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90 results for “Selective growth”
Growth parameters and resistance to Sphaerulina musiva-induced canker are more important than wood density for increasing genetic gain from selection of Populus spp. hybrids for northern climates
<p>The data was collected from a common garden genetics trial established in 2008 in northern Alberta, Canada. The trial represents 1978 (initial number) hybrid poplar clones from 63 families and includes interspecific crosses between <em>Populus deltoides</em> (D), <em>Populus nigra</em> (N), <em>Populus balsamifera</em> (B), <em>P. maximowiczii</em> (M), and <em>P. × petrowskyana</em> (<em>P. laurifolia</em> × <em>P. nigra</em>). Female clone 24 (‘Walker’ = (<em>Populus deltoides </em>× (<em>P. laurifolia × P. nigra</em>))) and male progeny clone 2403 (‘Okanese’ = (‘Walker’ × (<em>P. laurifolia × P. nigra</em>))) were used as reference clones. The study design was a randomized complete block design, with one ramet per clone in each of four blocks. Measurements were carried out after three, eight, and 10 growing seasons on the genetics trial. Results presented in ‘HybridPoplarsTrial.csv’ file, show is the raw data, while ‘Summary data.csv’ contains the mean values for clones obtained from the four blocks. Measured and calculated traits include: DBH (diameter at breast height; 1.3 m); H (height); canker (canker severity caused by <em>Sphaerulina musiva</em> (scale 0-3)); MAI (mean annual increment), V (volume).</p> <p>Description of headings:</p> <p>Trait [unit] - Description</p> <p>DBH_Age_3 [cm] - diameter at breast height at age 3</p> <p>H_Age_3 [m] - height at age 3</p> <p>DBH_Age_8 [cm] - diameter at breast height at age 8</p> <p>H_Age_8 [m] - height at age 8</p> <p>H_Age_10 [m] - height at age 10</p> <p>DBH_Age_10 [cm] - diameter at breast height at age 10</p> <p>Canker_Age_8 - canker severity caused by <em>Sphaerulina musiva</em> (scale 0-3)</p> <p>Canker_Age_10 - canker severity caused by <em>Sphaerulina musiva</em> (scale 0-3)</p> <p>V_Age_8 [m<sup>3</sup> ha<sup>-1</sup>] - volume at age 8</p> <p>MAI_Age_8 [m<sup>3</sup> ha<sup>-1</sup> yr<sup>-1</sup>] - mean annual increment at age 8</p> <p>V_Age_10 [m<sup>3</sup> ha<sup>-1</sup>] - volume at age 10</p> <p>MAI_Age_10 [m<sup>3</sup> ha<sup>-1</sup> yr<sup>-1</sup>] - mean annual increment at age 10</p> <p>WD_Age_10 [kg m<sup>-3</sup>] - wood density at age 10</p> <p> </p>
Robot Self-Assembly as Adaptive Growth Process: Collective Selection of Seed Position and Self-Organizing Tree-Structures
<p>Autonomous self-assembly allows to create structures and scaffolds on demand and automatically. The desired structure may be predetermined or alternatively it is the result of an artificial growth process that adapts to environmental features and to the intermediate structure itself. In a self-organizing and decentralized control approach the robots interact only locally and form the structure collectively. Designing a complete approach that allows the robot group to collectively decide on where to start the self-assembly, that adapts at runtime to environmental conditions, and that guarantees the structural stability is challenging and does not yet exist. We present an approach to self-assembly inspired by diffusion-limited aggregation that generates an adaptive structure reacting to environmental conditions in an artificial growth process. During a preparatory stage the robots collectively decide where to start the self-assembly also depending on environmental conditions. In the actual self-assembly stage, the robots create tree-like structures that grow towards light. We report the results of robot self-assembly experiments with 50 Kilobots. Our results demonstrate how an adaptive growth process can be implemented in robots. We explain how our approach will be extended to a 3-d growth process and how robot self-assembly as an open-ended adaptive growth process opens up a multiplicity of future opportunities.</p>
Phage selection drives resistance-virulence trade-offs in Ralstonia solanacearum plant pathogenic bacterium irrespective of the growth temperature
<p><span>While temperature has been shown to affect the survival and growth of bacteria and their phage parasites, it is unclear if trade-offs between phage resistance and other bacterial traits depend on the temperature. Here, we experimentally compared the evolution of phage resistance-virulence trade-offs and underlying molecular mechanisms in phytopathogenic <em>Ralstonia</em> <em>solanacearum</em> bacterium at 25 °C and 35 °C temperature environments. We found that experimental growth conditions selected for small colony variants (SCVs) with increased growth rate and mutations in the quorum-sensing (QS) signalling receptor gene, <em>phcS</em>. Interestingly, SCVs were also phage-resistant and reached higher frequencies in the presence of phages in both temperature environments. Evolving phage resistance was costly in terms of reduced carrying capacity, biofilm formation and reduced virulence i<em>n planta</em> possibly due to loss of QS-mediated expression of key virulence genes. We also observed mucoid phage-resistant colonies that showed loss of virulence and reduced twitching motility likely due to parallel mutations in prepilin peptidase gene pilD. Moreover, phage-resistant SCVs from 35 °C-phage treatment had parallel mutations in genes encoding type II secretion system (T2SS) genes (<em>gspE</em> and <em>gspF</em>), indicating that defects in pseudopilus made bacterium resistant to the phage. Additional transcriptomic analysis revealed upregulation of CBASS and type Ⅰ restriction-modification phage defence systems in response to phage exposure, which coincided with reduced expression of motility and virulence-associated genes, including <em>pilD</em> and type II and III secretion systems. Together, these results suggest that phage resistance-virulence trade-offs are not affected by the growth temperature but can be mediated through both pre- and post-infection phage resistance mechanisms.</span></p>
Pest defenses under weak selection exert a limited influence on the evolution of height growth and drought avoidance in marginal pine populations
<p>Whilst droughts, intensified by climate change, have been affecting forests worldwide, pest epidemics are a major source of uncertainty for assessing drought impacts on forest trees. Thus far, little information has documented the adaptability and evolvability of traits related to drought and pests simultaneously. We conducted common-garden experiments to investigate how several phenotypic traits (i.e., height growth, drought avoidance based on water-use efficiency inferred from δ<sup>13</sup>C, and pest resistance based on defense traits) interact in five mature lodgepole pine populations established in four progeny trials in western Canada. The relevance of interpopulation variation in climate sensitivity highlighted that seed-source warm populations had greater adaptive capability than cold populations. In test sites, warming generated taller trees with higher δ<sup>13</sup>C and increased the evolutionary potential of height growth and δ<sup>13</sup>C across populations. We found, however, no pronounced gradient in defenses and their evolutionary potential along populations or test sites. Response to selection was weak in defenses across test sites, but high for height growth, particularly at warm test sites. Response to selection of δ<sup>13</sup>C varied depending on its selective strength relative to height growth. We conclude that warming could promote the adaptability and evolvability of growth response and drought avoidance with limited evolutionary influence from pest (biotic) pressures.</p>
Community-weighted mean traits in old-growth and selectively logged forest
<p><strong>Description: </strong></p> <p>Community-weighted mean traits from tree species that make up more than 80% basal area in plots in selectively logged forest at SAFE and in old-growth forest in Danum Valley and Maliau Basin. Sampled during the BALI project traits campaign</p> <p><strong>Project: </strong>This dataset was collected as part of the following SAFE research project: <a href="https://www.safeproject.net/projects/project_view/55"><strong>Biodiversity and land-use impacts on tropical ecosystem function (BALI): Quantifying functional trait distributions across the disturbance gradient</strong></a></p> <p><strong>Funding: </strong>These data were collected as part of research funded by:</p> <ul> <li>NERC (Standard grant, NE/K016253/1)</li> </ul> <p>This dataset is released under the CC-BY 4.0 licence, requiring that you cite the dataset in any outputs, but has the additional condition that you acknowledge the contribution of these funders in any outputs.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Permits: </strong>These data were collected under permit from the following authorities:</p> <ul> <li>Sabah Biodiversity Centre (Research licence JKM/MBS.1000-2.2(385))</li> </ul> <p> </p> <p><strong>XML metadata: </strong>GEMINI compliant metadata for this dataset is available <a href="https://www.safeproject.net/datasets/xml_metadata?id=3247602">here</a></p> <p><strong>Files: </strong>This dataset consists of 3 files: Both_CWM_traits.xlsx, CSP_protocol_Chlorophyll_and_Carotenoids.pdf, CSP_protocol_Phenols_Tannins_Analysis.pdf</p> <p><strong>Both_CWM_traits.xlsx</strong></p> <p>This file contains dataset metadata and 1 data tables:</p> <ol> <li> <p><strong>CMW_traits</strong> (described in worksheet CMW_traits)</p> <p>Description: Community-weighted mean traits of tree in plots in SAFE , Danum Valley and Maliau Basin sampled during the BALI project traits campaign</p> <p>Number of fields: 36</p> <p>Number of data rows: 8</p> <p>Fields:</p> <ul> <li><strong>location</strong>: Location (Field type: Categorical)</li> <li><strong>forest_type</strong>: Forest type (Field type: Categorical)</li> <li><strong>forestplots_name</strong>: Plot name coherent with forestplots database (Field type: ID)</li> <li><strong>plot_name_trait_campaign</strong>: Plot name used during the BALI trait campaign (Field type: ID)</li> <li><strong>CWM_total_K_mg.g_log</strong>: CWM foliar potassium concentration in mg per g dry weight, log transformed data (Field type: Numeric)</li> <li><strong>CWM_total_Ca_mg.g_log</strong>: CWM foliar calcium concentration in mg per g dry weight, log transformed data (Field type: Numeric)</li> <li><strong>CWM_total_Mg_mg.g_log</strong>: CWM foliar magnesium concentration in mg per g dry weight, log transformed data (Field type: Numeric)</li> <li><strong>CWM_total_P_mg.g_log</strong>: CWM foliar phosporus concentration in mg per g dry weight, log transformed data (Field type: Numeric)</li> <li><strong>CWM_N_perc</strong>: CWM foliar nitrogen concentration (Field type: Numeric)</li> <li><strong>CWM_15N_per_mil</strong>: CWM foliar 15N isotope concentration (Field type: Numeric)</li> <li><strong>CWM_C_perc</strong>: CWM foliar carbon concentration (Field type: Numeric)</li> <li><strong>CWM_13C_per_mil</strong>: CWM foliar 13C isotope concentration, expressed relative to Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite (VPDB) as δ13C in units of per mil [‰] (Field type: Numeric)</li> <li><strong>CWM_DR</strong>: CWM dark respiration measured on leaf attached to a branch that is cut under water and remains in water (Field type: Numeric)</li> <li><strong>CWM_Asat</strong>: CWM light-saturated net photosynthesis measured on leaf attached to a branch that is cut under water and remains in water. (Field type: Numeric)</li> <li><strong>CWM_Amax</strong>: CWM maximum photosynthetic capacity measured on leaf attached to a branch that is cut under water and remains in water. (Field type: Numeric)</li> <li><strong>CWM_leaf_thickness_mm_log</strong>: CWM thickness of leaf, log transformed data (Field type: Numeric)</li> <li><strong>CWM_dry_weight_mg_log</strong>: CWM leaf oven-dried weight, log transformed data (Field type: Numeric)</li> <li><strong>CWM_LA_mm2_log</strong>: CWM leaf area (LA) calculated from fresh leaves collected from branches, scanned immediately, log transformed data (Field type: Numeric)</li> <li><strong>CWM_SLA_mm2_mg</strong>: CWM specific leaf area (SLA) determined as the one-sided area of a fresh leaf, divided by its oven-dry mass. (Field type: Numeric)</li> <li><strong>CWM_LDMC_mg.g</strong>: CWM leaf dry-matter content (LDMC) is the oven-dry mass (mg) of a leaf, divided by its water-saturated fresh mass (g) mg g–1 (Field type: Numeric)</li> <li><strong>CWM_chla_mg.g</strong>: CWM foliar chlorophyll a content (Field type: Numeric)</li> <li><strong>CWM_chlb_mg.g</strong>: CWM foliar chlorophyll b content (Field type: Numeric)</li> <li><strong>CWM_carot_mg.g</strong>: CWM foliar carotenoids content (Field type: Numeric)</li> <li><strong>CWM_Fp_N_mm_log</strong>: CWM force to punch leaf, dividing the observed force (N) required to puncture the leaf lamina by the circumference of the instrument's rod, log transformed data (Field type: Numeric)</li> <li><strong>CWM_specific_Fp_log</strong>: CWM specific force to punch (Fp divided by lamina thickness), log transformed data (Field type: Numeric)</li> <li><strong>CWM_WD_B</strong>: CWM branch wood density from branch segment with bark (Field type: Numeric)</li> <li><strong>CWM_hemicellulose_perc</strong>: CWM foliar hemicellulose concentration (Field type: Numeric)</li> <li><strong>CWM_cellulose_perc</strong>: CWM foliar cellulose concentration (Field type: Numeric)</li> <li><strong>CWM_lignin_recalcitrants_perc</strong>: CWM foliar lignin and recalcitrants concentration (Field type: Numeric)</li> <li><strong>CWM_total_tannin_mg.g</strong>: CWM foliar tannin concentration (Field type: Numeric)</li> <li><strong>CWM_total_phenol_mg.g</strong>: CWM total foliar phenol concentration (Field type: Numeric)</li> <li><strong>CWM_chla_mg.mm2</strong>: CWM foliar chlorophyll a content expressed on leaf area basis (Field type: Numeric)</li> <li><strong>CWM_chlb_mg.mm2</strong>: CWM foliar chlorophyll b content expressed on leaf area basis (Field type: Numeric)</li> <li><strong>CWM_carot_mg.mm2</strong>: CWM foliar carotenoids content expressed on leaf area basis (Field type: Numeric)</li> <li><strong>CWM_N_mg.mm2</strong>: CWM foliar nitrogen concentration expressed on leaf area basis (Field type: Numeric)</li> <li><strong>CWM_total_P_mg.mm2.l</strong>: CWM foliar phosporus concentration expressed on leaf area basis, log transformed data (Field type: Numeric)</li> </ul> </li> </ol> <p><strong>CSP_protocol_Chlorophyll_and_Carotenoids.pdf</strong></p> <p>Description: Methodology of chlorophyll and carotenoids analysis, Carnegie Spectranomics protocol: https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B58dyv8L3FpMdGw0QWtiZElHQzQ/view</p> <p><strong>CSP_protocol_Phenols_Tannins_Analysis.pdf</strong></p> <p>Description: Methodology of phenols and tannins analysis, Carnegie Spectranomics protocol: https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B58dyv8L3FpMcTBHblQwRHdyRE0/view</p> <p><strong>Date range: </strong>2014-05-01 to 2018-09-01</p> <p><strong>Latitudinal extent: </strong>4.5000 to 5.0700</p> <p><strong>Longitudinal extent: </strong>116.7500 to 117.8200</p>
Functional traits of tree species in old-growth and selectively logged forest
