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Fig. 2 in Description of SarCoCYSTIS PlaTYrhYNChoSI n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Sarcocystidae) from domestic ducks ANaS PlaTYrhYNChoS (Anseriformes: Anatidae) in China

Fig. 2 Phylogenetic trees of selected members of Sarcocystis species. The trees were conducted using 18S rDNA (a), 28S rDNA (b) and mcox1 (c) sequences using maximum likelihood (ML) with the Kimura 2–parameter, Hasegawa–Kishino–Yano and Hasegawa–Kishino–Yano models, respectively. The values between the branches represent bootstrap values per 1000 replicates. Values <50% are not shown. Besnoitia besnoiti, Cystoisopora suis, Toxoplasam gondii or Hammondia heydorni were selected to root these trees.The newly obtained sequences of the 18S rDNA (OP480004), 28S rDNA (OP480005) and mtcox1 (OP485287) for Sarcocystis platyrhynchosi n. sp. are shown in bold. The phylogenetic trees inferred from the three genes had similar topologies, and Sarocystis platyrhynchosi formed a separate branch within a group encompassing Sarcocystis spp. obtained from avian or carnivorous intermediate hosts and avian marsupial, or carnivorous definitive hosts

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Fig. 1 in Description of SarCoCYSTIS PlaTYrhYNChoSI n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Sarcocystidae) from domestic ducks ANaS PlaTYrhYNChoS (Anseriformes: Anatidae) in China

Fig. 1 Morphological characteristics of Sarcocystis platyrhynchosi n. sp. isolated from the skeletal muscle of domestic ducks. a Light microscopy (LM) micrograph of a sarcocyst (unstained). Note the short brush-like villar protrusions (vps). b LM micrograph of lancet-like bradyzoites (unstained). c Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) micrograph of a sarcocyst. Note the lanceolated villar protrusions (vps) and the bundles of microtubes (mt) within the vps. d TEM micrograph of a sarcocyst. Note the narrowed stalk (arrowhead) of the vps, bundled mt extending into the ground substance (gs) and the smooth electron dense layer (edl) lining the vps

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Fig. 3 in Detection of Eumonospora henryae (Apicomplexa: Sarcocystidae) from Falco columbarius (Falconiformes: Aves): Comparison of host-parasite phylogram and comments on the family Sarcocystidae Poche, 1913

Fig. 3. Phylograms of the genus Eumonospora on the left and core land birds modified from McClure et al. (2019) on the right. The boxes under Eumonospora spp. represent detected host species and the shaded boxes encompass the Afroaves. The lines connect parasites and hosts encountered, with the dotted line indicating host switching across order boundaries.

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Fig. 1 in Detection of Eumonospora henryae (Apicomplexa: Sarcocystidae) from Falco columbarius (Falconiformes: Aves): Comparison of host-parasite phylogram and comments on the family Sarcocystidae Poche, 1913

Fig. 1. Optical (A, B) and differential interference contrast photomicrographs (C, D) of oocysts and sporocysts of Eumonospora sp. detected from Falco columbarius. Fig. 1A. Sporulated oocyst with stout sporozoites (SZ) inside a sporocyst (SP). Fig. 1B. A collapsed oocyst with a compact sporocyst residuum (SR) within an SP. Fig. 1C. Randomly diffused SR within an SP. Fig. 1D. Eight SZs with diffused SR. Scale bars = 10 μm.

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Fig. 2 in Detection of Eumonospora henryae (Apicomplexa: Sarcocystidae) from Falco columbarius (Falconiformes: Aves): Comparison of host-parasite phylogram and comments on the family Sarcocystidae Poche, 1913

Fig. 2. Phylogenetic trees based on three concatenated datasets (A: 18S + cox1, B: 18S + 28S, and C: 28S + cox1). Phylogenetic analyses are performed via Bayesian inference (BI) and maximum likelihood (ML) methods. Nodes are labelled with probability for BI method node support (left) and bootstrap value support for the ML method (right). Similar phylograms are illustrated with both methods in all datasets. Monophyletic clade of Eumonospora spp. branches off earlier than the clade of Besnoitia spp. and the clade comprising genera Hammondia, Heydornia, Neospora, and Toxoplasma. 18S: nuclear small subunit ribosomal DNA; 28S: nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA; cox1: mitochondrial Cytochrome C oxidase subunit 1; NA: not available.

