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246 results for “Salmo”
Dataset and supplementary files - Behavioral response of chub (Squalius cephalus), barbel (Barbus barbus) and brown trout (Salmo trutta) to pulsed direct current electric fields and resulting optimal waveform for use at electrified bar racks
<p><strong>Behavior Library.zip: </strong>For each species and behavior observed during the experiments an exemplary video is provided. </p><p><strong>Behavior_all.pdf: </strong>Additional plots showing the thresholds for the first time each individual behavior was observed for all fish species and tested waveforms</p><p><strong>Species.pdf: </strong>Additional plot allowing direct comparison of observed thresholds for the tested species when subjected to different waveforms. </p><p><strong>data.csv:</strong> All data necessary to reevaluate the conducted experiments. The dataset consists of</p><ul><li>Experiment ID</li><li>waveform - indicating the set of electrical parameters used</li><li>fish species and fish id </li><li>behavior - observed behavior</li><li>time from and time to - time in s after the start of the experiment that a behavior was started and ended respectively</li><li>type - point or interval referring to whether a behavior is considered instantaneous or continuous</li><li>voltage - applied voltage at the start of the given behavior</li><li>experiment_timestamp - date and time of the start of the experiment</li><li>breathing rate start - breathing rate at the start of the experiment</li><li>water conductivity - water conductivity at a reference temperature of 25°C [muS/cm]</li><li>water temperature [°C]</li><li>breathing rate end - breathing rate at the end of the experiment</li><li>meta behavior - assigned category of meta behavior based on the observe behavior category</li><li>standard length, total length and height - standard length, total length and height of the tested fish in [mm]</li><li>volume - calculated fish volume based on the measured length and height and an assumed elliptical form of the fish</li><li>Fangdatum - Date of catch</li><li>t.Pulse - pulse length of the tested waveform [ms]</li><li>Frequency - Frequency of the tested waveform</li><li>N.Pulses.Group - Number of pulses per group of pulses for the waveform pattern</li><li>t.Gap - time between two pulses within a group of pulses [ms]</li><li>DutyCycle - Percentage of time current is flowing for a given waveform. Calculated based on the waveform parameters</li><li>usage - first, second or third time a fish was used in the experiments. </li><li>field strength - field strength at the time of this behavior calculated based on the applied voltage</li><li>c_w ambient water conductivity [muS/cm]</li><li>p_d - power density calculated based on the field strength and the ambient water conductivity</li><li>p_t - power transferred to the fish calculated based on the field strength, the ambient water conductivity and an assumed conductivity of the fish of 115 muS/cm</li></ul><p> </p><p> </p>
Mean measured proximate content for 144 samples of salmo salar
<p>Data from a survey of nitrogen content in farmed Atlantic Salmon.</p> <p>This is a reduced data set derived from data obtained in a published survey: See Colwell, P., Ellison, S. L. R., Walker, M. J., Elahi, S., Burns, D. T., & Gray, K. (2011). Nitrogen Factors for Atlantic Salmon, Salmo salar, farmed in Scotland and in Norway and for the derived ingredient, “Salmon Frame Mince”, in Fish Products. <em>Journal of the Association of Public Analysts (Online)</em>, <em>39</em>, 44.</p> <p>The data set is reduced by a) restriction to fillet and whole fish (omitting frame mince), b) restriction to nitrogen and fat content c) averaging of duplicate original observations. The reduced data set forms a complete full factorial design on five factors affecting nitrogen content.</p> <p>The data set is in the tab-delimited text file Salmon_N_means_FW.txt; Data field descriptions are provided in Salmon_N_means_FW_fields.txt.</p>
Autopolyploidy Genome Duplication Preserves Other Ancient Genome Duplications in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Supplementary Datasets
<p>For various species, alignments were found between a protein database (produced from Zebrafish) and the sequenced genome of that species. Using Perl scripts and the alignments, gene models were identified in the various species based on the protein sequences. </p> <ul> <li>The gene models, for the various species, can be found in the .gff3 files. Some of the .gff3 files have had ribosomal proteins removed. </li> <li>Homeologous regions were then identified using Perl scripts and can be found in .gff3 files as well. They have Homeologous_Regions.gff3 in their title. </li> <li>Homeologous genes in these regions were counted (named XX_XX_Homeologous_Regions.txt), and compared to all of the genes (not just homeologous genes) in these regions (named Gene_Count_Homeolgous_XX_XX_XX.txt) to find the density. </li> <li>Homeologous gene sequences were compared to each other to identify the Ps values between them using a program called SNAP (Files with _Homeologous_region_analysis_version_1.2.txt at the end). </li> <li>The analyses of these files are summarized in "Pn_Ps_Values_Vertebrate_Homeologous_Regions.ods." </li> <li>The synteny between species can be found in the files with .seg extensions (These can be opened in IGV). </li> <li>A comparison between the gene density and Ps value for each homeologous region can be found in the file, "Gene_Density_Compared_to_Ps_Values.ods."</li> </ul> <p>Included is an extended readme file and Perl scripts (.pl extension) in a compressed file (Final_Scripts.tar.gz).</p>
Figure 2 in Extant because important or important because extant? On the scientific importance and conservation of a genetically pure Sicilian population of the threatened Salmo cettii Rafinesque, 1810
Figure 2. – Individual Salmo cettii from Tellesimo Stream (for the morphological and phenotypical characteristics of Sicilian trout see: Duchi, 1988; Fruciano et al., 2014; Duchi, 2018).