<b>Description: </b><p>Traits matrix for tree species in selectively logged forest at SAFE and in old-growth forest in Danum Valley and Maliau Basin. Sampled during the BALI project traits campaign</p><p><b>Project: </b>This dataset was collected as part of the following SAFE research project: <a href="https://www.safeproject.net/projects/project_view/55"><b>Biodiversity and land-use impacts on tropical ecosystem function (BALI): Quantifying functional trait distributions across the disturbance gradient</b></a></p><p><b>Funding: </b>These data were collected as part of research funded by: </p><ul><li>NERC (Standard grant, NE/K016253/1)</li></ul><p>This dataset is released under the CC-BY 4.0 licence, requiring that you cite the dataset in any outputs, but has the additional condition that you acknowledge the contribution of these funders in any outputs.</p><p></p><p><b>Permits: </b>These data were collected under permit from the following authorities:</p><ul><li>Sabah Biodiversity Centre (Research licence JKM/MBS.1000-2.2(385))</li></ul><p></p><p><b>XML metadata: </b>GEMINI compliant metadata for this dataset is available <a href="https://www.safeproject.net/datasets/xml_metadata?id=3247631">here</a></p><p><b>Files: </b>This dataset consists of 3 files: Both_tree_functional_traits.xlsx, CSP_protocol_Chlorophyll_and_Carotenoids.pdf, CSP_protocol_Phenols_Tannins_Analysis.pdf</p><p><b>Both_tree_functional_traits.xlsx</b></p><p>This file contains dataset metadata and 1 data tables:</p><ol><li><p><b>Tree_functional_traits</b> (described in worksheet Tree_functional_traits)</p><p>Description: Traits matrix for tree species at SAFE and in Danum Valley, Maliau Basin sampled during the BALI project traits campaign</p><p>Number of fields: 84</p><p>Number of data rows: 717</p><p>Fields: </p><ul><li><b>location</b>: Location (Field type: Categorical)</li><li><b>forest_type</b>: Forest type: OG: old-growth plots, Maliau and Danum; SL: selectively logged plots at SAFE (Field type: Categorical)</li><li><b>forestplots_name</b>: Plot name coherent with forestplots database (Field type: ID)</li><li><b>plot_name_trait_campaign</b>: Plot name used during the BALI trait campaign (Field type: ID)</li><li><b>sample_code</b>: Sample code referencing: plot-'T'(ree) ID-branch type (Field type: ID)</li><li><b>branch_type</b>: Binary classification of branch sampled depending on their position in the tree crown. BS: sun branch; BSH: shade branch (Field type: ID)</li><li><b>sampling_date</b>: Date of sampling (Field type: Date)</li><li><b>tree_id</b>: Reference for tree tag label (Field type: ID)</li><li><b>species</b>: Tree species (Field type: Taxa)</li><li><b>height.m</b>: Height of tree individual (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>total_K_mg.g</b>: Foliar potassium content in mg per g dry weight (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>total_Ca_mg.g</b>: Foliar calcium content in mg per g dry weight (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>total_Mg_mg.g</b>: Foliar magnesium content in mg per g dry weight (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>total_P_mg.g</b>: Foliar phosporus content in mg per g dry weight (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>N_perc</b>: Foliar nitrogen concentration (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>15N_per_mil</b>: Foliar 15N isotope concentration (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>C_perc</b>: Foliar carbon concentration (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>13C_per_mil</b>: Foliar 13C isotope concentration, expressed relative to Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite (VPDB) as δ13C in units of per mil [‰] (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>CN</b>: Foliar carbon nitrogen ratio (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>DR_mean</b>: Mean dark respiration measured on leaf of a branch that is cut under water and remains in water, calculated from replicated leaves per branch (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>DR_sd</b>: Standard deviation of dark respiration measured on leaf of a branch that is cut under water and remains in water, calculated from replicated leaves per branch (Field type: Numeric)</li><li><b>DR_n</b>: Number of replicates, i.e. leaves per branch used for mean trait (Field type: Replicate)</li><li><b>Asat_cons_mean</b>: Mean light-saturated net photosynthesis measured on leaf of a branch that is cut under water and remains in water, calculated from replicated leaves per branch. Data cleaning very conservative: subset of values only with conductance higher 0.04, Ci between 150 - 300, and PS higher than 1, leading to fewer data points. (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>Asat_cons_sd</b>: Standard deviation of light-saturated net photosynthesis measured on leaf of a branch that is cut under water and remains in water, calculated from replicated leaves per branch (Field type: Numeric)</li><li><b>Asat_cons_n</b>: Number of replicates, i.e. leaves per branch used for mean trait (Field type: Replicate)</li><li><b>Amax_cons_mean</b>: Mean maximum photosynthetic capacity measured on leaf of a branch that is cut under water and remains in water, calculated from replicated leaves per branch. Data cleaning very conservative: subset of values only with conductance higher 0.04, Ci between 150 - 300, and PS higher than 1, leading to fewer data points. (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>Amax_cons_sd</b>: Standard deviation of maximum photosynthetic capacity measured on leaf of a branch that is cut under water and remains in water, calculated from replicated leaves per branch (Field type: Numeric)</li><li><b>Amax_cons_n</b>: Number of replicates, i.e. leaves per branch used for mean trait (Field type: Replicate)</li><li><b>Asat_mean</b>: Mean light-saturated net photosynthesis measured on leaf of a branch that is cut under water and remains in water, calculated from replicated leaves per branch (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>Asat_sd</b>: Standard deviation of light-saturated net photosynthesis measured on leaf of a branch that is cut under water and remains in water, calculated from replicated leaves per branch (Field type: Numeric)</li><li><b>Asat_n</b>: Number of replicates, i.e. leaves per branch used for mean trait (Field type: Replicate)</li><li><b>Amax_mean</b>: Mean maximum photosynthetic capacity measured on leaf of a branch that is cut under water and remains in water, calculated from replicated leaves per branch (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>Amax_sd</b>: Standard deviation of maximum photosynthetic capacity measured on leaf of a branch that is cut under water and remains in water, calculated from replicated leaves per branch (Field type: Numeric)</li><li><b>Amax_n</b>: Number of replicates, i.e. leaves per branch used for mean trait (Field type: Replicate)</li><li><b>LA_cm2_mean</b>: Mean leaf area (LA) calculated from fresh leaves collected from branches, scanned immediately. (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>LA_cm2_sd</b>: Standard deviation of leaf area (Field type: Numeric)</li><li><b>LA_cm2_n</b>: Number of replicates, i.e. leaves per branch used for mean trait (Field type: Replicate)</li><li><b>leaf_thickness_mm_mean</b>: Mean thickness of leaf (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>fresh_weight_g_mean</b>: Mean leaf fresh weight (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>dry_weight_g_mean</b>: Mean leaf oven-dried weight (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>dry_weight_mg_mean</b>: Mean leaf oven-dried weight (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>LDMC_mg.g_mean</b>: Leaf dry-matter content (LDMC) is the oven-dry mass (mg) of a leaf, divided by its water-saturated fresh mass (g) mg g–1 (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>leaf_thickness_mm_sd</b>: Standard deviation of leaf thickness (Field type: Numeric)</li><li><b>fresh_weight_g_sd</b>: Standard deviation of fresh leaf weight (Field type: Numeric)</li><li><b>dry_weight_g_sd</b>: Standard deviation of dry leaf weight (Field type: Numeric)</li><li><b>dry_weight_mg_sd</b>: Standard deviation of dry leaf weight (Field type: Numeric)</li><li><b>LDMC_mg.g_sd</b>: Standard deviation of leaf dry matter content (Field type: Numeric)</li><li><b>leaf_thickness_mm_n</b>: Number of replicates, i.e. leaves per branch used for mean trait (Field type: Replicate)</li><li><b>fresh_weight_g_n</b>: Number of replicates, i.e. leaves per branch used for mean trait (Field type: Replicate)</li><li><b>dry_weight_g_n</b>: Number of replicates, i.e. leaves per branch used for mean trait (Field type: Replicate)</li><li><b>dry_weight_mg_n</b>: Number of replicates, i.e. leaves per branch used for mean trait (Field type: Replicate)</li><li><b>LDMC_mg.g_n</b>: Number of replicates, i.e. leaves per branch used for mean trait (Field type: Replicate)</li><li><b>branch_height_m</b>: Height from where branch sample was taken (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>chla_mg.g</b>: Foliar chlorophyll a content (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>chlb_mg.g</b>: Foliar chlorophyll b content (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>carot_mg.g</b>: Foliar carotenoids content (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>Fp_N_mm_mean</b>: Mean force to punch leaf, dividing the observed force (N) required to puncture the leaf lamina by the circumference of the instrument's rod (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>Fp_N_mm_sd</b>: Standard deviation for force to punch (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>Fp_N_mm_n</b>: Number of replicates, i.e. leaves per branch used for mean trait (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>specific_Fp_mean</b>: Mean specific force to punch (Fp divided by lamina thickness) (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>specific_Fp_sd</b>: Standard deviation for force to punch (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>specific_Fp_n</b>: Number of replicates, i.e. leaves per branch used for mean trait (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>WD_B</b>: Branch wood density from branch segment with bark (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>WD_NB</b>: Branch wood density from branch segment without bark (bark removed prior measurement) (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>hemicellulose_perc</b>: Foliar hemicellulose concentration (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>cellulose_perc</b>: Foliar cellulose concentration (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>lignin_recalcitrants_perc</b>: Foliar lignin and recalcitrants concentration (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>Total_tannin_mg.g</b>: Total foliar tannin concentration (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>Total_phenol_mg.g</b>: Total foliar phenol concentration (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>SLA_mm2.mg_mean</b>: Specific leaf area (SLA) determined as the one-sided area of a fresh leaf, divided by its oven-dry mass. (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>total_K_mg.mm2</b>: Foliar potassium content expressed on leaf area basis (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>total_Ca_mg.mm2</b>: Foliar calcium content expressed on leaf area basis (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>total_Mg_mg.mm2</b>: Foliar magnesium content expressed on leaf area basis (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>total_P_mg.mm2</b>: Foliar phosporus content expressed on leaf area basis (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>chla_mg.mm2</b>: Foliar chlorophyll a content expressed on leaf area basis (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>chlb_mg.mm2</b>: Foliar chlorophyll b content expressed on leaf area basis (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>carot_mg.mm2</b>: Foliar carotenoids content expressed on leaf area basis (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>tannin_mg.mm2</b>: Foliar tannin content expressed on leaf area basis (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>phenol_mg_mm2</b>: Foliar phenol content expressed on leaf area basis (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>N_mg.mm2</b>: Foliar nitrogen content expressed on leaf area basis (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>C_mg.mm2</b>: Foliar carbon content expressed on leaf area basis (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>hemicellulose_mg.mm2</b>: Foliar hemicellulose content expressed on leaf area basis (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>cellulose_mg.mm2</b>: Foliar cellulose content expressed on leaf area basis (Field type: Numeric trait)</li><li><b>lignin_recalcitrants_mg.mm2</b>: Foliar lignin and recalcitrants content expressed on leaf area basis (Field type: Numeric trait)</li></ul></li></ol><p><b>CSP_protocol_Chlorophyll_and_Carotenoids.pdf</b></p><p>Description: Methodology of chlorophyll and carotenoids analysis, Carnegie Spectranomics protocol: https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B58dyv8L3FpMdGw0QWtiZElHQzQ/view</p><p><b>CSP_protocol_Phenols_Tannins_Analysis.pdf</b></p><p>Description: Methodology of phenols and tannins analysis, Carnegie Spectranomics protocol: https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B58dyv8L3FpMcTBHblQwRHdyRE0/view</p><p><b>Date range: </b>2014-05-01 to 2018-09-01</p><p><b>Latitudinal extent: </b>4.5000 to 5.0700</p><p><b>Longitudinal extent: </b>116.7500 to 117.8200</p><p><b>Taxonomic coverage: </b><br> All taxon names are validated against the GBIF backbone taxonomy. If a dataset uses a synonym, the accepted usage is shown followed by the dataset usage in brackets. Taxa that cannot be validated, including new species and other unknown taxa, morphospecies, functional groups and taxonomic levels not used in the GBIF backbone are shown in square brackets.