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Fig. 2. Relationships concentration x in Anesthesia of tambaqui Colossoma macropomum (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae) with the essential oils of Aniba rosaeodora and Aniba parviflora and their major compound, linalool

Fig. 2. Relationships concentration x anesthesia induction or recovery time in tambaqui, Colossoma macropomum, exposed to the linalools. a. synthetic linalool; light sedation: y=4.4+(4281/x), r2=0.716, deep sedation: y=-22.5+(12252/x), r2=0.773, deep anesthesia:y=15.3+(17878/x), r2=0.669, recovery: y=43.9+0.66x+0.0015x2, r2=0.712. b. linalool extracted from Aniba rosaeodora; deep sedation: y=29.0+(6010/x), r2=0.784, deep anesthesia: y=-151.3+(60541/x), r2=0.873. Light sedation and recovery: no significant relationship. y = time to reach stage or recovery (s) and x = concentration (µL L-1).

Fig. 5 in A new Silver Dollar species of Metynnis Cope, 1878 (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae) from Northwestern Brazil and Southern Venezuela

Fig. 5: Osteology of Metynnis melanogrammus, INPA 18457, 144.8 mm SL: a. hyopalatine and opercular series; b, infraorbitals; c. hyoid arch; d. left pectoral girdle, lateral view; e. left pectoral girdle, medial view. ach, anterior ceratohyal; apal, autopalatine; ant, antorbital; br, branchiostegal rays; cle, cleithrum; cor, coracoid; dh, dorsal hypohyal; ect, ectopterygoid; end, endopterigoid; exs, extrascapular; hyo, hyomandibular; io1-5, infraorbital 1-5; iop, interopercular; mes, mesocoracoid; met, metapterygoid; op, opercle; pch, posterior ceratohyal; pcle1-3, postcleithrum 1-3; pecR, pectoral-fin rays; pop, preopercle; ptem, posttemporal; qua, quadrate; sca, scapula; scle, supracleithrum; sop, subopercle; sym, symplectic; uh, urohyal; vh, ventral hypohyal. Scale bars: 10 mm.

Fig. 8 in A new Silver Dollar species of Metynnis Cope, 1878 (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae) from Northwestern Brazil and Southern Venezuela

Fig. 8. Map of northern South America, including northern Brazil and southern Venezuela, showing distribution of Metynnis melanogrammus. The red star represents the type locality, red circles represent the paratype localities, and the black circle represents the locality on the rio Surunduri at which the live photograph of the new species (Fig. 7) was taken.

Fig. 1 in A new Silver Dollar species of Metynnis Cope, 1878 (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae) from Northwestern Brazil and Southern Venezuela

Fig. 1. Metynnis melanogrammus, Brazil, Amazonas, Maués, rio Parauari: a. INPA 52216, male, 141.3 mm SL, holotype; b. INPA 34811, female, 149.4 mm SL, paratype.

Fig. 2. Metynnis melanogrammus, INPA 18457, 144.8 in A new Silver Dollar species of Metynnis Cope, 1878 (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae) from Northwestern Brazil and Southern Venezuela

Fig. 2. Metynnis melanogrammus, INPA 18457, 144.8 mm SL. Abdominal spines: a. left lateral view; b. dorsal view. blSp, bilateral spine; bpt, basipterygium; poPvSp, postpelvic spines; prPvSp, prepelvic spines; pvR, pelvic-fin rays. Scale bars: 10 mm.

Fig. 7 in A new Silver Dollar species of Metynnis Cope, 1878 (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae) from Northwestern Brazil and Southern Venezuela

Fig. 7. Freshly collected Metynnis melanogrammus, male, not-preserved; lago do Aracu, rio Sucunduri, rio Madeira basin. Photo: A. Zenaid.

Fig. 4 in A new Silver Dollar species of Metynnis Cope, 1878 (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae) from Northwestern Brazil and Southern Venezuela

Fig. 4. Neurocranium of Metynnis melanogrammus, INPA 18457, 144.8 mm SL: a. lateral view; b. dorsal view; c. ventral view. boc, basi occipital; epBar, epiphyseal bar; epo, epiotic; exoc, exoccipital; fro, frontal; int, intercalar; lEt, lateral ethmoid; mes, mesethmoid; nas, nasal; neu, neural; olf, olfactory fossa; osph, orbitosphenoid; par, parietal; pro, prootic; psph, parasphenoid; ptf, posttemporal fossa; pto, pterotic; ptsph, pterosphenoid; soc, supraoccipital; sorb, supraorbital; sph, sphenotic; vom, vomer. Scale bar: 10 mm.

Fig. 3 in A new Silver Dollar species of Metynnis Cope, 1878 (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae) from Northwestern Brazil and Southern Venezuela

Fig. 3. Mandibular series of Metynnis melanogrammus, INPA 18457, 144.8 mm SL: a. labial and lingual view of premaxillary; b. labial and lingual view of dentary; c. maxillary. 1-5, teeth in labial row; 1'-2', teeth in lingual row; anAr, anguloarticular; ap, ascending process; dp, descending process; lm, lamellae at symphysis; lp, lateral process of premaxilla; ret, retroarticular; sy, symphyseal tooth; rt, replacement teeth. Scale bar: 10 mm.

