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80 results for “Sexual dichromatism”
FIGURE 5 in A new sexually dichromatic miniature Characidium (Characiformes: Crenuchidae) from the rio Guaporé, rio Madeira basin, Brazil, with remarkable morphological novelties to the genus
FIGURE 5 | Characidium fleurdelis, paratypes, INPA 59848, lateral view: A. Freshly preserved specimens, top male, 22.2 mm SL; bottom mature female with ovocytes seen by transparency on belly as a yellowish area, 24.1 mm SL; B. Live specimens, top male, 20.6 mm SL; bottom mature female, 24.0 mm SL. All from rio Guaporé sub basin, rio Madeira basin, Rondônia, Brazil.
FIGURE 4 in A new sexually dichromatic miniature Characidium (Characiformes: Crenuchidae) from the rio Guaporé, rio Madeira basin, Brazil, with remarkable morphological novelties to the genus
FIGURE 4 | Pseudotympanum of Characidium fleurdelis UFBA 9234, paratype, 20.6 mm SL, right side in lateral view. Overlying skin and adipose tissue removed. ls, lateralis superficialis; oi, obliquus inferioris; os, obliquus superioris. Asterisk indicates the rib of fifth vertebrae.
FIGURE 3 in A new sexually dichromatic miniature Characidium (Characiformes: Crenuchidae) from the rio Guaporé, rio Madeira basin, Brazil, with remarkable morphological novelties to the genus
FIGURE 3 | Osteological characteristics in cleared and stained specimens of Characidium fleurdelis, UFBA 9234, paratypes: A. Weberian apparatus and first ribs, black arrows indicate dorsal rounded processes on first ribs, female, 23.5 mm SL, dorsal view; B. Caudal-fin bony elements, black arrows indicate neural and haemal spines of the antepenultimate vertebra, posteriormost intermuscular bones removed, female, 23.5 mm SL, lateral view; C. Anal-fin radials and first haemal spines in male, 21.0 mm SL, asterisks indicate elongate and flattened haemal spines, black arrow indicates one radial with plate-like bony expansions, lateral view; D. Anal-fin radials and first haemal spines in female, asterisks indicate elongate haemal spines, black arrow indicates one radial without plate-like bony expansion, 23.5 mm SL, lateral view.
FIGURE 6 in A new sexually dichromatic miniature Characidium (Characiformes: Crenuchidae) from the rio Guaporé, rio Madeira basin, Brazil, with remarkable morphological novelties to the genus
FIGURE 6 | A. Map with part of the rio Madeira basin, Brazil, showing the type locality (black star) of Characidium fleurdelis; symbol may represent more than one locality or lot. B. Sampling locality of Characidium fleurdelis, Rondônia, Corumbiara town, Vitória da União district, stream tributary of rio Oimerê, tributary of rio Corumbiara, rio Guaporé sub basin, rio Madeira basin.
FIGURE 1 in A new sexually dichromatic miniature Characidium (Characiformes: Crenuchidae) from the rio Guaporé, rio Madeira basin, Brazil, with remarkable morphological novelties to the genus
FIGURE 1 | Characidium fleurdelis: A. Holotype, MZUSP126956, female, 21.6 mm standard length, lateral view; B. Paratype, UFBA 9234, female, 22.9 mm SL, lateral, dorsal and ventral views; C. Paratype, UFBA 9234, female, 23.8 mm SL, lateral view; D. Paratype, UFBA 9234, male, 20.6 mm SL, lateral view; E. Paratype, UFBA 9233, juvenile, 17.4 mm SL, lateral view. All from rio Guaporé sub basin, rio Madeira basin, Rondônia, Brazil.
Data for: Sexual dichromatism may not be a good index of sexual or natural selection in the blue cardinalids (Aves: Passeriformes).