</p><div>Plantae<br> - Tracheophyta<br> -  - Liliopsida<br> -  -  - Poales<br> -  -  -  - Poaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Dinochloa</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Dinochloa trichogona</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Imperata</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Imperata cylindrica</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Paspalum</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Paspalum virgatum</i><br> -  -  - Zingiberales<br> -  -  -  - Marantaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Phrynium</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Phrynium pubinerve</i><br> -  -  -  - Zingiberaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Etlingera</i><br> -  - Magnoliopsida<br> -  -  - Asterales<br> -  -  -  - Asteraceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Mikania</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Mikania micrantha</i><br> -  -  - Celastrales<br> -  -  -  - Celastraceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Lophopetalum</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Lophopetalum beccarianum</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Lophopetalum glabrum</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Lophopetalum javanicum</i><br> -  -  - Cornales<br> -  -  -  - Cornaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Alangium</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Alangium javanicum</i><br> -  -  -  - Nyssaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Mastixia</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Mastixia trichotoma</i><br> -  -  - Ericales<br> -  -  -  - Ebenaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Diospyros</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Diospyros andamanica</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Diospyros curranii</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Diospyros daemona</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Diospyros dictyoneura</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Diospyros macrophylla</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Diospyros muricata</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Diospyros pilosanthera</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Diospyros toposia</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Diospyros tuberculata</i><br> -  -  -  - Lecythidaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Barringtonia</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Barringtonia lanceolata</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Barringtonia macrostachya</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Barringtonia sarcostachys</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Planchonia</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Planchonia brevistipitata</i><br> -  -  -  - Pentaphylacaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Adinandra</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Adinandra dumosa</i><br> -  -  -  - Primulaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Ardisia</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Ardisia macrophylla</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Maesa</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Maesa macrothyrsa</i><br> -  -  -  - Sapotaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Madhuca</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Madhuca dubardii</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Madhuca korthalsii</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Palaquium</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Palaquium dasyphyllum</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Palaquium obovatum</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Palaquium sericeum</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Payena</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Payena acuminata</i><br> -  -  -  - Symplocaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Symplocos</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Symplocos fasciculata</i><br> -  -  -  - Theaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Pyrenaria</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Pyrenaria tawauensis</i><br> -  -  - Fabales<br> -  -  -  - Fabaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Archidendron</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Archidendron clypearia</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Crudia</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Crudia reticulata</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Crudia tenuipes</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Cynometra</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Cynometra mirabilis</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Dialium</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Dialium indum</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Dialium kunstleri</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Fordia</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Fordia brachybotrys</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Fordia splendidissima</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Sindora</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Spatholobus</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Spatholobus macropterus</i><br> -  -  -  - Polygalaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Xanthophyllum</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Xanthophyllum flavescens</i><br> -  -  - Fagales<br> -  -  -  - Fagaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Castanopsis</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Castanopsis hypophoenicea</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Lithocarpus</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Lithocarpus blumeanus</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Lithocarpus conocarpus</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Lithocarpus echinifer</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Lithocarpus gracilis</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Lithocarpus leptogyne</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Lithocarpus sundaicus</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Quercus</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Quercus argentata</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Quercus lowii</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Quercus merrillii</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Trigonobalanus</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Trigonobalanus verticillata</i><br> -  -  - Gentianales<br> -  -  -  - Apocynaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Alstonia</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Alstonia angustiloba</i><br> -  -  -  - Rubiaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Ludekia</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Ludekia borneensis</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Nauclea</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Nauclea officinalis</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Nauclea subdita</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Neolamarckia</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Neolamarckia cadamba</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Neonauclea</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Neonauclea gigantea</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Psydrax</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Psydrax dicoccos</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Uncaria</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Uncaria cordata</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Urophyllum</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Urophyllum polyneurum</i><br> -  -  - Lamiales<br> -  -  -  - Lamiaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Callicarpa</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Callicarpa pentandra</i><br> -  -  -  - Oleaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Chionanthus</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Chionanthus macrocarpus</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Chionanthus pluriflorus</i><br> -  -  - Laurales<br> -  -  -  - Lauraceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Actinodaphne</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Beilschmiedia</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Beilschmiedia micrantha</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Caryodaphnopsis</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Caryodaphnopsis tonkinensis</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Cryptocarya</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Cryptocarya nigra</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Cryptocarya nitens</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Dehaasia</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Dehaasia caesia</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Dehaasia incrassata</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Eusideroxylon</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Eusideroxylon zwageri</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Lindera</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Lindera lucida</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Litsea</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Litsea accedens</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Litsea angulata</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Litsea caulocarpa</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Litsea cordata</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Litsea garciae</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Litsea grandis</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Litsea rubiginosa</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Nothaphoebe</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Nothaphoebe umbelliflora</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Phoebe</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Phoebe grandis</i><br> -  -  - Magnoliales<br> -  -  -  - Annonaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Cyathocalyx</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Maasia</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Maasia sumatrana</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Miliusa</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Miliusa macropoda</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Monoon</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Neo-uvaria</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Neo-uvaria acuminatissima</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Orophea</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Orophea myriantha</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Phaeanthus</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Phaeanthus splendens</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Polyalthia</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Polyalthia obliqua</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Pseuduvaria</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Pseuduvaria borneensis</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Sageraea</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Sageraea elliptica</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Stelechocarpus</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Stelechocarpus cauliflorus</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Xylopia</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Xylopia ferruginea</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Xylopia stenopetala</i><br> -  -  -  - Magnoliaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Magnolia</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Magnolia borneensis</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Magnolia liliifera</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Magnolia tsiampacca</i><br> -  -  -  - Myristicaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Horsfieldia</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Horsfieldia crassifolia</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Knema</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Knema glauca</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Knema latifolia</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Knema laurina</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Knema oblongata</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Myristica</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Myristica smythiesii</i><br> -  -  - Malpighiales<br> -  -  -  - Achariaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Hydnocarpus</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Hydnocarpus woodii</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Ryparosa</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Ryparosa acuminata</i><br> -  -  -  - Calophyllaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Calophyllum</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Calophyllum soulattri</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Calophyllum woodii</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Mesua</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Mesua borneensis</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Mesua macrantha</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Mesua oblongifolia</i><br> -  -  -  - Centroplacaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Bhesa</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Bhesa indica</i><br> -  -  -  - Chrysobalanaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Atuna</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Atuna racemosa</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Licania</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Licania splendens</i><br> -  -  -  - Clusiaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Garcinia</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Garcinia benthamiana</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Garcinia forbesii</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Garcinia nervosa</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Garcinia parvifolia</i><br> -  -  -  - Euphorbiaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Blumeodendron</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Blumeodendron kurzii</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Blumeodendron tokbrai</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Hancea</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Hancea penangensis</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Macaranga</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Macaranga conifera</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Macaranga gigantea</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Macaranga hypoleuca</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Macaranga pearsonii</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Macaranga winkleri</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Mallotus</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Mallotus leucodermis</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Mallotus miquelianus</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Mallotus mollissimus</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Mallotus wrayi</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Neoscortechinia</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Neoscortechinia kingii</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Neoscortechinia philippinensis</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Ptychopyxis</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Ptychopyxis arborea</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Spathiostemon</i><br> -  -  -  - Hypericaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Cratoxylum</i><br> -  -  -  - Irvingiaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Irvingia</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Irvingia malayana</i><br> -  -  -  - Phyllanthaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Antidesma</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Aporosa</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Aporosa confusa</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Aporosa falcifera</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Baccaurea</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Baccaurea