Fig. 5. A data-display network constructed from uncorrected 18S rDNA p in Toxoplasma gondii and related Sarcocystidae parasites in harvested caribou from Nunavik, Canada

Fig. 5. A data-display network constructed from uncorrected 18S rDNA p-distances, using all characters, for tissue dwelling coccidians (mostly Sarcocystis spp.). Group names bear no taxonomic designation but merely assigned for discussion purposes. Bootstrap supports are displayed by the gray curves and associated values imposed on the network. Red dots indicate sequences generated in this study. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 4 in Toxoplasma gondii and related Sarcocystidae parasites in harvested caribou from Nunavik, Canada

Fig. 4. Maximum likelihood topology for tissue dwelling coccidians (mostly Sarcocystis spp.) generated from 18S rDNA sequence data analyzed in RAxML 8 under the GTRCAT approximation. Group names bear no taxonomic designation but merely assigned for discussion purposes. Bootstrap values> 60 are displayed above branches as branch/node support. Red dots indicate sequences generated in this study. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 2 in Toxoplasma gondii and related Sarcocystidae parasites in harvested caribou from Nunavik, Canada

Fig. 2. Observed seroprevalence of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in caribou harvested from 2 communities in Nunavik. Source: Nunavik Research Centre, Makivik Corporation.

Fig. 1 in Toxoplasma gondii and related Sarcocystidae parasites in harvested caribou from Nunavik, Canada

Fig. 1. General life cycle of Sarcocystidae parasites. 1, For Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum, oocysts are shed in feces by definitive hosts (DH, felids and canids, respectively), sporulate and become infective in the environment, whereas for Sarcocystis spp., sporulation occurs in the intestine of the definitive hosts and sporocysts are immediately infective for intermediate hosts. 2, Intermediate hosts (IH) ingest sporulated oocysts or sporocysts in food, water or soil. 3, Sporozoites are released, divide rapidly, and tachyzoites disseminate to somatic tissues of the IH, and form tissue cysts. 4, DH becomes infected by ingesting prey species with bradyzoites within tissue cysts. Created with BioR ender.com.

Fig. 3 in Toxoplasma gondii and related Sarcocystidae parasites in harvested caribou from Nunavik, Canada

Fig. 3. Sarcocystis DNA prevalence in heart and muscle of caribou harvested by 2 communities in Nunavik, Qu´ebec, Canada.

Fig. 3 in Molecular screening for Sarcocystidae in muscles of wild birds from Brazil suggests a plethora of intermediate hosts for Sarcocystis falcatula

Fig. 3. Phylogenetic tree of Sarcocystis spp. based on ITS1 sequences. The tree was constructed through the maximum likelihood method, using the best-fit model HKY + I. The final alignment contained 78 sequences and 661 aligned nucleotide positions. All positions containing gaps and missing data were eliminated (complete deletion option). Numbers on branches represent bootstrap values after 1000 replicates. The black dots identify the sequences obtained in this study.

Fig. 2. SAG1 in Molecular screening for Sarcocystidae in muscles of wild birds from Brazil suggests a plethora of intermediate hosts for Sarcocystis falcatula

Fig. 2. SAG1 (a), SAG2 (b) and SAG3 (c) haplotype networks for Sarcocystis falcatula and other closely related species obtained in this study. Perpendicular bars along the branches refer to mutation changes. The sizes of the circles are proportional to the numbers of haplotypes, and colors indicate the different orders of birds found. The numbers correspond to the sample IDs. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 2 in Role of three bird species in the life cycle of two Sarcocystis spp. (Apicomplexa, Sarcocystidae) in the Czech Republic

Fig. 2. Maximum likelihood tree for Sarcocystis halieti isolates from intermediate and definitive hosts (red asterisk) based on internal transcribed spacer sequences (HKY + I model). Sequences of the present study in blue. The tree was rooted on Sarcocystis arctica. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 1 in Molecular screening for Sarcocystidae in muscles of wild birds from Brazil suggests a plethora of intermediate hosts for Sarcocystis falcatula

Fig. 1. Phylogenetic tree of Sarcocystis spp. based on ITS1 sequences. The tree was constructed through the maximum likelihood method, using the best-fit model K2P + G. The final alignment contained 24 sequences and 389 aligned nucleotide positions. All positions containing gaps and missing data were eliminated (complete deletion option). Numbers on branches represent bootstrap values after 1000 replicates. The black dots identify the sequences obtained in this study.