Fig. 6 in A new Silver Dollar species of Metynnis Cope, 1878 (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae) from Northwestern Brazil and Southern Venezuela

Fig. 6. Axial skeleton of Metynnis melanogrammus, INPA 18457, 144.8 mm SL: a. dorsal fin, left lateral view; b. anal fin, left lateral view; c. caudal fin, left lateral view; d. abdominal spines, left lateral view; e. abdominal spines, dorsal view. anR, anal-fin rays; blSp, bilateral spine; bpt, basipterygium; dBs, dorsal bony stay; doR, dorsal-fin rays; dRd, distal radial; ep1-2, epural 1-2; h1-5, hypural 1-5; pCdr, principal caudalfin rays; pMRd, proximal-middle radial; poPvSp, postpelvic spines; prDSp, predorsal spine; prPvSp, prepelvic spines; pU2-3, preural centrum 2-3; pvR, pelvic-fin rays; U, compound ural centrum. Scale bars: 10 mm.

Fig. 3 in Phenotypic plasticity associated to environmental hypoxia in the neotropical serrasalmid Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg, 1887) (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae)

Fig. 3. Response curves of three morphological variables of Piaractus mesopotamicus (proportion of increase) respect to dissolved oxygen gradient. Black arrow indicates the DO concentration determined for the inflection point of the reaction norm.

Fig. 1 in Phenotypic plasticity associated to environmental hypoxia in the neotropical serrasalmid Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg, 1887) (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae)

Fig. 1. Development and reversion of the three morphological variables exposed to nine hours of hypoxia, followed by three hours of normoxia in Piaractus mesopotamicus. (a) lower lip, (b) maxillary, and (c) opercular valve. Capital letters above box plots indicate groups in multiple comparisons (Tukey's tests) after repeated measures ANOVA.

Fig. 4 in Phenotypic plasticity associated to environmental hypoxia in the neotropical serrasalmid Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg, 1887) (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae)

Fig. 4. Response curves of behavioral and respiratory variables of Piaractus mesopotamicus respect to dissolved oxygen gradient. Black arrow indicates inflection point given by the four parameters logistic function. The curve fitted to data points is not shown for horizontal and vertical movements due to the great dispersion.

Fig. 5 in Phenotypic plasticity associated to environmental hypoxia in the neotropical serrasalmid Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg, 1887) (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae)

Fig. 5. Comparisons of plasticity among behavioral (a), respiratoy (b) and morphological traits (c) of Piaractus mesopotamicus as measured by the coefficient of variation (CV) across the DO gradient. Capital letters above box plots indicate groups in multiple comparison Tukey's tests after a one way ANOVA. Names of traits as defined in the text.

Fig. 2 in Phenotypic plasticity associated to environmental hypoxia in the neotropical serrasalmid Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg, 1887) (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae)

Fig. 2. Photographs showing increases in size of the three morphological traits of Piaractus mesopotamicus analyzed exposed to extreme hypoxia: (a) lower lip, (b) maxillary, and (c) opercular valve. White arrow indicates the area where the expansion of dermal tissue occurred.

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Fig. 2 in Karyotype differentiation and cytotaxonomic considerations in species of Serrasalmidae (Characiformes) from the Amazon basin

Fig. 2. Partial karyotypes of Serrasalmidae species showing Ag-NORs (left side) and 18S rDNA sites (right side): a-b) Serrasalmus elongatus; c-d) Serrasalmus maculatus; e-f) Serrasalmus cf. rhombeus; g-h) Serrasalmus rhombeus; i-j) Pygocentrus nattereri; k-l) Colossoma macropomum. Numbers indicate the corresponding chromosome pairs in the karyotypes of the species.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2016View details →

Fig. 1 in Histological, Topographical And Ultrastructural Organization Of Different Cells Lining The Olfactory Epithelium Of Red Piranha, Pygocentrus Nattereri (Characiformes, Serrasalmidae)

Fig. 1. Photomicrographs of the olfactory epithelium of Pygocentrus nattereri by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and histological architecture stained with Delafield's Haematoxylin-Eosin (HE) and Mallory's triple (MT) stain. A — oval shaped olfactory rosette showing olfactory lamellae (OL) radiating from median raphe (R). Note tongue shaped structure (arrow heads) on the apical end of the lamellae (SEM) ×50. B — sensory olfactory epithelium (OEP) lined with receptor cells. Note the presence of blood vessels (BV) in the central core (CC) which is distinguished from OEP by basement membrane (BM). Arrow heads indicate basal cells above BM (MT) ×400. C — higher magnification of OEP showing a large number of primary receptor cells (RC) with conspicuous nuclei (N), secondary recptor cells (broken arrows), microvillous cells (MV) intermingled with supporting cells (SC). Note the presence of BV in CC and BC (arrow heads) near CC. Solid arrow indicates the axons of secondary RC communicate to CC (MT) ×1000. D — OEP exhibiting cylindrical RC with knob like vesicles (black arrow heads), ciliated supporting cells (solid arrows), non-ciliated supporting cells (white arrow heads) and BC above CC. Broken arrows mark the cilia of supporting cells on the epithelial surface (HE) ×400. E — tuft of receptor cells (RC) in between supporting cells (SC) (SEM) ×4000. F — dendrite patches of RC (broken arrows) and microvillous cells (solid arrows) in between stratified epithelial cells (SEC). Note the opening of mucous cells (arrow heads) in between SEC (SEM) ×2500.