lanceolata</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Baccaurea macrocarpa</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Baccaurea pubera</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Baccaurea tetrandra</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Cleistanthus</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Cleistanthus hirsutulus</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Cleistanthus hylandii</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Cleistanthus oblongifolius</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Cleistanthus paxii</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Cleistanthus pubens</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Glochidion</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Glochidion borneensis</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Phyllanthus</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Phyllanthus lutescens</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Phyllanthus ruber</i><br> -  -  -  - Putranjivaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Drypetes</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Drypetes longifolia</i><br> -  -  -  - Salicaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Flacourtia</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Flacourtia rukam</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Homalium</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Homalium foetidum</i><br> -  -  - Malvales<br> -  -  -  - Dipterocarpaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Dipterocarpus</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Dipterocarpus caudiferus</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Dryobalanops</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Dryobalanops lanceolata</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Hopea</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Hopea plagata</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Hopea sangal</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Parashorea</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Parashorea malaanonan</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Parashorea smythiesii</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Parashorea warburgii</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Shorea</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Shorea almon</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Shorea angustifolia</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Shorea argentifolia</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Shorea beccariana</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Shorea faguetiana</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Shorea falciferoides</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Shorea fallax</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Shorea gibbosa</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Shorea guiso</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Shorea johorensis</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Shorea laevis</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Shorea leprosula</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Shorea leptoderma</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Shorea macrophylla</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Shorea macroptera</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Shorea ovalis</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Shorea ovata</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Shorea parvifolia</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Shorea parvistipulata</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Shorea pauciflora</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Shorea pinanga</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Shorea superba</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Shorea symingtonii</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Shorea xanthophylla</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Vatica</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Vatica dulitensis</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Vatica odorata</i><br> -  -  -  - Malvaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Boschia</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Boschia grandiflora</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Durio</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Durio graveolens</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Heritiera</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Heritiera elata</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Microcos</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Microcos crassifolia</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Pentace</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Pentace borneensis</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Pterygota</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Pterygota alata</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Scaphium</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Scaphium macropodum</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Sterculia</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Sterculia rubiginosa</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Sterculia stipulata</i><br> -  -  -  - Thymelaeaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Aquilaria</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Aquilaria beccariana</i><br> -  -  - Myrtales<br> -  -  -  - Combretaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Terminalia</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Terminalia citrina</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Terminalia foetidissima</i><br> -  -  -  - Lythraceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Duabanga</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Duabanga moluccana</i><br> -  -  -  - Melastomataceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Clidemia</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Clidemia hirta</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Melastoma</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Melastoma malabathricum</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Memecylon</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Memecylon oleifolium</i><br> -  -  -  - Myrtaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Syzygium</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Syzygium caudatilimbum</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Syzygium chloranthum</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Syzygium elopurae</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Syzygium grande</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Syzygium griffithii</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Syzygium kunstleri</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Syzygium lineatum</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Syzygium pancheri</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Syzygium panzeri</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Syzygium pustulatum</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Syzygium racemosum</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Syzygium rheophyticum</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Tristaniopsis</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Tristaniopsis whiteana</i><br> -  -  - Oxalidales<br> -  -  -  - Elaeocarpaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Elaeocarpus</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Elaeocarpus floribundus</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Elaeocarpus pedunculatus</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Elaeocarpus stipularis</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Sloanea</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Sloanea javanica</i><br> -  -  - Rosales<br> -  -  -  - Cannabaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Gironniera</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Gironniera nervosa</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Trema</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Trema orientalis</i><br> -  -  -  - Moraceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Antiaris</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Antiaris toxicaria</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Artocarpus</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Artocarpus anisophyllus</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Artocarpus glaucus</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Artocarpus integer</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Artocarpus odoratissimus</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Artocarpus tamaran</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Ficus</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Ficus hispida</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Ficus septica</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Ficus uncinata</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Ficus variegata</i><br> -  -  -  - Rosaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Prunus</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Prunus javanica</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Pygeum</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Pygeum beccarii</i><br> -  -  -  - Urticaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Dendrocnide</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Dendrocnide elliptica</i><br> -  -  - Santalales<br> -  -  -  - Coulaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Ochanostachys</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Ochanostachys amentacea</i><br> -  -  -  - Strombosiaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Scorodocarpus</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Scorodocarpus borneensis</i><br> -  -  - Sapindales<br> -  -  -  - Anacardiaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Gluta</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Gluta aptera</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Gluta wallichii</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Mangifera</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Mangifera odorata</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Melanochyla</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Melanochyla bullata</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Melanochyla tomentosa</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Parishia</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Parishia insignis</i><br> -  -  -  - Burseraceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Canarium</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Canarium decumanum</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Canarium denticulatum</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Canarium odontophyllum</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Canarium pilosum</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Dacryodes</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Dacryodes rostrata</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Dacryodes rugosa</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Santiria</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Santiria laevigata</i><br> -  -  -  - Meliaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Aglaia</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Aglaia crassinervia</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Aglaia leptantha</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Aglaia macrocarpa</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Aglaia odoratissima</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Aglaia oligophylla</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Aglaia silvestris</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Aglaia tomentosa</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Aphanamixis</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Aphanamixis polystachya</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Chisocheton</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Chisocheton ceramicus</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Chisocheton macranthus</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Chisocheton patens</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Dysoxylum</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Dysoxylum cyrtobotryum</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Dysoxylum densiflorum</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Lansium</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Lansium domesticum</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Reinwardtiodendron</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Reinwardtiodendron humile</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Walsura</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Walsura pinnata</i><br> -  -  -  - Rutaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Melicope</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Melicope confusa</i><br> -  -  -  - Sapindaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Dimocarpus</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Dimocarpus longan</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Nephelium</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Nephelium cuspidatum</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Paranephelium</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Paranephelium macrophyllum</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Paranephelium xestophyllum</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Pometia</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Pometia pinnata</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Tristiropsis</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Tristiropsis acutangula</i><br> -  -  - Solanales<br> -  -  -  - Convolvulaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Decalobanthus</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Decalobanthus borneensis</i><br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Jacquemontia</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Jacquemontia tomentella</i><br> -  - Polypodiopsida<br> -  -  - Gleicheniales<br> -  -  -  - Gleicheniaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Dicranopteris</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Dicranopteris pubigera</i><br> -  -  - Polypodiales<br> -  -  -  - Lomariopsidaceae<br> -  -  -  -  - <i>Nephrolepis</i><br> -  -  -  -  -  - <i>Nephrolepis biserrata</i><br></div><p></p>
Fig. 2 in Suitability of selected ornamental plants for growth and survival of Lissachatina fulica (Gastropoda: Achatinidae)
Fig. 2. Mean percent survival of newly hatched Lissachatina fulica afer 70 d of feeding on a single diet treatment. (A) Annual plants. (B) Perennial plants. Means topped by the same lowercase letters are not significantly different (P> 0.05; Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test and Dunn's test). Error bars indicate standard error.
