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Subspecies and Distribution. R m. mehelyi Matschie, 1901 - S Europe (S Iberian Peninsula, Sardinia, E Sicily, SE Italy, S Albania, E Serbia, S Romania, E North Macedonia, Bulgaria, and Greece), SW Asia (Caucasus, Anatolia, N Iraq, and Zagros Mts in W Iran), and N Africa (N Morocco, N Algeria, and N Tunisia); possibly a record from SE France, and there are apparently records from Afghanistan, although exact localities are uncertain. R m. judaicus K. Andersen & Matschie, 1904 - Levant in Cyprus, N Syria, W Jordan, Israel, NE Egypt (including NW Sinai based on echolocation), and NE Libya. in Rhinolophidae

Subspecies and Distribution. R m. mehelyi Matschie, 1901 - S Europe (S Iberian Peninsula, Sardinia, E Sicily, SE Italy, S Albania, E Serbia, S Romania, E North Macedonia, Bulgaria, and Greece), SW Asia (Caucasus, Anatolia, N Iraq, and Zagros Mts in W Iran), and N Africa (N Morocco, N Algeria, and N Tunisia); possibly a record from SE France, and there are apparently records from Afghanistan, although exact localities are uncertain. R m. judaicus K. Andersen & Matschie, 1904 - Levant in Cyprus, N Syria, W Jordan, Israel, NE Egypt (including NW Sinai based on echolocation), and NE Libya.

Subspecies and Distribution.. lupus Linnaeus, 1758 — Asia, Europe. ON SSNS. albus Kerr, 1792 — N Russia. 0. arctos Pocock, 1935 — Canadian High Arctic. SS O 0. baileyi Nelson & Goldman, 1929 — Mexico, SW USA (extinct in the wild). OO. communis Dwigubski, 1804 — C Russia. SNS 0. cubanensis Ognev, 1923 — E-C Asia. SN O. dingo Meyer, 1793 — SE Asia and Australasia. 0 NN OOOO. lycaon Schreber, 1775 — SE Canada, NE USA. SNS. nubilus Say, 1823 — E-C Canada and C USA.. occidentalis Richardson, 1829 — Alaska, NW Canada. ~ = C. I. pallipes Sykes, 1831 — Middle East and SW Asia to India. in Canidae

Subspecies and Distribution.. lupus Linnaeus, 1758 — Asia, Europe. ON SSNS. albus Kerr, 1792 — N Russia. 0. arctos Pocock, 1935 — Canadian High Arctic. SS O 0. baileyi Nelson & Goldman, 1929 — Mexico, SW USA (extinct in the wild). OO. communis Dwigubski, 1804 — C Russia. SNS 0. cubanensis Ognev, 1923 — E-C Asia. SN O. dingo Meyer, 1793 — SE Asia and Australasia. 0 NN OOOO. lycaon Schreber, 1775 — SE Canada, NE USA. SNS. nubilus Say, 1823 — E-C Canada and C USA.. occidentalis Richardson, 1829 — Alaska, NW Canada. ~ = C. I. pallipes Sykes, 1831 — Middle East and SW Asia to India.

Distribution. SW Asia from Iraq and Iran to Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal, and Bhutan; also Bangladesh, Myanmar and S China (including Hainan I). Introduced to Antigua, Barbados, Beef Island, Buck Island, Carriacou, Croatia, Cuba, Fiji, French Guiana, Goat Island, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guyana, Hawaii, Hispaniola, Jamaica, Japan, Jost Van Dyke, La Desirade, Lavango, Mafia (Tanzania), Marie Galante, Martinique, Maui, Mauritius, Molokai, Nevis, Oahu, Puerto Rico, St. Croix, St. John, St. Kitts, St. Lucia, St. Martin, St. Thomas, St. Vincent, Surinam, Tortola, Trinidad, Vieques, and Water Island. Introduction was unsuccessful in the Dominican Republic. The Small Indian Mongoose or the Javan Mongoose is said to occur on Hong Kong since the 1980s, and to have been also introduced to some Indonesian islands (particularly Ambon). in Herpestidae

Distribution. SW Asia from Iraq and Iran to Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal, and Bhutan; also Bangladesh, Myanmar and S China (including Hainan I). Introduced to Antigua, Barbados, Beef Island, Buck Island, Carriacou, Croatia, Cuba, Fiji, French Guiana, Goat Island, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guyana, Hawaii, Hispaniola, Jamaica, Japan, Jost Van Dyke, La Desirade, Lavango, Mafia (Tanzania), Marie Galante, Martinique, Maui, Mauritius, Molokai, Nevis, Oahu, Puerto Rico, St. Croix, St. John, St. Kitts, St. Lucia, St. Martin, St. Thomas, St. Vincent, Surinam, Tortola, Trinidad, Vieques, and Water Island. Introduction was unsuccessful in the Dominican Republic. The Small Indian Mongoose or the Javan Mongoose is said to occur on Hong Kong since the 1980s, and to have been also introduced to some Indonesian islands (particularly Ambon).