<p>More than a century ago, Darwin and Wallace started a still ongoing debate over which are the predominant forces driving sexual dichromatism (i.e., differences in body coloration between males and females): is it sexual selection on males to become more attractive, or is it natural selection on females to become more cryptic? While these are not mutually exclusive, the degree of sexual dichromatism has been extensively used as a proxy of the intensity of one type of selection (sexual) on one of the sexes (males). Here, we evaluated the relationship between sexual dichromatism and two body-color features that can be under natural and/or sexual selection in each sex: conspicuousness against the background and colorfulness (which we defined as the variety of colors and mechanisms to produce them within an individual's plumage). We focused on the 'blue clade' of the Cardinalidae bird family and considered the properties of their own visual system and those of potential raptor predators. We found that all blue cardinalids are sexually dichromatic, but levels of dichromatism vary within the clade. Males are on average more colorful than females, but neither male nor female colorfulness correlates with sexual dichromatism. Males are not more conspicuous than females against a vegetated background but are significantly more conspicuous against a nesting background than females. Yet, we found no correlation between conspicuousness and degree of sexual dichromatism. Our results suggest that, while both natural and sexual selection can drive color differences between the sexes, levels of sexual dichromatism do not necessarily reflect intensity of selection forces in this clade. Our results highlight the importance of testing assumptions regarding the relationship between sexual dichromatism and color evolution in each sex, considering the properties of different visual systems, relevant to the ecology of the study model.</p>
Seasonal but not sex-biased gene expression of the carotenoid ketolase, CYP2J19, in the sexually dichromatic southern red bishop (Euplectes orix)
<p>Intense red colors in birds are often due to ketocarotenoids (KCs). In many land birds, KCs are oxidized from dietary yellow precursors, presumably by the avian carotenoid ketolase CYP2J19, the regulation and constraints of which have important implications for condition-dependence and honest signaling of carotenoid color displays. Here we investigate hepatic CYP2J19 gene expression in the seasonally and sexually dichromatic southern red bishop (Euplectes orix) in relation to season, sex, progression of the prenuptial moult, testis size, body condition, reflectance-based redness (hue), and circulating sex steroids. A coloration function of CYP2J19 is supported by seasonal upregulation prior to and during the carotenoid-depositing stage of the male prenuptial moult. However, upregulation was similar in females (which do not moult prenuptially), and remained high in males after moult, suggesting additional or alternative functions of hepatic CYP2J19 or its products, such as detoxification or antioxidants, respectively. In males, the CYP2J19 upregulation preceded and was unrelated to the rise in plasma testosterone, but was correlated with androstenedione, likely of adrenal origin and compatible with luteinizing hormone-induced and (in females) estrogen-suppressed moult. Finally, contrary to ideas that carotenoid ketolation rate mediates honest signaling, CYP2J19 expression was not related to male body condition or plumage redness.</p>
Data from: Testing background matching and disruptive colouration in a sexually dichromatic grasshopper: a computer detection experiment.
<p>Cryptic colouration is an adaptative mechanism against predators. Colour patterns can become cryptic through background matching and disruptive colouration, which breaks up the outlines of an animal because the pattern does not coincide with the shape and outline of the animal’s body. Background matching could be advantageous in chromatically homogeneous microhabitats, whereas disruptive colouration can be favoured in visually heterogeneous microhabitats. Grasshoppers of the genus <em>Sphenarium</em> (Orthoptera: Pyrogomorphidae) inhabit very heterogeneous environments and exhibit both strategies. Adults show substantial continuous variation in colouration and longitudinal and transverse bands on the thorax and abdomen. However, males often exhibit considerably more variation in the number of longitudinal and transverse bands than females, which tend to have more uniform colouring (flatter patterns). In this study, we analysed the cryptic properties of the colour patterns of males and females of <em>Sphenarium </em><em>zapotecum</em><em> </em>Sanabria-Urbán, H. Song & Cueva del Castillo and tested the effectiveness of background matching and disruptive colouration using humans as ‘predators’ in a computer detection experiment. We found that the females and males are dichromatic and seem to follow different cryptic strategies in their colouration: males are more disruptive to the background than females, whereas females have a higher level of background matching. In addition, in visually heterogeneous areas, predators spent most time searching for striped male morphs with lower background matching and higher disruptive properties, as well as for female morphs with high background matching, potentially increasing prey survival. As background matching is associated with females and disruptive colouration with males, our results could help explain the evolution of sexual dichromatism in this and other species of grasshoppers of the genus <em>Sphenarium.</em></p> <p> </p>
Seasonal but not sex-biased gene expression of the carotenoid ketolase, CYP2J19, in the sexually dichromatic southern red bishop (Euplectes orix)
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Data for: Sexual dichromatism may not be a good index of sexual or natural selection in the blue cardinalids (Aves: Passeriformes).