Data from: Selection on growth rate and local adaptation drive genomic adaptation during experimental range expansions in the protist Tetrahymena thermophila
<p>1. Populations that expand their range can undergo rapid evolutionary adaptation of life-history traits, dispersal behaviour, and adaptation to the local environment. Such adaptation may be aided or hindered by sexual reproduction, depending on the context.</p> <p>2. However, few empirical and experimental studies have investigated the genetic basis of adaptive evolution during range expansions. Even less attention has been given to the question how sexual reproduction may modulate such adaptive evolution during range expansions.</p> <p>3. We here studied genomic adaptation during experimental range expansions of the protist <em>Tetrahymena thermophila</em>in landscapes with a uniform environment or a pH-gradient. Specifically, we investigated two aspects of genomic adaptation during range expansion. Firstly, we investigated adaptive genetic change in terms of the underlying numbers of allele frequency changes from standing genetic variation and <em>de novo</em><span> variants. We focused on how sexual reproduction may alter this adaptive genetic change. Secondly, we identified genes subject to selection caused by the expanding range itself, and directional selection due to the presence or absence of the pH-gradient. We focused this analysis on alleles with large frequency changes that occurred in parallel in more than one population to identify the most likely candidate targets of selection. </span></p> <p><span>4. We found that sexual reproduction altered adaptive genetic change both in terms of <em>de novo</em></span><span> variants and standing genetic variation. However, sexual reproduction affected allele frequency changes in standing genetic variation only in the absence of long-distance gene flow. Adaptation to the range expansion affected genes involved in cell divisions and DNA repair, whereas adaptation to the pH-gradient additionally affected genes involved in ion balance, and oxidoreductase reactions. These genetic changes may result from selection on growth and adaptation to low pH. </span></p> <p><span>5. In the absence of gene flow, sexual reproduction may have aided genetic adaptation. Gene flow may have swamped expanding populations with maladapted alleles, thus reducing the extent of evolutionary adaptation during range expansion. Sexual reproduction also altered the genetic basis of adaptation in our evolving populations via <em>de novo </em>variants, possibly by purging deleterious mutations or by revealing fitness benefits of rare genetic variants. </span></p>
Differential selection for survival and for growth in adaptive laboratory evolution experiments with benzalkonium chloride
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Pest defenses under weak selection exert a limited influence on the evolution of height growth and drought avoidance in marginal pine populations
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Phage selection drives resistance-virulence trade-offs in Ralstonia solanacearum plant pathogenic bacterium irrespective of the growth temperature
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Data from: Selection on growth rate and local adaptation drive genomic adaptation during experimental range expansions in the protist Tetrahymena thermophila
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Impact of Clean Energy on CO2 Emissions and Economic Growth within the Phases of Renewables Diffusion in Selected European Countries
<p>This study explores the impact of clean energy and non-renewable energy consumption on CO<sub>2</sub> emissions and economic growth within two phases (formative and expansion) of renewable energy diffusion for three selected countries (France, Spain, and Sweden). The vector autoregression (VAR) model is estimated on the basis of annual data disaggregated into quarterly data. The Granger causality results reveal distinctive differences in the causality patterns across countries and two phases of renewables diffusion. Clean energy consumption contributes to a decline of emissions more clearly in the expansion phase in France and Spain. However, this effect seems to be counteracted by the increases in emissions due to economic growth and non-renewable energy consumption. Therefore, clean energy consumption has not yet led to a decoupling of economic growth from emissions in France and Spain; in contrast, the findings for Sweden evidence such a decoupling due to the neutrality between economic growth and emissions. Generally, the findings show that despite the enormous growth of renewables and active mitigation policies, CO<sub>2</sub> emissions have not substantially decreased in selected countries or globally. Focused and coordinated policy action, not only at the EU level but also globally, is urgently needed to overhaul existing fossil-fuel economies into low-carbon economies and ultimately meet the relevant climate targets.</p>
Population Genomics Analysis of 30 Samples from Each of Multiple Populations Reveals Signatures of Selection from Breeding for Rapid Growth and Apical Dominance in Paulownia fortunei
<p><i>Paulownia fortunei</i> is an ecologically and economically valuable tree cultivated for its rapid growth and high-quality timber. To enhance <i>Paulownia</i> germplasm, we have developed the elite variety QingT with patented advantages in growth rate and apical dominance. To illuminate the genetic basis of QingT's superior traits, here we harness comparative population genomics to analyze genomic variation patterns between QingT and common <i>Paulownia</i>. We performed whole-genome re-sequencing of 30 QingT and 30 common samples, detecting 15.6 million SNPs and 2.6 million indels. Phylogeny and population structure analyses robustly partitioned common and QingT into distinct groups which indicate robust genome stabilization. QingT exhibited reduced heterozygosity and linkage disequilibrium decay compared to common <i>Paulownia</i>, reflecting high recombination, indicating hybridizing effects with common white-flowered string is the source of its patented advantages. Genome selection scans uncovered 25 regions of 169 genes with elevated nucleotide diversity, indicating selection sweeps among groups. Functional analysis of sweep genes revealed upregulation of ribosomal, biosynthesis and growth pathways in QingT, implicating enhanced protein production and developmental processes in its rapid growth phenotype. This study's insights comprehensively chart genomic variation during <i>Paulownia</i> breeding, localizing candidate loci governing agronomic traits, and underpinnings of future molecular breeding efforts to boost productivity. </p>
Data from: microhabitat selection by the Oscura Mountains Colorado chipmunk (Neotamias quadrivittatus oscuraensis): an old growth pinyon-juniper woodland specialist
<p>Habitat specialists have been largely overlooked in old growth pinyon-juniper woodlands, despite specialists exhibiting heightened sensitivity to anthropogenic habitat loss. Furthermore, small mammal relationships within pinyon-juniper woodlands have most commonly been investigated via species abundance or habitat use, rather than habitat selection, thereby providing limited management metrics. We used the Oscura Mountains Colorado chipmunk (<em>Neotamias quadrivittatus oscuraensis</em>) as a model organism to evaluate whether old growth conditions drive resource selection by small mammals associated with pinyon-juniper woodlands. The goal of our study was to determine resources important to the chipmunk to inform management decisions. We evaluated microhabitat selection by testing a priori predictions based on natural history characteristics of the chipmunk and the woodlands. We grouped predictions into habitat characteristics affiliated with or not affiliated with old growth. We tested predictions under a multi-stage modeling framework using generalized linear mixed models with a binomial response variable of use versus availability. Probability of selection by chipmunks increased with increasing mean juniper diameter and increasing variation of pinyon diameter and decreased with increased distance to rocky escape terrain and increased mean percent grass cover. Our findings support the classification of the Oscura Mountains Colorado chipmunk as an old growth pinyon-juniper specialist, as the chipmunk displayed disproportionate preference for old growth microhabitat conditions. We recommend management policies that conserve old growth multi-age stands of pinyons and junipers. Old growth conditions near outcroppings, escarpments, and large boulders are of particular conservation concern. Further, thinning resulting in increased grass cover may be detrimental to this old growth pinyon-juniper specialist.</p>
Multi-level in vivo selection of the biocontrol agent Akanthomyces muscarius, virulence, growth, sporulation, and variant data
<p>Changes in parasite virulence are commonly expected to lead to trade-offs in other life history traits that can affect fitness. Understanding these trade-offs is particularly important if we want to manipulate the virulence of microbial biological control agents. Theoretically, selection across different spatial scales, i.e. between- and within-hosts, shapes these trade-offs. However, trade-offs are also dependent on parasite biology. Despite their applied importance the evolution of virulence in fungal parasites is poorly understood: virulence can be unstable in culture and commonly fails to increase in simple passage experiments. We hypothesized that manipulating selection intensity at different scales would reveal virulence trade-offs in a fungal pathogen of aphids, <em>Akanthomyces muscarius</em>. Starting with a genetically diverse stock we selected for speed of kill, parasite yield, or infectivity by manipulating competition within and between hosts and between populations of hosts over 7 rounds of infection. We characterized ancestral and evolved lineages by whole genome sequencing and by measuring virulence, growth rate, sporulation, and fitness. While several lineages showed increases in virulence, we saw none of the trade-offs commonly found in obligately-killing parasites. Phenotypically similar lineages within treatments often shared multiple single-nucleotide variants, indicating strong convergent evolution. The most dramatic phenotypic changes were in the timing of sporulation and spore production <em>in vitro. </em>We found that early sporulation led to reduced competitive fitness but could increase the yield of spores on media, a trade-off characteristic of social conflict. Notably, the selection regime with the strongest between-population competition and lowest genetic diversity produced the most consistent shift to early sporulation, as predicted by social evolution theory. Multi-level selection therefore revealed social interactions novel to fungi and showed that these biocontrol agents have the genomic flexibility to improve multiple traits - virulence and spore production - that are often in conflict in other parasites.</p>
Inter- and intraspecific selection in alien plants: how population growth, functional traits and climate responses change with residence time
<p><strong>Aim: </strong>When alien species are introduced to new ranges, climate or trait mismatches may initially constrain their population growth. However, inter- and intraspecific selection in the new environment should cause population growth rates to increase with residence time. Using a species-for-time approach, we test whether with increasing residence time (a) negative effects of climatic mismatches between the species' new and native range on population growth weaken, and (b) functional traits converge towards values that maximize population growth in the new range.</p> <p><strong>Location:</strong> Germany.</p> <p><strong>Time period: </strong>12,000 years BP to present.</p> <p><strong>Major taxa studied: </strong>46 plant species of the Asteraceae family.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> We set up a common-garden mesocosm-experiment using annual plant species with a wide range of residence times (7-12,000 years) and followed their population dynamics over two years. We calculated climatic distance between the common garden and the species' native range. We also measured key functional traits of each species to analyse trait-demography relationships and test trait convergence with increasing residence time.</p> <p><strong>Results: </strong>We found no support for the hypothesis that negative effects of climatic mismatches on population growth weaken with residence time. However, seed mass had a clear negative effect on population growth. As expected under such strong directional selection between or within species, increasing residence time led seed mass to converge to low values that increase population growth. Accordingly, population growth tended to increase with residence time.</p> <p><strong>Main conclusions: </strong>We identify trait but not climatic mismatches as important constraints on population growth of invaders. Understanding how inter- and intraspecific selection shapes functional traits of alien species should improve the predictability of future invasions and help understanding limits to the population growth and spread of invaders already present. In a broader context, this study contributes to the conceptual integration of invasion biology with community, functional, and population ecology.</p>
Leaf litter decomposition in old-growth and selectively logged forest