Subspecies and Distribution. M. e. erminea Linnaeus, 1758 — Finland, Norway, NW Russia, and Sweden. M. e. aestiva Kerr, 1792 — most of mainland N & C Europe to C Asia in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan. M. e. alascensis Merriam, 1896 — S Alaska. M. e. anguinae Hall, 1932 — SW Canada (Vancouver I, British Columbia). M. e. arctica Merriam, 1896 — Alaska and NW Canada. M. e. bangsi Hall, 1945 — C Canada and NC USA. M. e. celenda Hall, 1944 — Alaska (Prince of Wales I). M.e. cicognanii Bonaparte, 1838 — SE Canada and NE USA. M. e. fallenda Hall, 1945 — W Canada (British Columbia) and NW USA (N Washington). M. e. ferghanae Thomas, 1895 — Afghanistan, N India, and Pakistan. M.e. gulosa Hall, 1945 — NW USA (E Washington). M.e. haidarum Preble, 1898 — W Canada (Queen Charlotte Is, British Columbia). M.e. hibernica Thomas & Barrett-Hamilton, 1895 — Ireland. M.e. imatis Hall, 1944 — Alaska (Baranof I). M.e. invicta Hall, 1945 — SW Canada (Alberta) and NW USA (Idaho & Montana). M.e. kadiacensis Merriam, 1896 — Alaska (Kodiak I). M.e. kaneti Baird, 1857 — NE China, Russia (E Siberia). M.e. karaginensis Jurgenson, 1936 — NE Russia (Karaginsky I). M.e. lymani Hollister, 1912 — E Russia (Altai Mts, Siberia). M.e. minima Cavazza, 1912 — Switzerland. M.e. mongolica Ognev, 1928 — NW China and Mongolian Altai. M. e. muricus Bangs, 1899 — USA (N California, Colorado, Idaho, New Mexico, Nevada, Oregon, South Dakota, Utah & Wyoming). M. e. nippon Cabrera, 1913 — Japan. M.e. olympica Hall, 1945 — NW USA (Olympic Peninsula, Washington). M.e. polaris Barrett-Hamilton, 1904 — Greenland. M.e.richardsonii Bonaparte, 1838 — N Canada. M.e. ricinae G. S. Miller, 1907 — Scotland (Islay I). M.e.salva Hall, 1944 — SE Alaska (Admiralty I). M.e.seclusa Hall, 1944 — SE Alaska (Suemez I). M.e.sempler Sutton & Hamilton, 1932 — Canada (Franklin & Keewatin Districts). M.e.stabilis Barrett-Hamilton, 1904 — Great Britain. M.e.streatori Merriam, 1896 — W USA (NE California, Oregon & coastal Washington). M.e.teberdina Kornejv, 1941 — Russian Caucasus. M.e. tobolica Ognev, 1923 — W Siberia. Introduced to New Zealand. in Mustelidae

