooled set of documents from the labelled Enron collection for each of the information needs. The SARA Collection of Sensitivity-Aware Relevance Assessments is available through the popular ir_datasets library. More information can be found on the ir_datasets <a href="https://github.com/allenai/ir_datasets">GitHub</a> and <a href="https://ir-datasets.com/">website</a>. Information Needs To create our set of sensitivity-aware relevance assessments for the labelled Enron email collection, we first identify a set of topical subjects that reflect the contents of the emails in the collection. We use a topic modelling approach to identify the information needs. When identifying topics to be used as information needs, we are interested in identifying general themes that relate to the topics of discussion that might likely be covered in the contents (i.e., the body) of the emails in the collection. The topics are chosen to be broad enough to be able to reasonably expect that there would be relevant documents in the collection, and not so specific that it would require specialist knowledge to make a judgement of relevance on the subject. Subsequently, we manually construct short passages of text to serve as descriptions of the information needs that are to be searched for in the collection by the crowdworkers. The information needs that the crowdworkers are available in the information_needs.tsv file. Queries In order to collect relevance assessments for pairs of emails and information needs, different query formulations are first needed to generate pools of documents. Query formulations for each topic are collected from crowdworkers from the Prolific crowdwork platform. Ten information needs are shown to each crowdworker and they are asked to provide a query formulation that they would use to get relevant documents to satisfy the information need they are presented with. Three queries for each of the fifty information needs are released. The resulting queries are available in the repeated_queries.tsv file. Relevance Assesments Crowdworkers are shown an information need and an email and asked to rate the document as being either Highly Relevant, Partially Relevant, or Not Relevant to the information need. Each information need/email pair is judged by three crowdworkers and a majority vote is used to generate a ground truth label. Since each information need / email pair is judged by three crowdworkers and there are three possible labels, it is possible for each of the labels to be selected by one crowdworker. In practice, this only happened for 134 pairs. In such cases, ties are broken by having one of the authors read the document and make an additional judgement. In order to ensure that sensitive documents definitely have relevance labels they were also judged by one of the authors for each of the information needs. The relevance assessments are available in the repeated_qrels.txt file. The relevance assessments are in the format 'query iteration document relevancy'. The iteration column is used for IR_Datasets and can be safely ignored and the document name is the filename used in the labelled Enron collection. Table 1 <table> <thead> <tr> <th scope="col"> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>1) Coarse genre</th> <th>2) Included/forwarded information</th> <th>3) Primary topics (If coarse genre 1.1 is selected)</th> <th>4) Emotional tone (If not neutral)</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>1.1 Company Business, Strategy, etc. (See 3)</td> <td>2.1 Includes new text in addition to forwarded material</td> <td>3.1 Regulations and regulators (includes price caps)</td> <td>4.1 Jubilation</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1.2 Purely Personal</td> <td>2.2 Forwarded email(s) including replies</td> <td>3.2 Internal projects -- progress and strategy</td> <td>4.2 Hope / anticipation</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1.3 Personal but in professional context (e.g., it was good working with you)</td> <td>2.3 Business letter(s) / document(s)</td> <td>3.3 Company image -- current</td> <td>4.3 Humor</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1.4 Logistic Arrangements (meeting scheduling, technical support, etc.)</td> <td>2.4 News article(s)</td> <td>3.4 Company image -- changing / influencing</td> <td>4.4 Camaraderie</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1.5 Employment arrangements (job seeking, hiring, recommendations, etc.)</td> <td>2.5 Government / academic report(s)</td> <td>3.5 Political influence / contributions / contacts</td> <td>4.5 Admiration</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1.6 Document editing/checking (collaboration)</td> <td>2.6 Government action(s) (such as results of a hearing, etc.)</td> <td>3.6 California energy crisis / California politics</td> <td>4.6 Gratitude</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1.7 Empty message (due to missing attachment)</td> <td>2.7 Press release(s)</td> <td>3.7 Internal company policy</td> <td>4.7 Friendship / affection</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1.8 Empty message</td> <td>2.8 Legal documents (complaints, lawsuits, advice)</td> <td>3.8 Internal company operations</td> <td>4.8 Sympathy / support</td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>2.9 Pointers to url(s)</td> <td>3.9 Alliances / partnerships</td> <td>4.9 Sarcasm</td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>2.10 Newsletters</td> <td>3.10 Legal advice</td> <td>4.10 Secrecy / confidentiality</td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>2.11 Jokes, humor (related to business)</td> <td>3.11 Talking points</td> <td>4.11 Worry / anxiety</td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>2.12 Jokes, humor (unrelated to business)</td> <td>3.12 Meeting minutes</td> <td>4.12 Concern</td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>2.13 Attachment(s) (assumed missing)</td> <td>3.13 Trip reports</td> <td>4.13 Competitiveness / aggressiveness</td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>4.14 Triumph / gloating</td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>4.15 Pride</td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>4.16 Anger / agitation</td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>4.17 Sadness / despair</td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>4.18 Shame</td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>4.19 Dislike / scorn</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> </tbody> </table>     The Sensitivity-Aware Relevance Assessments dataset is held under an Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) licence which allows for it to be adapted, transformed and built upon. Questions and comments are welcomed via <a href="http://mailto:j.mckechnie.1@research.gla.ac.uk">email</a>. References [1] Marti A Hearst. 2005. Teaching applied natural language processing: Triumphs and tribulations. In Proc. of Workshop on Effective Tools and Methodologies for Teaching NLP and CL.