<p><strong>Description: </strong></p> <p>In a multifactorial experiment we investigated the consequences of selective logging for decomposition and nutrient cycling in Southeast Asia by testing the effects of chemical composition of leaf litter and site factors on leaf litter mass loss. Litterbags were used to estimate decomposition over a period of 24 weeks, litterbags were collected 2, 4, 6, 8, 13, 24 weeks after the start of the experiment.</p> <p><strong>Project: </strong>This dataset was collected as part of the following SAFE research project: <a href="https://www.safeproject.net/projects/project_view/124"><strong>Biodiversity and land-use impacts on tropical ecosystem function (BALI): Quantifying biogeochemistry across forest disturbance gradients in Sabah</strong></a></p> <p><strong>Funding: </strong>These data were collected as part of research funded by:</p> <ul> <li>NERC (Standard grant, NE/K016253/1)</li> </ul> <p>This dataset is released under the CC-BY 4.0 licence, requiring that you cite the dataset in any outputs, but has the additional condition that you acknowledge the contribution of these funders in any outputs.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Permits: </strong>These data were collected under permit from the following authorities:</p> <ul> <li>Sabah Biodiversity Centre (Research licence JKM/MBS.1000-2/2(383))</li> </ul> <p> </p> <p><strong>XML metadata: </strong>GEMINI compliant metadata for this dataset is available <a href="https://www.safeproject.net/datasets/xml_metadata?id=3247639">here</a></p> <p><strong>Files: </strong>This consists of 1 file: Both_litter_decomposition_experiment.xlsx</p> <p><strong>Both_litter_decomposition_experiment.xlsx</strong></p> <p>This file contains dataset metadata and 3 data tables:</p> <ol> <li> <p><strong>chemical_composition_start</strong> (described in worksheet chemical_composition_start)</p> <p>Description: Chemical properties from the two leaf litter types before the experiment</p> <p>Number of fields: 19</p> <p>Number of data rows: 10</p> <p>Fields:</p> <ul> <li><strong>replicate</strong>: Replicate number (Field type: Replicate)</li> <li><strong>litter_type</strong>: Litter type (Field type: ID)</li> <li><strong>P_mg.g</strong>: Phosporus concentration in mg per g dry weight of leaf litter (Field type: Numeric)</li> <li><strong>N_perc</strong>: Nitrogen concentration in % of leaf litter, analysed in University of Aberdeen (Field type: Numeric)</li> <li><strong>C_perc</strong>: Carbon concentration in % of leaf litter, analysed in University of Aberdeen (Field type: Numeric)</li> <li><strong>C.N</strong>: Carbon nitrogen ratio of leaf litter, analysed in University of Aberdeen (Field type: Numeric)</li> <li><strong>P_perc</strong>: Phosporus concentration in % of leaf litter, analysed in University of Aberdeen (Field type: Numeric)</li> <li><strong>C.P</strong>: Carbon phosporus ratio of leaf litter, analysed in University of Aberdeen (Field type: Numeric)</li> <li><strong>N.P</strong>: Nitrogen phosporus ratio of leaf litter, analysed in University of Aberdeen (Field type: Numeric)</li> <li><strong>Ca_mg.g</strong>: Calcium concentration in mg per g dry weight of leaf litter (Field type: Numeric)</li> <li><strong>Mg_mg.g</strong>: Magnesium concentration in mg per g dry weight of leaf litter (Field type: Numeric)</li> <li><strong>Al_mg.g</strong>: Aluminium concentration in mg per g dry weight of leaf litter (Field type: Numeric)</li> <li><strong>K_mg.g</strong>: Potassium concentration in mg per g dry weight of leaf litter (Field type: Numeric)</li> <li><strong>soluble_cell_content</strong>: Soluble cell content in percent (Field type: Numeric)</li> <li><strong>nonsoluble_cell_content</strong>: Non-soluble cell content in percent (Field type: Numeric)</li> <li><strong>hemicellulose_bound_proteins</strong>: Hemicellulose and bound proteins content in percent (Field type: Numeric)</li> <li><strong>cellulose_lignin_recalcitrants</strong>: Soluble cell content in percent (Field type: Numeric)</li> <li><strong>cellulose</strong>: Cellulose content in percent (Field type: Numeric)</li> <li><strong>lignin_recalcitrants</strong>: Lignin and recalcitrants content in percent (Field type: Numeric)</li> </ul> </li> <li> <p><strong>chemical_composition_end</strong> (described in worksheet chemical_composition_end)</p> <p>Description: Chemical properties from individual leaf litter bags at the end of the experiment</p> <p>Number of fields: 18</p> <p>Number of data rows: 64</p> <p>Fields:</p> <ul> <li><strong>code</strong>: Identifyer for each leaf litter bag, coding for location-plotname-subplot pair-leaf litter type-mesh size-replicate (Field type: ID)</li> <li><strong>location</strong>: Location of experimental plots (M: Maliau; S: SAFE) (Field type: ID)</li> <li><strong>location_name</strong>: Plot name (Field type: Location)</li> <li><strong>plot</strong>: Running number of experimental plots (Field type: ID)</li> <li><strong>pair</strong>: Each plot contains two experimental units (making up a pair) (Field type: ID)</li> <li><strong>replicate</strong>: Each pair contained two replicates of the same treatment (litter type x mesh size) (Field type: replicate)</li> <li><strong>litter_type</strong>: Litter type (Field type: Categorical)</li> <li><strong>mesh</strong>: Mesh size of the litter bags (Field type: Categorical)</li> <li><strong>P_mg.g</strong>: Phosporus concentration in mg per g dry weight of dry leaf litter (Field type: Numeric)</li> <li><strong>K_mg.g</strong>: Potassium concentration in mg per g dry weight of dry leaf litter (Field type: Numeric)</li> <li><strong>Ca_mg.g</strong>: Calcium concentration in mg per g dry weight of dry leaf litter (Field type: Numeric)</li> <li><strong>Mg_mg.g</strong>: Magnesium concentration in mg per g dry weight of dry leaf litter (Field type: Numeric)</li> <li><strong>Al_mg.g</strong>: Aluminium concentration in mg per g dry weight of dry leaf litter (Field type: Numeric)</li> <li><strong>N_perc</strong>: Nitrogen concentration in % of dry leaf litter (Field type: Numeric)</li> <li><strong>C_perc</strong>: Carbon concentration in % of dry leaf litter (Field type: Numeric)</li> <li><strong>C.N</strong>: Carbon nitrogen ratio of dry leaf litter (Field type: Numeric)</li> <li><strong>cellulose</strong>: Cellulose concentration in % of dry leaf litter (Field type: Numeric)</li> <li><strong>lignin_recalcitrants</strong>: Lignin and recalcitrants concentration in % of dry leaf litter (Field type: Numeric)</li> </ul> </li> <li> <p><strong>litterbags_massloss</strong> (described in worksheet litterbags_massloss)</p> <p>Description: Mass loss of litter in litterbags over the experimental period of 24 weeks</p> <p>Number of fields: 17</p> <p>Number of data rows: 128</p> <p>Fields:</p> <ul> <li><strong>code</strong>: Identifyer for each leaf litter bag, coding for location-plotname-subplot pair-leaf litter type-mesh size-replicate (Field type: ID)</li> <li><strong>location</strong>: Location of experimental plots (Field type: ID)</li> <li><strong>plotname</strong>: Plot name (Field type: Location)</li> <li><strong>plot</strong>: Running number of experimental plots (Field type: ID)</li> <li><strong>pair</strong>: Each plot contains two experimental units (making up a pair) (Field type: ID)</li> <li><strong>replicate</strong>: Each pair contained two replicates of the same treatment (litter type x mesh size) (Field type: Replicate)</li> <li><strong>litter_type</strong>: Litter type (Field type: Categorical)</li> <li><strong>mesh</strong>: Mesh size of the litter bags (Field type: Categorical)</li> <li><strong>weight_t0</strong>: Initial weight at the beginning of the experiment, around 10 g per litter bag (Field type: Numeric)</li> <li><strong>weight_t1</strong>: Weight at time step 1 after 2 weeks (Field type: Numeric)</li> <li><strong>weight_t2</strong>: Weight at time step 1 after 4 weeks (Field type: Numeric)</li> <li><strong>weight_t3</strong>: Weight at time step 1 after 6 weeks (Field type: Numeric)</li> <li><strong>weight_t4</strong>: Weight at time step 1 after 8 weeks (Field type: Numeric)</li> <li><strong>weight_t5</strong>: Weight at time step 1 after 13 weeks (Field type: Numeric)</li> <li><strong>weight_t6</strong>: Weight at time step 1 after 24 weeks (Field type: Numeric)</li> <li><strong>t6_corrected</strong>: Weight at time step 1 after 24 weeks, corrected for contaminating material, mostly ingrown plant roots and fungal hyphae. This is the data to use. (Field type: Numeric)</li> <li><strong>mass_loss_%</strong>: Mass loss at the end of the experiment compared to the start of the experiment, in percent (Field type: Numeric)</li> </ul> </li> </ol> <p><strong>Date range: </strong>2014-05-01 to 2018-09-01</p> <p><strong>Latitudinal extent: </strong>4.5000 to 5.0700</p> <p><strong>Longitudinal extent: </strong>116.7500 to 117.8200</p>
Branch wood chemistry of tree species in old-growth and selectively logged forest
<b>Description: </b><p>Carbon and nitrogen concentration of branch wood, analysed with and without bark, for tree species in selectively logged forest at SAFE and in old-growth forest in Danum Valley and Maliau Basin. Sampled during the BALI project traits campaign. Analysed in the laboratory of Dr Norma Salinas, Lima, Peru.</p><p><b>Project: </b>This dataset was collected as part of the following SAFE research project: <a href="https://www.safeproject.net/projects/project_view/55"><b>Biodiversity and land-use impacts on tropical ecosystem function (BALI): Quantifying functional trait distributions across the disturbance gradient</b></a></p><p><b>Funding: </b>These data were collected as part of research funded by: </p><ul><li>NERC (Standard grant, NE/K016253/1)</li></ul><p>This dataset is released under the CC-BY 4.0 licence, requiring that you cite the dataset in any outputs, but has the additional condition that you acknowledge the contribution of these funders in any outputs.</p><p></p><p><b>Permits: </b>These data were collected under permit from the following authorities:</p><ul><li>Sabah Biodiversity Centre (Research licence JKM/MBS.1000-2.2(385))</li></ul><p></p><p><b>XML metadata: </b>GEMINI compliant metadata for this dataset is available <a href="https://www.safeproject.net/datasets/xml_metadata?id=3402748">here</a></p><p><b>Files: </b>This consists of 1 file: Both_wood_chemistry.xlsx</p><p><b>Both_wood_chemistry.xlsx</b></p><p>This file contains dataset metadata and 1 data tables:</p><ol><li><p><b>Wood_chemistry</b> (described in worksheet Wood_chemistry)</p><p>Description: Carbon and nitrogen concentration of branch wood, analysed with and without bark, for tree species in selectively logged forest at SAFE and in old-growth forest in Danum Valley and Maliau Basin. Wood samples were cut from branches, that sampled during the BALI project traits campaign. Analyses were conducted on samples with bark removed or not removed. Analysed in the laboratory of Dr Norma Salinas, Lima, Peru.</p><p>Number of fields: 15</p><p>Number of data rows: 1520</p><p>Fields: </p><ul><li><b>location</b>: Location within the SAFE landscape (Field type: location)</li><li><b>forest_type</b>: Forest type: OG: old-growth plots, Maliau and Danum; SL: selectively logged plots at SAFE (Field type: categorical)</li><li><b>forestplots_name</b>: Plot name coherent with forestplots database (Field type: id)</li><li><b>plot_name_trait_campaign</b>: Plot name used during the BALI trait campaign (Field type: id)</li><li><b>sample_code</b>: Sample code referencing: plot-'T'(ree) ID-branch type (Field type: id)</li><li><b>branch_type</b>: Binary classification of branch sampled depending on their position in the tree crown. BS: sun branch; BSH: shade branch (Field type: id)</li><li><b>tree_id</b>: Reference for tree tag label (Field type: id)</li><li><b>species</b>: Tree species (Field type: taxa)</li><li><b>sample_type</b>: Binary classification of branch wood sample, B: wood sample with bark; NB: wood sample without bark. Number refers to internal replicated sample collection (Field type: id)</li><li><b>complete_sample_code</b>: Sample code referencing: plot-'T'(ree) ID-branch type (Field type: id)</li><li><b>replicate</b>: Replicate number if samples analyses were replicated (in a subset of samples) (Field type: id)</li><li><b>Date</b>: Date of sample analyses, conducted in the laboratory of Dr Norma Salinas (Lima, Peru) (Field type: date)</li><li><b>Time</b>: Time of of sample analyses, conducted in the laboratory of Dr Norma Salinas (Lima, Peru) (Field type: time)</li><li><b>N_perc</b>: Nitrogen concentration of the branch wood sample (Field type: numeric trait)</li><li><b>C_perc</b>: Carbon concentration of the branch wood sample (Field type: numeric trait)</li></ul></li></ol><p><b>Date range: </b>2014-05-01 to 2018-09-01</p><p><b>Latitudinal extent: </b>4.5000 to 5.0700</p><p><b>Longitudinal extent: </b>116.7500 to 117.8200</p><p><b>Taxonomic coverage: </b><br> All taxon names are validated against the GBIF backbone taxonomy. If a dataset uses a synonym, the accepted usage is shown followed by the dataset usage in brackets. Taxa that cannot be validated, including new species and other unknown taxa, morphospecies, functional groups and taxonomic levels not used in the GBIF backbone are shown in square brackets.</p><div> -  Plantae <br> -  -  Tracheophyta <br> -  -  -  Magnoliopsida <br> -  -  -  -  Rosales <br> -  -  -  -  -  Moraceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Antiaris</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Antiaris toxicaria</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Artocarpus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Artocarpus anisophyllus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Artocarpus glaucus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Artocarpus integer</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Artocarpus odoratissimus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Artocarpus tamaran</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ficus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ficus hispida</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ficus septica</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ficus uncinata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ficus variegata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Cannabaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Gironniera</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Gironniera nervosa</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Trema</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Trema orientalis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Rosaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Prunus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Prunus javanica</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pygeum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pygeum beccarii</i> (as synonym: <i>Prunus beccarii</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  Urticaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dendrocnide</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dendrocnide elliptica</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Lamiales <br> -  -  -  -  -  Oleaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chionanthus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chionanthus macrocarpus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chionanthus pluriflorus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Lamiaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Callicarpa</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Callicarpa pentandra</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Fabales <br> -  -  -  -  -  Fabaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Sindora</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Sindora</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cynometra</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cynometra mirabilis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Fordia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Fordia brachybotrys</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Fordia splendidissima</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Crudia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Crudia reticulata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Crudia tenuipes</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dialium</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dialium indum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dialium kunstleri</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Archidendron</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Archidendron clypearia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Polygalaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Xanthophyllum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Xanthophyllum flavescens</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Magnoliales <br> -  -  -  -  -  Annonaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cyathocalyx</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Monoon</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Phaeanthus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Phaeanthus splendens</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Stelechocarpus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Stelechocarpus cauliflorus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pseuduvaria</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pseuduvaria borneensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Xylopia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Xylopia ferruginea</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Xylopia