Subspecies and Distribution. M. e. erminea Linnaeus, 1758 — Finland, Norway, NW Russia, and Sweden. M. e. aestiva Kerr, 1792 — most of mainland N & C Europe to C Asia in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan. M. e. alascensis Merriam, 1896 — S Alaska. M. e. anguinae Hall, 1932 — SW Canada (Vancouver I, British Columbia). M. e. arctica Merriam, 1896 — Alaska and NW Canada. M. e. bangsi Hall, 1945 — C Canada and NC USA. M. e. celenda Hall, 1944 — Alaska (Prince of Wales I). M.e. cicognanii Bonaparte, 1838 — SE Canada and NE USA. M. e. fallenda Hall, 1945 — W Canada (British Columbia) and NW USA (N Washington). M. e. ferghanae Thomas, 1895 — Afghanistan, N India, and Pakistan. M.e. gulosa Hall, 1945 — NW USA (E Washington). M.e. haidarum Preble, 1898 — W Canada (Queen Charlotte Is, British Columbia). M.e. hibernica Thomas & Barrett-Hamilton, 1895 — Ireland. M.e. imatis Hall, 1944 — Alaska (Baranof I). M.e. invicta Hall, 1945 — SW Canada (Alberta) and NW USA (Idaho & Montana). M.e. kadiacensis Merriam, 1896 — Alaska (Kodiak I). M.e. kaneti Baird, 1857 — NE China, Russia (E Siberia). M.e. karaginensis Jurgenson, 1936 — NE Russia (Karaginsky I). M.e. lymani Hollister, 1912 — E Russia (Altai Mts, Siberia). M.e. minima Cavazza, 1912 — Switzerland. M.e. mongolica Ognev, 1928 — NW China and Mongolian Altai. M. e. muricus Bangs, 1899 — USA (N California, Colorado, Idaho, New Mexico, Nevada, Oregon, South Dakota, Utah & Wyoming). M. e. nippon Cabrera, 1913 — Japan. M.e. olympica Hall, 1945 — NW USA (Olympic Peninsula, Washington). M.e. polaris Barrett-Hamilton, 1904 — Greenland. M.e.richardsonii Bonaparte, 1838 — N Canada. M.e. ricinae G. S. Miller, 1907 — Scotland (Islay I). M.e.salva Hall, 1944 — SE Alaska (Admiralty I). M.e.seclusa Hall, 1944 — SE Alaska (Suemez I). M.e.sempler Sutton & Hamilton, 1932 — Canada (Franklin & Keewatin Districts). M.e.stabilis Barrett-Hamilton, 1904 — Great Britain. M.e.streatori Merriam, 1896 — W USA (NE California, Oregon & coastal Washington). M.e.teberdina Kornejv, 1941 — Russian Caucasus. M.e. tobolica Ognev, 1923 — W Siberia. Introduced to New Zealand.

Subspecies and Distribution. A. c. cinereus Illiger, 1815 — S & SE China (including Hainan), Mainland SE Asia, Philippines (Palawan), Borneo, Sumatra, and Java. A. c. concolor Rafinesque, 1832 — Sub-Himalan zone in Nepal, Bhutan, NE India, N Myanmar, and SW China. A. c. nirnai Pocock, 1940 — SW India. in Mustelidae

Subspecies and Distribution. A. c. cinereus Illiger, 1815 — S & SE China (including Hainan), Mainland SE Asia, Philippines (Palawan), Borneo, Sumatra, and Java. A. c. concolor Rafinesque, 1832 — Sub-Himalan zone in Nepal, Bhutan, NE India, N Myanmar, and SW China. A. c. nirnai Pocock, 1940 — SW India.

