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5 results for “Secondary nucleation”
Data for: Low temperature ice nucleation of sea spray and secondary marine aerosols under cirrus cloud conditions
<p>Sea spray aerosols (SSA) represent one of the most abundant aerosol types on a global scale and have been observed at all altitudes including the upper troposphere. SSA has been explored in recent years as a source of ice nucleating particles (INPs) in cirrus clouds due to the ubiquity of cirrus clouds and the uncertainties in their radiative forcing. This study expands upon previous works on low temperature ice nucleation of SSA by investigating the effects of atmospheric aging of SSA and the ice nucleating activity of newly formed secondary marine aerosols (SMA) using an oxidation flow reactor. Polydisperse aerosol distributions were generated from a Marine Aerosol Reference Tank (MART) filled with 120 L of real or artificial seawater and were dried to very low relative humidity to crystallize the salt constituents of SSA prior to their subsequent freezing, which was measured using a Continuous Flow Diffusion Chamber (CFDC). Results show that for both primary SSA (pSSA), and the aged SSA and SMA (aSSA+SMA) at temperatures > 220 K, homogeneous conditions (92–97 % relative humidity with respect to water (RHw)) were required to freeze 1 % of the particles. However, below 220 K, heterogeneous nucleation occurs for both pSSA and aSSA+SMA at much lower RHw, where up to 1 % of the aerosol population freezes between 75–80 % RHw. Similarities between freezing behaviors of the pSSA and aSSA+SMA at all temperatures suggest that the contributions of condensed organics onto the pSSA or alteration of functional groups in pSSA via atmospheric aging did not hinder the major heterogeneous ice nucleation process at these cirrus temperatures that has previously been shown to be dominated by the crystalline salts. Occurrence of 1% frozen fraction of SMA, generated in the absence of primary SSA, was observed at/near water saturation below 220 K, suggesting it is not an effective INP at cirrus temperatures, similar to findings in the literature of other organic aerosols. Thus, any SMA coatings on the pSSA would only decrease the ice nucleation behavior of pSSA if the organic components were able to significantly delay water uptake of the inorganic salts, and apparently, this was not the case. Results from this study demonstrate the ability of lofted primary sea spray particles to remain an effective ice nucleator at cirrus temperatures, even after atmospheric aging has occurred over a period of days in the marine boundary layer prior to lofting. We were not able to address aging processes under upper tropospheric conditions.</p>
Data for: Low temperature ice nucleation of sea spray and secondary marine aerosols under cirrus cloud conditions
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Data for 'Alpha-synuclein oligomers form by secondary nucleation'
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Enhanced Ice Nucleation Activity by Metal Elements and Secondary Aerosols in Polluted Urban Atmosphere
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Secondary nucleation guided noncovalent synthesis of dendritic homochiral superstructures via growth on and from surface
<p>The <strong>file.zip</strong> contains the following files:</p> <p>1. <strong>Manuscript_experimental_data.xlsx</strong> --> The excel file contains the raw data about CD, absorption, secondary nucleation fitting data, IV characteristics and CPL sensing.</p> <p>2. <strong>phecore-phecore_rdf.dat</strong> --> Manuscript Figure 4(a): data regarding g(r) of phenyl core-core interactions</p> <p>3. <strong>D1.xyz</strong>, <strong>D2.xyz</strong>, <strong>D3.xyz</strong> --> Optimized lowest-energy dimer configuration of <strong><em>S</em>-G</strong> corresponding to Supplementary Figure 14(b)</p> <p>4. <strong>D4.xyz</strong>, <strong>D5.xyz</strong>, <strong>D6.xyz</strong> --> Optimized lowest-energy dimer configuration of <strong><em>S</em>-PDI</strong> corresponding to Supplementary Figure 14(b)</p> <p>5. <strong>inital_md_configuration_S-G_system.pdb</strong> and <strong>final_md_configuration_S-G_system.pdb</strong> are the initial and final configurations, respectively, correspond to the molecular dynamics simulation of a system where the <strong><em>S</em>-G</strong> oligomer is immersed in a solution of 15% CHCl3 in IPA.</p> <p>6. <strong>inital_md_configuration_S-PDI_system.pdb</strong> and <strong>final_md_configuration_S-PDI_system.pdb</strong> are the initial and final configurations, respectively, correspond to the molecular dynamics simulation of a system where the <strong><em>S</em>-PDI</strong> oligomer is immersed in a solution of 15% CHCl3 in IPA.</p>
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