stenopetala</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Neo-uvaria</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Neo-uvaria acuminatissima</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Miliusa</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Miliusa macropoda</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Orophea</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Orophea myriantha</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Polyalthia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Polyalthia obliqua</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Maasia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Maasia sumatrana</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Maasia sumatrana</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Magnoliaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Magnolia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Magnolia borneensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Magnolia liliifera</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Magnolia tsiampacca</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Myristicaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Knema</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Knema glauca</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Knema latifolia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Knema laurina</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Knema oblongata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Myristica</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Myristica smythiesii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Horsfieldia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Horsfieldia crassifolia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Myrtales <br> -  -  -  -  -  Combretaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Terminalia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Terminalia citrina</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Terminalia foetidissima</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Lythraceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Duabanga</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Duabanga moluccana</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Myrtaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium caudatilimbum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium chloranthum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium elopurae</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium grande</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium griffithii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium kunstleri</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium panzeri</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium pustulatum</i> (as synonym: <i>Syzygium perpuncticulatum</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium racemosum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium rheophyticum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium caudatilimbum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium chloranthum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium elopurae</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium grande</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium griffithii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium kunstleri</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium panzeri</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium pustulatum</i> (as synonym: <i>Syzygium perpuncticulatum</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium racemosum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium rheophyticum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium caudatilimbum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium chloranthum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium elopurae</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium grande</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium griffithii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium kunstleri</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium panzeri</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium pustulatum</i> (as synonym: <i>Syzygium perpuncticulatum</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium racemosum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium rheophyticum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Tristaniopsis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Tristaniopsis whiteana</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Asterales <br> -  -  -  -  -  Asteraceae <br> -  -  -  -  Laurales <br> -  -  -  -  -  Lauraceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Actinodaphne</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Beilschmiedia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Beilschmiedia micrantha</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Beilschmiedia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Beilschmiedia micrantha</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Litsea</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Litsea accedens</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Litsea angulata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Litsea caulocarpa</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Litsea garciae</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Litsea grandis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Litsea cordata</i> (as synonym: <i>Litsea mappacea</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Litsea rubiginosa</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Caryodaphnopsis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Caryodaphnopsis tonkinensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Nothaphoebe</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Nothaphoebe umbelliflora</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lindera</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lindera lucida</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Phoebe</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Phoebe grandis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dehaasia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dehaasia caesia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dehaasia incrassata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cryptocarya</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cryptocarya nigra</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cryptocarya nitens</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Eusideroxylon</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Eusideroxylon zwageri</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Malvales <br> -  -  -  -  -  Dipterocarpaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea almon</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea angustifolia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea argentifolia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea beccariana</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea faguetiana</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea fallax</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea gibbosa</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea guiso</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea johorensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea laevis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea leprosula</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea leptoderma</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea macrophylla</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea macroptera</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea ovalis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea ovata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea parvifolia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea parvistipulata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea pauciflora</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea superba</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea symingtonii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea xanthophylla</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea almon</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea angustifolia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea argentifolia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea beccariana</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea faguetiana</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea fallax</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea gibbosa</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea guiso</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea johorensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea laevis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea leprosula</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea leptoderma</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea macrophylla</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea macroptera</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea ovalis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea ovata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea parvifolia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea parvistipulata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea pauciflora</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea superba</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea symingtonii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea xanthophylla</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dipterocarpus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dipterocarpus caudiferus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hopea</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hopea plagata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hopea sangal</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Parashorea</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Parashorea malaanonan</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Parashorea smythiesii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Parashorea warburgii</i> (as synonym: <i>Parashorea tomentella</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dryobalanops</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dryobalanops lanceolata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Vatica</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Vatica dulitensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Vatica odorata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Thymelaeaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aquilaria</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aquilaria beccariana</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Malvaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Sterculia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Sterculia rubiginosa</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Sterculia stipulata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Heritiera</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Heritiera elata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Microcos</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Microcos crassifolia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pterygota</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pterygota alata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Durio</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Durio graveolens</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Boschia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Boschia grandiflora</i> (as synonym: <i>Durio grandiflorus</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pentace</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pentace borneensis</i> (as synonym: <i>Pentace laxiflora</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  Celastrales <br> -  -  -  -  -  Celastraceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lophopetalum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lophopetalum beccarianum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lophopetalum glabrum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lophopetalum javanicum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Ericales <br> -  -  -  -  -  Sapotaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Payena</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Payena acuminata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Palaquium</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Palaquium dasyphyllum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Palaquium obovatum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Palaquium sericeum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Madhuca</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Madhuca dubardii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Madhuca korthalsii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Primulaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ardisia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ardisia macrophylla</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Symplocaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Symplocos</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Symplocos fasciculata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Pentaphylacaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Adinandra</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Adinandra dumosa</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Ebenaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Diospyros</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Diospyros andamanica</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Diospyros curranii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Diospyros daemona</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Diospyros dictyoneura</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Diospyros macrophylla</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Diospyros muricata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Diospyros toposia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Diospyros tuberculata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Diospyros pilosanthera</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Lecythidaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Planchonia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Planchonia brevistipitata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Barringtonia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Barringtonia lanceolata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Barringtonia macrostachya</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Barringtonia sarcostachys</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Theaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pyrenaria</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pyrenaria tawauensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Fagales <br> -  -  -  -  -  Fagaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lithocarpus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lithocarpus blumeanus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lithocarpus echinifer</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lithocarpus gracilis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lithocarpus leptogyne</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lithocarpus