opennotspecifiedAug 2011View details →

Subspecies and Distribution. S. s. scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 — W Europe, from Denmark, Germany, Poland, and Czech Republic to N Italy and N Iberian Peninsula; possibly also Albania. The taxonomic status of animals in Austria, Switzerland, Slovenia, and Slovakia is unclear but presumably these populations are included in scrofa, as are the populations of Sweden, Finland, and the Baltic states. However, restocking of once depleted populations, for example in Italy, has likely involved the introduction and mixing of this subspecies with other subspecies, such as attila. S. s. affinis Gray, 1847 — S India and Sri Lanka. S. s. algirus Loche, 1867 — Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco, on the coastal side of the mountains or in the low montane areas. S. s. attila Thomas, 1912 — Hungary, Ukraine, C & S Belarus, Romania, Moldova, and S Russia towards the N flank of the Caucasus, but not including the Transcaucasian countries of Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. The range possibly extends as far S as the Mesopotamian Delta in Iraq, in which case it would likely include W & SW Iran, and possibly E Turkey and Syria, where it borders with lybicus. Such a range could not be easily reconciled with a statement by Groves that "the difference between pigs from N and S of the Caucasus is quite striking; Transcaucasian boars are certainly not attila." This subspecies may also extend into C Asia and include Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan, but no data exist to support this. S. s. baeticus Thomas, 1912 — originally described from Coto Donana, S Spain, and later merged with meridionalis; also S Portugal. Unless evidence is found that these Italian and Iberian populations are the relics of a much larger formerly contiguous range, this subspecies should be kept as distinct. S. s. coreanus Heude, 1897 — Korean Peninsula. S. s. eristatus Wagner, 1839 — Himalayas S to C India and E to Indochina (N of the Kra Isthmus). S. s. davidi Groves, 1981 — the arid zone from E Iran to Gujarat, including Pakistan and NW India, and perhaps N to Tajikistan. S. s. leucomystax Temminck, 1842 — main Is ofJapan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, Nakadori, Hiburijima, Tojima, Kushima, and other smaller Is). S. s. lybicus Gray, 1868 — Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey, Syria, Jordan, Israel, Palestine, in the past also in Lybia, and Egypt. The former Yugoslavia was included in its range, which would suggest that now Slovenia, Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Kosovo are within the range of this subspecies, although the exact boundaries are unclear. Pigs from Albania have been assigned to S. s. scrofa. S. s. majori De Beaux & Festa, 1927 — C & S Italian Peninsula. S. s. menidionalis Forsyth Major, 1882 — Corsica and Sardinia, with the proviso that the two populations are very likely to be introduced or feral. S. s. moupinensis Milne-Edwards, 1871 — China, S to Vietnam and W to Sichuan. S. s. nigripes Blanford, 1875 — the flanks of the Tianshan mountains in Kyrgyzstan and NW China (Xinjiang). An animal photographed in NE Iran (Golestan) looked like this subspecies. S. s. nukiuanus Kuroda, 1924 — Iriomote, Ishigaki, Okinawa, Tokunoshima, Amamioshima, and Kakerome Is in the Ryukyu chain in extreme S Japan, though some of these populations have hybridized with introduced domesticates. S. s. sibiricus Staffe, 1922 — Mongolia and Transbaikal (S & E of Lake Baikal). S. s. tawvanus Swinhoe, 1863 — Taiwan. S. s. ussuricus Heude, 1888 — far E Russia and the Manchurian region (China). Korean populations were previously included in this subspecies, but based on new evidence, the Korean taxon seems more similar to moupinensis. S. s. vittatus Boie, 1828 — Malay Peninsula, S of the Isthmus of Kra, the offshore islands of Terutai and Langkawi, Sumatra, Riau Archipelago, Java, Bali, and a range of smaller islands around these, including Babi, Bakong, Batam, Bawean, Bengkalis, Bintan, Bulan, Bunguran, Cuyo, Deli, Durian, Enggano, Galang, Jambongan, Karimon (Riau Is), Kundur, Lagong, Laut, Lingga, Lingung, Mapor, Moro Kecil, North Pagai, Nias, Panaitan, Payong, Penang, Pinie, Rupat, Siantan, Siberut, Simeulue, Singkep, Sugi, Sugi Bawa, Telibon, Tinggi, Tuangku, and the Tambelan Is. This species was originally present from the British Is in the extreme W, through Eurasia from S Scandinavia to S Siberia, extending as far E as Korea and Japan, and SE into some of the Sunda Is and Taiwan. In the S the species ranged along the Nile Valley to Khartoum, and N of the Sahara in Africa, more orless following the continental coasts of S, E, and SE Asia. Within this range it was absent only from extremely dry deserts, e.g. the driest regions of Mongolia and in China W of Sichuan; and alpine zones, such as the high altitudes of Pamir and Tien Shan. In recent centuries, the range of S. scrofa has changed dramatically because of hunting and changes in available habitat. The species disappeared from the British Is in the 17" century, from Denmark in the 19" century, and was greatly reduced in range and numbers in the 20" century from areas as distant as Tunisia, Sudan, Germany, and Russia. Following these severe declines, there were some slight population recoveries in Russia, Italy, Spain, and Germany in the mid-20™ century, and natural and assisted range expansions in Denmark and Sweden. The species has also been inadvertently reintroduced in various locations in the Great Britain via escapees of mixed origin from commercial farming enterprises. Ex-S. scrofa stocks also occur as introduced feral populations in various other parts of the world, including Australia, New Zealand, the eastern Malay Archipelago, and in North, Central, and South America. In all of these areas they are now generally recognized as a major pest. in Suidae