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Full-likelihood genomic analysis clarifies a complex history of species divergence and introgression: the example of the erato-sara group of Heliconius butterflies

Introgressive hybridization plays a key role in adaptive evolution and species diversification in many groups of species. However, frequent hybridization and gene flow between species make estimation of the species phylogeny and key population parameters challenging. Here, we show that by accounting for phasing and using full-likelihood methods, introgression histories and population parameters can be estimated reliably from whole-genome sequence data. We employ the multispecies coalescent (MSC) model with and without gene flow to infer the species phylogeny and cross-species introgression events using genomic data from six members of the erato-sara clade of Heliconius butterflies. The methods naturally accommodate random fluctuations in genealogical history across the genome due to deep coalescence. To avoid heterozygote phasing errors in haploid sequences commonly produced by genome assembly methods, we process and compile unphased diploid sequence alignments and use analytical methods to average over uncertainties in heterozygote phase resolution. There is robust evidence for introgression across the genome, both among distantly related species deep in the phylogeny and between sister species in shallow parts of the tree. We obtain chromosome-specific estimates of key population parameters such as introgression directions, times and probabilities, as well as species divergence times and population sizes for modern and ancestral species. We confirm ancestral gene flow between the sara clade and an ancestral population of H. telesiphe, a likely hybrid speciation origin for H. hecalesia, and gene flow between the sister species H. erato and H. himera. Inferred introgression among ancestral species also explains the history of two chromosomal inversions deep in the phylogeny of the group. This study illustrates how a full-likelihood approach based on the multispecies coalescent makes it possible to extract rich historical information of species divergence and gene flow from genomic data.

opencc-zeroJul 2021View details →

dryad36/100

Full-likelihood genomic analysis clarifies a complex history of species divergence and introgression: the example of the erato-sara group of Heliconius butterflies

Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.

publicFeb 2022View details →

FIGURE 16. Antoonops sarae n in Two new species of the spider genus Antoonops (Araneae: Oonopidae), with a key to the known species

FIGURE 16. Antoonops sarae n. sp., female. A. Ascending part of duct (asterisk) and uterine sclerites, dorsal view. B. Same, posterior view. C. Proximal part of duct, dorsal view, showing protrusions. D. Same, posterior view. E. Same, lateral view. Arrowhead: scape-like structure. Arrow: cone-like structure. F. Glands, dorsal view. Abbreviations: as, anterior uterine sclerite; ps, posterior uterine sclerite. Scale bars: 2 µm (B, F), 5 µm (A, C–E).

FIGURE 13. Antoonops sarae n in Two new species of the spider genus Antoonops (Araneae: Oonopidae), with a key to the known species

FIGURE 13. Antoonops sarae n. sp., female. A. Abdomen, dorsal view. B. Same, ventral view. C. Pedicel tube, lateral view. D. Same, ventral view. E. Scuto-pedicel region, anterior view. The arrows indicate some of the numerous glands that are present. F. PES, ventral view. G. Spinnerets, posterior view. Scale bars: 10 µm (C–E, G), 50 µm (A, B, F).

FIGURE 11. Antoonops sarae n in Two new species of the spider genus Antoonops (Araneae: Oonopidae), with a key to the known species

FIGURE 11. Antoonops sarae n. sp., female. A. Carapace, lateral view. B. Same, anterior view. C. Same, ventral view. D. Eyes, anterior view. E. Same, dorsal view. F. Posterior part of sternum, ventral view. Scale bars: 10 µm (F), 20 µm (D, E), 50 µm (A–C).

FIGURE 12. Antoonops sarae n in Two new species of the spider genus Antoonops (Araneae: Oonopidae), with a key to the known species

FIGURE 12. Antoonops sarae n. sp., female. A. Mouthparts, ventral view. B. Ventral pedicel sclerite, ventral view. C. Pedipalp, prolateral view. D. Same, retrolateral view. E. Abdomen, lateral view. F. Anterior part of dorsal scutum, lateral view. Scale bars: 10 µm (B), 20 µm (A, C, D, F), 50 µm (E).

FIGURE 15. Antoonops sarae n in Two new species of the spider genus Antoonops (Araneae: Oonopidae), with a key to the known species

FIGURE 15. Antoonops sarae n. sp., female. A. Epigastric region, ventral view, showing scape-like structure (sc). B. Detail of A. Arrow: groove in scape-like structure. Arrowheads: pores. Asterisk: cone-like structure. C. Epigastric region, anterior view. D. Detail of C. Arrow: groove in anterior surface of cone-like structure. E. ES and PES, dorsal view. F. Internal genitalia, dorsal view, showing genital duct (d). Arrowheads: glands. Scale bars: 2 µm (D), 5 µm (A–C, F), 50 µm (E).