F I G U R E 6 in Variation in the post-smolt growth pattern of wild one sea-winter salmon (Salmo salar L.), and its linkage to surface warming in the eastern North Atlantic Ocean
F I G U R E 6 Back-calculated mean body length (±95% confidence interval) of Salmo salar at the midpoint of the winter annulus, following the conclusion of the post-smolt growth period
F I G U R E 1 in Variation in the post-smolt growth pattern of wild one sea-winter salmon (Salmo salar L.), and its linkage to surface warming in the eastern North Atlantic Ocean
F I G U R E 1 Hierarchical cluster analysis of intercirculus spacing for scales of Salmo salar. (a) The dendrogram for k = 20 using Euclidean distance and Ward linkage for z-scored and interpolated data. The five major sub-branches (A–E) and the 20 clusters are ordered sequentially from the left. (b) The standardized intercirculus spacing plots for the 20 clusters. Clusters are colour-coded and ordered as in (a). The LOESS fits for each cluster are shown as a black line and the number of fish per cluster (n) is also shown
F I G U R E 1 in Differences in growth between offspring of anadromous and freshwater brown trout Salmo trutta
F I G U R E 1 The River Imsa (1) in southwestern Norway where the anadromous Salmo trutta spawned. (A) The location of the fish trap where the anadromous fish were sampled. (B) The location of the upstream impassable waterfall, built between 1993 and 1995. (C) The brook, Fossbekk, where the resident fish spawned
F I G U R E 2 in Variation in the post-smolt growth pattern of wild one sea-winter salmon (Salmo salar L.), and its linkage to surface warming in the eastern North Atlantic Ocean
F I G U R E 2 Tabulation of significant under- and over-representation of the 10 most frequent growth pattern categories (and "Others") for Salmo salar scales amongst the 20 dendrogram clusters. Proportions of growth pattern frequency were compared to the overall population proportion of scales for k = 20 with Ward linkage, and clustering of the z-scored and interpolated data. Light shading (−) indicates significant under-representation and dark shading (+) indicates over-representation. Sample sizes (n) for each growth pattern across the time-series are shown
FIGURE 8 in Effects of repeated anaesthesia on gill and general health of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar
FIGURE 8 Seven Box plot of median (), 25th and 75th percentiles (), range () and outlier () leukocytes counts of whole blood smears from Salmo salar given single (n = 10) or repeated (n = 30) exposure to the anaesthetics MS-222 (80 mg l−1), metomidate (12.5 mg l−1) and AQUI-S (17 mg l−1). (a) lymphocytes; (b) thrombocytes; (c) neutrophils, (d) monocytes. *, P <0.05
FIGURE 7 in Effects of repeated anaesthesia on gill and general health of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar
FIGURE 7 Box plot of median (), 25th and 75th percentiles (), range () and outlier () glucose concentrations of plasma from Salmo salar after single (n = 10) or repeat exposure (n = 30) to the anaesthetics MS-222 (80 mg l−1), metomidate (12.5 mg l−1) and AQUI-S (17 mg l−1). No significant differences were found using a Van der Waerden test
FIGURE 4 in Effects of repeated anaesthesia on gill and general health of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar
FIGURE 4 Mean (+SE) accumulation of anaesthetics MS-222, metomidate and AQUI-S in muscle tissue of Salmo salar, as detected by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Repeated exposure groups were anaesthetized to Stage III Plane 1 at seven timepoints every four days (Figure 1), followed by a lethal dose of anaesthetic at day 28. Single exposure groups were left undisturbed throughout the experiment, until day 28 and then treated with a lethal dose of anaesthetic. No significant differences were found between single and repeated doses of respective anaesthetics () Single, and () Repeated
FIGURE 6 in Effects of repeated anaesthesia on gill and general health of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar
FIGURE 6 Mean (+SE) expression of selected genes from Salmo salar head kidney relative to the housekeeping gene elongation factor α (elfα). Head kidney was analysed after a single (n = 10) or repeated exposure (n = 30) to (a) MS-222 (80 mg l−1) () Single, and () Repeat, (b) metomidate (12.5 mg l−1) () Single, and () Repeat and (c) AQUI-S (17 mg l−1) () Single, and () Repeat. Log -transformed data were 10 compared by one-way ANOVA. *P <0.05
FIGURE 3 in Effects of repeated anaesthesia on gill and general health of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar
FIGURE 3 Mean epithelial lifting score (Table 1) for Salmo salar gills assessed by histology after repeated or single dose exposures of fish to the anaesthetics MS-222 (80 mg l−1), metomidate (12.5 mg l−1) and AQUI-S (17 mg l−1). Different letters denote significant differences (P <0.05) between groups assessed by ordinal regression analysis
FIGURE 5 in Effects of repeated anaesthesia on gill and general health of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar
FIGURE 5 Mean (+SE) relative expression of selected genes in Salmo salar gills. Gene expression level was quantified by real-time PCR, normalized using the housekeeping gene elongation factor α (elfα), and expressed as arbitrary unit where the expression in single exposure is 1. Gills were analysed after a single (n = 10) or repeated exposure (n = 30) to (a) MS-222 (80 mg l−1) () Single, and () Repeat, (b) metomidate (12.5 mg l−1) () Single, and () Repeat and (c) AQUI-S (17 mg l−1) () Single, and () Repeat. Log -transformed data were 10 compared by one-way ANOVA. *P <0.05; **, P <0.01; ***P <0.001
F I G U R E 4 in Variation in the post-smolt growth pattern of wild one sea-winter salmon (Salmo salar L.), and its linkage to surface warming in the eastern North Atlantic Ocean
F I G U R E 4 Time-series changes in ocean surface temperature and Salmo salar scale growth pattern. (a) Changes in monthly SST anomaly for the 250 and 500 km standard deviation spatially weighted kernels in the Norwegian Sea (April 1992 – March 2011). (b) Changes in frequency (proportion within years) of selected growth patterns. The three selected pattern groupings illustrate fish showing persistent Fast growth (F) throughout the post-smolt growth season, Slow growth followed by Fast growth (SF), and all patterns pooled that displayed one or more growth Checks. The growth pattern data for each capture year (b) are aligned with the SST anomaly in April of the previous year (a), coinciding with the commencement of annual smolt emigration
F I G U R E 5 in Variation in the post-smolt growth pattern of wild one sea-winter salmon (Salmo salar L.), and its linkage to surface warming in the eastern North Atlantic Ocean
F I G U R E 5 Monthly correlations between the SST anomalies throughout the post-smolt Salmo salar growth period and annual frequency of the Fast (F) and All Check growth patterns. The salmon data were lagged by -1 year to match the annual post-smolt growth seasons to the SST anomalies. Significant correlations (P <0.05; following adjustment of d.f. to allow for autocorrelation) are shown by the filled circles
F I G U R E 4 in Differences in growth between offspring of anadromous and freshwater brown trout Salmo trutta
F I G U R E 4 Mean growth per day (Ω, Equation 1, ±S.D.) at 18.3 C and 14.9 C of juvenile age 0 offspring of (a) 7.1 C and (b) 4.4 C incubated freshwater resident Salmo trutta (1, solid line) and anadromous (3, broken line), and hybrids between freshwater resident and anadromous (2, dotted line) S. trutta of the River Imsa, Norway
FIGURE 8 in Comparison between Atlantic salmon Salmo salar post-smolts reared in open sea cages and in the Preline raceway semi-closed containment aquaculture system
FIGURE 8 Mean (S.E.; n = 30) relative gene transcription values for (a) mef2c () Reference, and () Preline, (b) gata4 () Reference, and () Preline and (c) vegf () Reference, and () Preline using ef1α as standard in Salmo salar heart, both in fresh water and after rearing in Preline semiclosed containment system (S-CCS;) and reference group open pen () for 4 months in seawater. Significant differences between groups are indicated by different lower-case letters
FIGURE 2 in Effects of repeated anaesthesia on gill and general health of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar
FIGURE 2 Differential-interference contrast images of Salmo salar gill after dosing with three anaesthetic agents: (a) single and (d) repeat exposure to MS-222 (80 mg l−1); (b) single and (e) repeat exposure to metomidate (12 mg l−1); (c) single and (f) repeat exposure to AQUI-S (17 mg l−1). e, epithelial cell; sl, secondary lamella; p, pillar cell; g, goblet cell; pl, primary lamellae; er, erythrocyte., Area showing evidence of epithelial lifting; S.I., foci of mild subepithelial infiltration. Scale bar 100 μm. Magnification ×400
FIGURE 1 Log2 in Effects of repeated anaesthesia on gill and general health of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar
FIGURE 1 Log2 mean (SD, n = 3) repeat-treatment induction times of Salmo salar () to Stage III, Plane 1 anaesthesia with MS-222 (80 mg l−1), metomidate (12.5 mg l−1) and AQUI-S (17 mg l−1). P> 0.05 for each anaesthetic, as assessed by repeated measures ANOVA () MS-222, () Metomidate, and () AQUI-S
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