Subspecies and Distribution. S. s. scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 — W Europe, from Denmark, Germany, Poland, and Czech Republic to N Italy and N Iberian Peninsula; possibly also Albania. The taxonomic status of animals in Austria, Switzerland, Slovenia, and Slovakia is unclear but presumably these populations are included in scrofa, as are the populations of Sweden, Finland, and the Baltic states. However, restocking of once depleted populations, for example in Italy, has likely involved the introduction and mixing of this subspecies with other subspecies, such as attila. S. s. affinis Gray, 1847 — S India and Sri Lanka. S. s. algirus Loche, 1867 — Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco, on the coastal side of the mountains or in the low montane areas. S. s. attila Thomas, 1912 — Hungary, Ukraine, C & S Belarus, Romania, Moldova, and S Russia towards the N flank of the Caucasus, but not including the Transcaucasian countries of Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. The range possibly extends as far S as the Mesopotamian Delta in Iraq, in which case it would likely include W & SW Iran, and possibly E Turkey and Syria, where it borders with lybicus. Such a range could not be easily reconciled with a statement by Groves that "the difference between pigs from N and S of the Caucasus is quite striking; Transcaucasian boars are certainly not attila." This subspecies may also extend into C Asia and include Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan, but no data exist to support this. S. s. baeticus Thomas, 1912 — originally described from Coto Donana, S Spain, and later merged with meridionalis; also S Portugal. Unless evidence is found that these Italian and Iberian populations are the relics of a much larger formerly contiguous range, this subspecies should be kept as distinct. S. s. coreanus Heude, 1897 — Korean Peninsula. S. s. eristatus Wagner, 1839 — Himalayas S to C India and E to Indochina (N of the Kra Isthmus). S. s. davidi Groves, 1981 — the arid zone from E Iran to Gujarat, including Pakistan and NW India, and perhaps N to Tajikistan. S. s. leucomystax Temminck, 1842 — main Is ofJapan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, Nakadori, Hiburijima, Tojima, Kushima, and other smaller Is). S. s. lybicus Gray, 1868 — Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey, Syria, Jordan, Israel, Palestine, in the past also in Lybia, and Egypt. The former Yugoslavia was included in its range, which would suggest that now Slovenia, Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Kosovo are within the range of this subspecies, although the exact boundaries are unclear. Pigs from Albania have been assigned to S. s. scrofa. S. s. majori De Beaux & Festa, 1927 — C & S Italian Peninsula. S. s. menidionalis Forsyth Major, 1882 — Corsica and Sardinia, with the proviso that the two populations are very likely to be introduced or feral. S. s. moupinensis Milne-Edwards, 1871 — China, S to Vietnam and W to Sichuan. S. s. nigripes Blanford, 1875 — the flanks of the Tianshan mountains in Kyrgyzstan and NW China (Xinjiang). An animal photographed in NE Iran (Golestan) looked like this subspecies. S. s. nukiuanus Kuroda, 1924 — Iriomote, Ishigaki, Okinawa, Tokunoshima, Amamioshima, and Kakerome Is in the Ryukyu chain in extreme S Japan, though some of these populations have hybridized with introduced domesticates. S. s. sibiricus Staffe, 1922 — Mongolia and Transbaikal (S & E of Lake Baikal). S. s. tawvanus Swinhoe, 1863 — Taiwan. S. s. ussuricus Heude, 1888 — far E Russia and the Manchurian region (China). Korean populations were previously included in this subspecies, but based on new evidence, the Korean taxon seems more similar to moupinensis. S. s. vittatus Boie, 1828 — Malay Peninsula, S of the Isthmus of Kra, the offshore islands of Terutai and Langkawi, Sumatra, Riau Archipelago, Java, Bali, and a range of smaller islands around these, including Babi, Bakong, Batam, Bawean, Bengkalis, Bintan, Bulan, Bunguran, Cuyo, Deli, Durian, Enggano, Galang, Jambongan, Karimon (Riau Is), Kundur, Lagong, Laut, Lingga, Lingung, Mapor, Moro Kecil, North Pagai, Nias, Panaitan, Payong, Penang, Pinie, Rupat, Siantan, Siberut, Simeulue, Singkep, Sugi, Sugi Bawa, Telibon, Tinggi, Tuangku, and the Tambelan Is. This species was originally present from the British Is in the extreme W, through Eurasia from S Scandinavia to S Siberia, extending as far E as Korea and Japan, and SE into some of the Sunda Is and Taiwan. In the S the species ranged along the Nile Valley to Khartoum, and N of the Sahara in Africa, more orless following the continental coasts of S, E, and SE Asia. Within this range it was absent only from extremely dry deserts, e.g. the driest regions of Mongolia and in China W of Sichuan; and alpine zones, such as the high altitudes of Pamir and Tien Shan. In recent centuries, the range of S. scrofa has changed dramatically because of hunting and changes in available habitat. The species disappeared from the British Is in the 17" century, from Denmark in the 19" century, and was greatly reduced in range and numbers in the 20" century from areas as distant as Tunisia, Sudan, Germany, and Russia. Following these severe declines, there were some slight population recoveries in Russia, Italy, Spain, and Germany in the mid-20™ century, and natural and assisted range expansions in Denmark and Sweden. The species has also been inadvertently reintroduced in various locations in the Great Britain via escapees of mixed origin from commercial farming enterprises. Ex-S. scrofa stocks also occur as introduced feral populations in various other parts of the world, including Australia, New Zealand, the eastern Malay Archipelago, and in North, Central, and South America. In all of these areas they are now generally recognized as a major pest.