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Data from: Background matching, disruptive coloration and differential use of microhabitats in two neotropical grasshoppers with sexual dichromatism
<div class="a3s aXjCH msg-1980557116638596178"> <div> <div class="m_-1980557116638596178WordSection1"> <p>Cryptic coloration is an adaptative defensive mechanism against predators. Color patterns can become cryptic through background coloration-matching and disruptive coloration. Disruptive coloration may evolve in visually heterogeneous microhabitats, whereas background matching could be favored in chromatically homogeneous microhabitats. In this work, we used digital photography to explore the potential use of disruptive coloration and background matching in males and females of two grasshopper species of the <i>Sphenarium </i>genus in different habitats. We found chromatic differences in the two grasshopper species that may be explained by local adaptation. We also found that the females and males of both species are dichromatic and seem to follow different color cryptic strategies, males are more disruptive than females, whereas females have a high background matching with less disruptive elements. The selective pressures of the predators in different microhabitats and the differences in mobility between sexes may explain the color pattern divergence between females and males. Nevertheless, more field experiments are needed in order to understand the relative importance of disruptive and background matching coloration in the evolution of sexual dichromatism in these grasshoppers.</p> </div> </div> </div>
A genetic mechanism for sexual dichromatism in birds
<p>Sexual dichromatism — a difference in coloration between males and females — is central to the study of ornamentation, mate choice, and sexual selection. Here, we show that carotenoid-based dichromatism in mosaic canaries, a hybrid product between the sexually dichromatic red siskin and monochromatic canaries, is controlled by the carotenoid-cleaving enzyme Beta-Carotene Oxygenase 2 (<i>BCO2</i>). Dichromatism in mosaic canaries is explained by differential carotenoid degradation in the integument of each sex, rather than sex-specific variation in physiological functions such as pigment uptake or transport. Transcriptome analyses suggest that carotenoid degradation in the integument might be a common mechanism contributing to sexual dichromatism in other finches. Our findings demonstrate how differences in ornamental coloration between sexes can evolve through simple molecular mechanisms controlled by genes of major effect.</p>
Data from: Sexual dichromatism drives diversification within a major radiation of African amphibians
Theory predicts that sexually dimorphic traits under strong sexual selection, particularly those involved with intersexual signaling, can accelerate speciation and produce bursts of diversification. Sexual dichromatism (sexual dimorphism in color) is widely used as a proxy for sexual selection and is associated with rapid diversification in several animal groups, yet studies using phylogenetic comparative methods to explicitly test for an association between sexual dichromatism and diversification have produced conflicting results. Sexual dichromatism is rare in frogs, but it is both striking and prevalent in African reed frogs, a major component of the diverse frog radiation termed Afrobatrachia. In contrast to most other vertebrates, reed frogs display female-biased dichromatism in which females undergo color transformation, often resulting in more ornate coloration in females than in males. We produce a robust phylogeny of Afrobatrachia to investigate the evolutionary origins of sexual dichromatism in this radiation and examine whether the presence of dichromatism is associated with increased rates of net diversification. We find that sexual dichromatism evolved once within hyperoliids and was followed by numerous independent reversals to monochromatism. We detect significant diversification rate heterogeneity in Afrobatrachia and find that sexually dichromatic lineages have double the average net diversification rate of monochromatic lineages. By conducting trait simulations on our empirical phylogeny, we demonstrate our inference of trait-dependent diversification is robust. Although sexual dichromatism in hyperoliid frogs is linked to their rapid diversification and supports macroevolutionary predictions of speciation by sexual selection, the function of dichromatism in reed frogs remains unclear. We propose that reed frogs are a compelling system for studying the roles of natural and sexual selection on the evolution of sexual dichromatism across both micro- and macroevolutionary timescales.
FIGURE 2 in A new sexually dichromatic miniature Characidium (Characiformes: Crenuchidae) from the rio Guaporé, rio Madeira basin, Brazil, with remarkable morphological novelties to the genus
FIGURE 2 | Dentary of Characidium fleurdelis, UFBA 9234, paratype, male, 21.0 mm SL, outer view.
The extent of rapid colour change in male agamid lizards is unrelated to overall sexual dichromatism
<p><span>Dynamic colour change is widespread in ectothermic animals, but has primarily been studied in the context of background matching. For most species, we lack quantitative data on the extent of colour change across different contexts. It is also unclear whether and how colour change varies across body regions, and how overall sexual dichromatism relates to the extent of individual colour change. In this study, we obtained reflectance measures in response to different stimuli for males and females of six species of agamid lizards (<em>Agamidae</em>, sister family to <em>Chameleonidae</em>) comprising three closely related species pairs. We computed the colour volume in a lizard-vision colour space occupied by males and females of each species and estimated overall sexual dichromatism based on the area of non-overlapping male and female colour volumes. As expected, males had larger colour volumes than females, but the extent of colour change in males differed between species and between body regions. Notably, species that were most sexually dichromatic were not necessarily those in which males showed the greatest individual colour change. Our results indicate that the extent of colour change is independent of the degree of sexual dichromatism and demonstrate that colour change on different body regions can vary substantially even between pairs of closely related species.</span></p>
Data from: Loss of pigments in females is associated with sexual dichromatism in an ornamental trait
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Data from: Sexual dichromatism drives diversification within a major radiation of African amphibians
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Sexual dichromatism in the fur of a bat: An exploration of color differences and potential signaling functions
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A genetic mechanism for sexual dichromatism in birds
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The extent of rapid colour change in male agamid lizards is unrelated to overall sexual dichromatism
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