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Fig. 2 in Histological, Topographical And Ultrastructural Organization Of Different Cells Lining The Olfactory Epithelium Of Red Piranha, Pygocentrus Nattereri (Characiformes, Serrasalmidae)

Fig. 2. Photomicrographs of the olfactory epithelium of P. nattereri by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and histological features stained with Mallory's triple (MT) stain. A — transitional zone between sensory epithelium (SE) with receptor cells (solid arrows) and non-sensory epithelium (NSE) having a series of mucous cells (MC) (Broken arrows), labyrinth cells (LC) and stratified epithelial cells (arrow heads). Olfactory epithelium separated from central core (CC) by a basement membrane (BM) (MT) ×400. B — surface of non-sensory epithelium showing densely arranged ciliated supporting cells (solid arrows) encircled the non-ciliated supporting cells (SC) with adhering mucin mass (arrow heads). Note the opening of MC (broken arrows) in between SC (SEM) ×4500. C — dendrite of receptor cell (RC) emerging out from basal body (broken arrow). Note microtubules of rod (solid arrow) parallel arranged (TEM) ×5000. D —nuclei of receptor cells (N) showing dispersed heterochromatin (arrow heads). Note the presence of mitochondria (solid arrows) adjacent to nucleus (TEM) ×500. (E) Showing cisterns of rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER) (arrow heads) encircling nucleus (solid arrow). Note Golgi apparatus (broken arrow) adjacent to rER (TEM) ×4000. F — OEP lined with microvillous cells (MV), mucous cell (MC) and supporting cell (broken arrow) (TEM) ×2100. G — microvillous cells exhibiting abundant ribosomes (broken arrows) and extended mitochondria (arrow heads). Solid arrow indicates nucleus (TEM) ×5000. H — axons (broken arrows) of receptor cells run parallel on both sides of basal cells (solid arrow) (TEM) ×5000.

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Fig. 3 in Histological, Topographical And Ultrastructural Organization Of Different Cells Lining The Olfactory Epithelium Of Red Piranha, Pygocentrus Nattereri (Characiformes, Serrasalmidae)

Fig. 3. Photomicrographs of the olfactory epithelium of P. nattereri by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A — olfactory epithelium (OEP showing mucous cell (MC) having granules, microvillous cell (arrow head), labyrinth cell (broken arrow) and vesicular cytoplasm of supporting cell (solid arrow) (TEM) ×2100. B — flat surface ciliated supporting cell (solid arrow) provided with plenty of kinocilia (arrow heads) showing microtubular pattern (broken arrows). Note large number of mitochondria within the cytoplasm of supporting cells (TEM) ×5000. C — non-sensory olfactory epithelium (OEP) comprised of MC filled with large granules and supporting cells (solid arrows) (TEM) ×2100. D — basal cells provided with conspicuous lobular nuclei (N) having dense nucleolus (solid arrow). Note the presence of small vesicles (arrow head) adjacent the nucleus and rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER) (broken arrows) (TEM) ×2500. E — showing nuclear division of basal cells provided with dense nucleus (solid arrows). Broken arrows indicate mature nucleus of basal cells (TEM) ×2500. F — showing labyrinth cells (solid arrow) with conspicuous folding encircled by compactly arranged stratified epithelial cells (SEC). Note the presence of MC (broken arrows) in between SEC and mucin droplets (arrow heads) over SEC (SEM) ×4500. G — surface epithelium of raphe provided with packed SEC having labyrinth pattern microridges. Note the presence of opening of MC (solid arrows) and mucin droplets (arrow heads) over SEC (SEM) ×4500. H — raphe showing oval and elongated nuclei (N) of Stratified epithelial cells. Note the presence of rER (solid arrows) and vesicles (broken arrows) adjacent to nucleus (TEM) × 2500.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2023View details →

Fig 1 in Colossoma macropomum (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae) adapted to new climate regime: differential gene expression from farmed tambaqui juveniles raised in subtropical and tropical regions

Fig 1: Relative gene expression in tambaqui juveniles farmed in two Brazilian regions: Northern (Balbina; BA) and Southeast (Brumado; BRU). Different letters represent statistical differences between populations. The graphs show expression of A) hif-1α (p = 0.137), B) hsp-70 (p = 0.465), C) mstn (p = 0.907), D) ube3a (p = 0.205), E) ras (p = 0.041), F) cry-1 (p = 0.001), G) per-1 (p = 0.001), H) ogt (p = 0.001) and I) acly (p = 0.025).