Subspecies and Distribution. C. lupus Linnaeus, 1758 - Asia, Europe. C. l. albus Kerr, 1792 — N Russia. C. l. arctos Pocock, 1935 — Canadian High Arctic. C. l. baileyi Nelson & Goldman, 1929 — Mexico, SW USA (extinct in the wild). C. l. communis Dwigubski, 1804 — C Russia. C. l. cubanensis Ognev, 1923 — E-C Asia. C. l. dingo Meyer, 1793 — SE Asia and Australasia. C. l. lycaon Schreber, 1775 — SE Canada, NE USA. C. l. nubilus Say, 1823 — E-C Canada and C USA. C. l. occidentalis Richardson, 1829 — Alaska, NW Canada. C. l. pallipes Sykes, 1831 — Middle East and SW Asia to India. in Canidae

Subspecies and Distribution. C. lupus Linnaeus, 1758 - Asia, Europe. C. l. albus Kerr, 1792 — N Russia. C. l. arctos Pocock, 1935 — Canadian High Arctic. C. l. baileyi Nelson & Goldman, 1929 — Mexico, SW USA (extinct in the wild). C. l. communis Dwigubski, 1804 — C Russia. C. l. cubanensis Ognev, 1923 — E-C Asia. C. l. dingo Meyer, 1793 — SE Asia and Australasia. C. l. lycaon Schreber, 1775 — SE Canada, NE USA. C. l. nubilus Say, 1823 — E-C Canada and C USA. C. l. occidentalis Richardson, 1829 — Alaska, NW Canada. C. l. pallipes Sykes, 1831 — Middle East and SW Asia to India.

Subspecies and Distribution. P.m. marmorata Martin, 1837 — Continental SE Asia, from SW China to Malaysia, and islands of Sumatra and Borneo. P.m. charltoni Gray, 1846 — Sub-Himalayan region, from Nepal to Mynamar. in Felidae

Subspecies and Distribution. P.m. marmorata Martin, 1837 — Continental SE Asia, from SW China to Malaysia, and islands of Sumatra and Borneo. P.m. charltoni Gray, 1846 — Sub-Himalayan region, from Nepal to Mynamar.

Distribution. SC & S Europe (including Sicily, Cyprus, Crete, and smaller Mediterranean Is), SW Asia from Asia Minor, the Caucasus region, Palestine, and N Jordan to Kashmir, the Altai Mts, Nepal, N India, and N & C China. in Vespertilionidae

Distribution. SC & S Europe (including Sicily, Cyprus, Crete, and smaller Mediterranean Is), SW Asia from Asia Minor, the Caucasus region, Palestine, and N Jordan to Kashmir, the Altai Mts, Nepal, N India, and N & C China.

Distribution. Europe, from S Sweden, S of Britain, and Iberian Peninsula to Ukraine, Greece, and Thrace (including Corsica and Sicily Is in the Mediterranean), isolated areas in SW Asia including Turkey (Anatolia) and the Caucasus region. in Vespertilionidae

Distribution. Europe, from S Sweden, S of Britain, and Iberian Peninsula to Ukraine, Greece, and Thrace (including Corsica and Sicily Is in the Mediterranean), isolated areas in SW Asia including Turkey (Anatolia) and the Caucasus region.

Distribution. SE Europe from Albania and Greece (including Crete) N to S Ukraine and S Russia, the Caucasus, Turkey, and N Iran, and through C Asia to W Mongolia, N, E & C China (including Hainan), and the Himalayas; isolated populations in S Croatia and Korea. Specimens collected from SW Syria may representjuvenile Geoffroy's Myotis (M. emarginatus) or a different form, and are not mapped here. in Vespertilionidae

Distribution. SE Europe from Albania and Greece (including Crete) N to S Ukraine and S Russia, the Caucasus, Turkey, and N Iran, and through C Asia to W Mongolia, N, E & C China (including Hainan), and the Himalayas; isolated populations in S Croatia and Korea. Specimens collected from SW Syria may representjuvenile Geoffroy's Myotis (M. emarginatus) or a different form, and are not mapped here.

Distribution. Widespread in S & SE Asia, in India (including Andaman Is), Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietham, and Cambodia; it might occur in SW China. It is probably more widespread than is currently known. in Vespertilionidae

Distribution. Widespread in S & SE Asia, in India (including Andaman Is), Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietham, and Cambodia; it might occur in SW China. It is probably more widespread than is currently known.