sundaicus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lithocarpus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lithocarpus blumeanus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lithocarpus echinifer</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lithocarpus gracilis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lithocarpus leptogyne</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lithocarpus sundaicus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Trigonobalanus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Trigonobalanus verticillata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Castanopsis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Castanopsis hypophoenicea</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Quercus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Quercus argentata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Quercus lowii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Quercus merrillii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Santalales <br> -  -  -  -  -  Strombosiaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Scorodocarpus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Scorodocarpus borneensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Coulaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ochanostachys</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ochanostachys amentacea</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Malpighiales <br> -  -  -  -  -  Chrysobalanaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Atuna</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Atuna racemosa</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Licania</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Licania splendens</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Phyllanthaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Antidesma</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aporosa</i> (as synonym: <i>Aporusa</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cleistanthus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cleistanthus hirsutulus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cleistanthus hylandii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cleistanthus oblongifolius</i> (as synonym: <i>Cleistanthus myrianthus</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cleistanthus paxii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cleistanthus pubens</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cleistanthus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cleistanthus hirsutulus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cleistanthus hylandii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cleistanthus oblongifolius</i> (as synonym: <i>Cleistanthus myrianthus</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cleistanthus paxii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cleistanthus pubens</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Glochidion</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Glochidion borneensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Phyllanthus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Phyllanthus lutescens</i> (as synonym: <i>Glochidion lutescens</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Phyllanthus ruber</i> (as synonym: <i>Glochidion rubrum</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Baccaurea</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Baccaurea lanceolata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Baccaurea macrocarpa</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Baccaurea tetrandra</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Baccaurea pubera</i> (as synonym: <i>Baccaurea latifolia</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  Calophyllaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Mesua</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Mesua oblongifolia</i> (as synonym: <i>Kayea oblongifolia</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Mesua borneensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Mesua macrantha</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Calophyllum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Calophyllum soulattri</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Calophyllum woodii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Clusiaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Garcinia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Garcinia benthamiana</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Garcinia forbesii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Garcinia nervosa</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Garcinia parvifolia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Salicaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Flacourtia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Flacourtia rukam</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Homalium</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Homalium foetidum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Putranjivaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Drypetes</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Drypetes longifolia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Irvingiaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Irvingia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Irvingia malayana</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Achariaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hydnocarpus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hydnocarpus woodii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hydnocarpus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hydnocarpus woodii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ryparosa</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ryparosa acuminata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Euphorbiaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Spathiostemon</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Macaranga</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Macaranga conifera</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Macaranga gigantea</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Macaranga hypoleuca</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Macaranga pearsonii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Macaranga winkleri</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Blumeodendron</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Blumeodendron kurzii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Blumeodendron tokbrai</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ptychopyxis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ptychopyxis arborea</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Mallotus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Mallotus leucodermis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Mallotus miquelianus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Mallotus mollissimus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Mallotus wrayi</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hancea</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hancea penangensis</i> (as synonym: <i>Mallotus penangensis</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Neoscortechinia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Neoscortechinia kingii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Neoscortechinia philippinensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Centroplacaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Bhesa</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Bhesa indica</i> (as synonym: <i>Bhesa paniculata</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  Cornales <br> -  -  -  -  -  Nyssaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Mastixia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Mastixia trichotoma</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Cornaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Alangium</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Alangium javanicum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Gentianales <br> -  -  -  -  -  Rubiaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Neolamarckia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Neolamarckia cadamba</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Neonauclea</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Neonauclea gigantea</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Psydrax</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Psydrax dicoccos</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Nauclea</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Nauclea officinalis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Nauclea subdita</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Urophyllum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Urophyllum polyneurum</i> (as synonym: <i>Pleiocarpidia polyneura</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ludekia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ludekia borneensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Apocynaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Alstonia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Alstonia angustiloba</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Oxalidales <br> -  -  -  -  -  Elaeocarpaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Sloanea</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Sloanea javanica</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Elaeocarpus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Elaeocarpus floribundus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Elaeocarpus pedunculatus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Elaeocarpus stipularis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Sapindales <br> -  -  -  -  -  Burseraceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Canarium</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Canarium decumanum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Canarium denticulatum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Canarium odontophyllum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Canarium pilosum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Santiria</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Santiria laevigata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dacryodes</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dacryodes rostrata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dacryodes rugosa</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Rutaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Melicope</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Melicope confusa</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Anacardiaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Melanochyla</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Melanochyla bullata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Melanochyla tomentosa</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Parishia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Parishia insignis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Gluta</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Gluta aptera</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Gluta wallichii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Mangifera</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Mangifera odorata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Meliaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chisocheton</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chisocheton ceramicus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chisocheton macranthus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chisocheton patens</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chisocheton</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chisocheton ceramicus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chisocheton macranthus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chisocheton patens</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dysoxylum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dysoxylum cyrtobotryum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dysoxylum densiflorum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aglaia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aglaia crassinervia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aglaia leptantha</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aglaia macrocarpa</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aglaia odoratissima</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aglaia oligophylla</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aglaia silvestris</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aglaia tomentosa</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aphanamixis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aphanamixis polystachya</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Reinwardtiodendron</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Reinwardtiodendron humile</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Walsura</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Walsura pinnata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lansium</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lansium domesticum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Sapindaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Nephelium</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Nephelium cuspidatum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pometia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pometia pinnata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dimocarpus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dimocarpus longan</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Tristiropsis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Tristiropsis acutangula</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Paranephelium</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Paranephelium macrophyllum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Paranephelium xestophyllum</i> <br></div><p></p>
Data from: Selection for life-history traits to maximize population growth in an invasive marine species
Species establishing outside their natural range, negatively impacting local ecosystems, are of increasing global concern. They often display life-history features characteristic for r-selected populations with fast growth and high reproduction rates to achieve positive population growth rates (r) in invaded habitats. Here, we demonstrate substantially earlier maturation at a 2 orders of magnitude lower body mass at first reproduction in invasive compared to native populations of the comb jelly Mnemiopsis leidyi. Empirical results are corroborated by a theoretical model for competing life-history traits that predicts maturation at the smallest possible size to optimize r, while individual lifetime reproductive success (R0), optimized in native populations, is near constant over a large range of intermediate maturation sizes. We suggest that high variability in reproductive tactics in native populations is an underappreciated determinant of invasiveness, acting as substrate upon which selection can act during the invasion process.
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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