Fig. 1 in Role of three bird species in the life cycle of two Sarcocystis spp. (Apicomplexa, Sarcocystidae) in the Czech Republic

Fig. 1. Sarcocystis halieti from Sturnus vulgaris. (a) Free thin-walled sarcocyst from skeletal muscle, wet mount. (b) Haematoxylin and eosin-stained histological sections of breast muscle with sarcocyst. Scale bars = 25 μm.

Fig. 3 in Sarcocystis calchasi and other Sarcocystidae detected in predatory birds in California, USA

Fig. 3. Phylogenetic tree based on 28S rRNA sequences of Sarcocystis spp. obtained from raptor intestinal samples and reference sequences available in GenBank. The phylogenetic relationships were determined by the Maximum Likelihood method using MEGA-X version 10.2.6 (Kumar et al., 2018). Numbers above or below nodes represent bootstrap confidence values from 500 replicates. The distances were computed using the Tamura-Nei model (Tamura and Nei, 1993). Branch lengths are proportional to sequence divergence and relate to the scale bar (bottom left). GenBank reference sequences are labeled by their accession number and associated information. Raptor sequences are labeled by animal identification number, region amplified (28S), Sarcocystis spp. with the highest homology found by BLASTn, 4-letter alpha-code for the raptor species common name, and NCBI accession number. COHA: Cooper's hawk (Accipiter cooperii), NOGO: northern goshawk (A. gentilis), RSHA: red-shouldered hawk (Buteo lineatus), RTHA: red-tailed hawk (B. jamaicensis), SSHA: sharp-shinned hawk (A. striatus). Note the Eumonospora henryae-like sequence was not included in the analysis. Detailed information for each bird and sequence is presented in Supplementary Table 1.

Fig. 1 in Sarcocystis calchasi and other Sarcocystidae detected in predatory birds in California, USA

Fig. 1. Number of avian carcasses evaluated for Sarcocystis spp. by county in California, USA between 2016 and 2020. Species include American crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos; n = 11), Cooper's hawk (Accipiter cooperii; n = 16), great horned owl (Bubo virginianus; n = 12), northern goshawk (A. gentilis; n = 2), peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus; n = 3), red-shouldered hawk (Buteo lineatus; n = 12), red-tailed hawk (B. jamaicensis; n = 36), and sharp-shinned hawk (A. striatus; n = 4).

Fig. 2 in Sarcocystis calchasi and other Sarcocystidae detected in predatory birds in California, USA

Fig. 2. Examples of two 28S rRNA chromatograms showing double, overlapping peaks. The chromatogram for northern goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) Z19-0970 (top) from Lassen County, California, USA shows the predominate nucleotide for Sarcocystis columbae (99.7% homology) and secondary nucleotide for S. turdusi (98.7% homology); clear double peaks are patent at positions 219, 234, 241 and 260. The chromatogram for Cooper's hawk (A. cooperii) Z20-0257 (bottom) from Los Angeles County, California, USA shows the predominate nucleotide for S. columbae (99.7% homology) and the secondary nucleotide for S. halieti (100% homology); clear double peaks are patent at positions 249 and 261. Note the marginal presence of noise in the remainder of the sequences.

Fig. 4 in Sarcocystis calchasi and other Sarcocystidae detected in predatory birds in California, USA

Fig. 4. Photomicrograph of intestine from Sarcocystis calchasi-positive Cooper's hawk (Accipiter cooperii) Z17-0062 collected from Los Angeles County, California, USA, showing sporocysts/oocysts (*) in the mucosa. Hematoxylin and eosin stain; scale bar 20 μm.