Subspecies and Distribution. P.p.pipistrellusSchreber,1774—mostofEurope(fromIrelandandIberianPeninsulaEtoRussia),Turkey,Levant,Caucasus,andNAfrica(MtsofMorocco,Algeria,Tunisia,andLibya). P. p. aladdin Thomas, 1905 — SW & E Asia (Iran E to Kazakhstan and Afghanistan, India, NE Myanmar, W, E & S China, and Taiwan I). in Vespertilionidae

Subspecies and Distribution. P.p.pipistrellusSchreber,1774—mostofEurope(fromIrelandandIberianPeninsulaEtoRussia),Turkey,Levant,Caucasus,andNAfrica(MtsofMorocco,Algeria,Tunisia,andLibya). P. p. aladdin Thomas, 1905 — SW & E Asia (Iran E to Kazakhstan and Afghanistan, India, NE Myanmar, W, E & S China, and Taiwan I).

opennotspecifiedJul 2016View details →

Distribution. SW Asia, Kopet Dag Mts and Malyy Balkhan Mts of SW Turkmenistan and NE Iran; historic remains from WC Afghanistan discussed under taxonomy. Distributional limits are not known. in Gliridae

Distribution. SW Asia, Kopet Dag Mts and Malyy Balkhan Mts of SW Turkmenistan and NE Iran; historic remains from WC Afghanistan discussed under taxonomy. Distributional limits are not known.

opennotspecifiedJul 2016View details →

Distribution. SE Asia, from NE India (Assam, Meghalaya, and Mizoram) E to C & S China (S Sichuan, Guizhou, E Hubei, N Hunan, Yunnan, Guangxi, and including Hainan I) and S through Burma (= Myanmar) and mainland South-east Asia to Peninsular Malaysia, also on Tarutao I (SW coast of Thailand), and on Aur, Pemanggil, and Tioman Is (E coast of Peninsular Malaysia); possibly present in Bangladesh. Recorded from Sumatra but needsverification. in Hystricidae

Distribution. SE Asia, from NE India (Assam, Meghalaya, and Mizoram) E to C & S China (S Sichuan, Guizhou, E Hubei, N Hunan, Yunnan, Guangxi, and including Hainan I) and S through Burma (= Myanmar) and mainland South-east Asia to Peninsular Malaysia, also on Tarutao I (SW coast of Thailand), and on Aur, Pemanggil, and Tioman Is (E coast of Peninsular Malaysia); possibly present in Bangladesh. Recorded from Sumatra but needsverification.

opennotspecifiedJul 2016View details →

Subspecies and Distribution. L.t.tolaiPallas,1778—InnerMongolia(=NeiMongol),andGansu(NCChina). L.t.buchariensisOgnev,1922—TajikistanandNEAfghanistan. L.t.cheybaniBaloutch,1978—SWIran(ZagrosMts). L.t.cinnamomeusShamel,1940—SWSichuan,andNYunnan(SCChina). L.t.filchneriMatschie,1908—Shaanxi(CChina). L.t.lehmanniSevertzov,1873—SKazakhstan,Turkmenistan,andextremeN&NEIran,EtoSSiberia,Mongolia,andXinjiang(NWChina). L. t. swinhoei Thomas, 1894 — from Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Inner Mongolia S to Hebei, Beijing, Henan, Shaanxi, Shanxi, and Shandong (NE & E China). The Tolai Hare occurs in the steppes E of the Caspian Sea, S to NE & SW Iran, E through the Middle Asian republics to Afghanistan, and from Kazakhstan and S Siberia to Mongolia, S Russian Far East, NW, C & NE China; an isolated population lives in S Iraq and SW Iran. A single specimen in South Asia might extend the distribution of the Tolai Hare as far S as Jammu and Kashmir, N India. in Leporidae

Subspecies and Distribution. L.t.tolaiPallas,1778—InnerMongolia(=NeiMongol),andGansu(NCChina). L.t.buchariensisOgnev,1922—TajikistanandNEAfghanistan. L.t.cheybaniBaloutch,1978—SWIran(ZagrosMts). L.t.cinnamomeusShamel,1940—SWSichuan,andNYunnan(SCChina). L.t.filchneriMatschie,1908—Shaanxi(CChina). L.t.lehmanniSevertzov,1873—SKazakhstan,Turkmenistan,andextremeN&NEIran,EtoSSiberia,Mongolia,andXinjiang(NWChina). L. t. swinhoei Thomas, 1894 — from Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Inner Mongolia S to Hebei, Beijing, Henan, Shaanxi, Shanxi, and Shandong (NE & E China). The Tolai Hare occurs in the steppes E of the Caspian Sea, S to NE & SW Iran, E through the Middle Asian republics to Afghanistan, and from Kazakhstan and S Siberia to Mongolia, S Russian Far East, NW, C & NE China; an isolated population lives in S Iraq and SW Iran. A single specimen in South Asia might extend the distribution of the Tolai Hare as far S as Jammu and Kashmir, N India.

opennotspecifiedNov 2017View details →

Subspecies and Distribution. O.z.zibethicusLinnaeus,1766—fromextremeSEManitoba,COntario,andCQuebec,Canada,SthroughEUSAtoextremeNETexas,extremeNLouisiana,Mississippi,Alabama,NGeorgia,andNWSouthCarolina. O.z.albusSabine,1823—Saskatchewan, Manitoba,andNOntario,Canada. O.z.aquiloniusBangs,1899—NQuebecandLabrador,Canada. O.z.bernard:Goldman,1932—SNevada,SECalifornia,andWArizona,USA,andNBajaCaliforniaandextremeNWSonora,Mexico. 0.z.aannamominusHollister,1910—fromSEAlberta,SSaskatchewan,andSManitoba,Canada,SthroughCUSAtoNTexas. O.z.goldmaniHuey,1938—SWUtah,SENevada,andNWArizona,USA. O.z.macrodonMerriam,1897—fromSEPennsylvaniaSalongthecoasttoNorthCarolina,USA. O.z.mergensHollister,1910—SEOregon,NC&NECalifornia,NNevada,andextremeNWUtah,USA. O.z.obscurusBangs,1894—Newfoundland,Canada. O.z.ocapitalisElliot,1903—WWashingtonandWOregon,USA. O.z.osoyoosensisLord,1863—fromSBritishColumbiaandSWAlberta,Canada,S alongtheRockyMtstoNNewMexico,USA. O.z.pallidusMearns,1890—fromSCArizonaEtoWNewMexico,USA. O.z.nipensisBailey,1902—fromCNewMexico,USAStoNChihuahua,Mexico. O.z.nwaliciusBangs,1895—fromSEcoastalTexasEtoextremeNWFlorida,USA. O.z.spatulatusOsgood,1900—fromPacificCoastofCAlaska,USA,SEtoSBritishColumbia,AlbertaandWSaskatchewan,Canada. O. z. zalophus Hollister, 1910 — SW & SC Alaska, USA. Introduced to most of Europe, Siberia, C Asia, Russian Far East, China, NE Korea, Japan (Honshu), S Chile, and S Argentina. in Cricetidae

Subspecies and Distribution. O.z.zibethicusLinnaeus,1766—fromextremeSEManitoba,COntario,andCQuebec,Canada,SthroughEUSAtoextremeNETexas,extremeNLouisiana,Mississippi,Alabama,NGeorgia,andNWSouthCarolina. O.z.albusSabine,1823—Saskatchewan, Manitoba,andNOntario,Canada. O.z.aquiloniusBangs,1899—NQuebecandLabrador,Canada. O.z.bernard:Goldman,1932—SNevada,SECalifornia,andWArizona,USA,andNBajaCaliforniaandextremeNWSonora,Mexico. 0.z.aannamominusHollister,1910—fromSEAlberta,SSaskatchewan,andSManitoba,Canada,SthroughCUSAtoNTexas. O.z.goldmaniHuey,1938—SWUtah,SENevada,andNWArizona,USA. O.z.macrodonMerriam,1897—fromSEPennsylvaniaSalongthecoasttoNorthCarolina,USA. O.z.mergensHollister,1910—SEOregon,NC&NECalifornia,NNevada,andextremeNWUtah,USA. O.z.obscurusBangs,1894—Newfoundland,Canada. O.z.ocapitalisElliot,1903—WWashingtonandWOregon,USA. O.z.osoyoosensisLord,1863—fromSBritishColumbiaandSWAlberta,Canada,S alongtheRockyMtstoNNewMexico,USA. O.z.pallidusMearns,1890—fromSCArizonaEtoWNewMexico,USA. O.z.nipensisBailey,1902—fromCNewMexico,USAStoNChihuahua,Mexico. O.z.nwaliciusBangs,1895—fromSEcoastalTexasEtoextremeNWFlorida,USA. O.z.spatulatusOsgood,1900—fromPacificCoastofCAlaska,USA,SEtoSBritishColumbia,AlbertaandWSaskatchewan,Canada. O. z. zalophus Hollister, 1910 — SW & SC Alaska, USA. Introduced to most of Europe, Siberia, C Asia, Russian Far East, China, NE Korea, Japan (Honshu), S Chile, and S Argentina.