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266 results for “Shelter”
Altering pH changes competition dynamics between two crayfish species for both food and shelter resources
As climate change continues, alterations in abiotic variables within habitats will also change. One of the key variables for aquatic systems is pH. We were interested in how lowered pH altered the behavioral characteristics of two keystone species: Faxonius rusticus, a non-native crayfish in the upper midwest and Faxonius virilis, the native crayfish. We dosed size-matched individuals in separate tanks for four days and than placed these individuals in a flow through mesocosm to allow them to compete over food and shelter resources. Behavior was recorded from midnight to 4 am. Pairs of animals were exposed to pH levels varying from ambient (8.4) to 6.4. The experiment took place at the University of Michigan's Biological Station in northern Michigan in the United States.
REU data set from summer of 2022. Project was designed to understand how crayfish (Faxonius rusticus) respond to chemical cues from largemouth bass predators under different shelter distributions.
Research into predator–prey interactions has focused on the landscape of fear and nonconsumptive effects that result from prey responses. Prey behavior is influenced by predator presence and the location and quality of foraging resources in habitats. These areas have been fruitful, but the role of prey refuges has lagged. We investigated how refuge spatial distribution and quality influence prey behavior. To determine the role of the landscape of safety (LOS) in prey decision-making, we altered spatial relationships between refuges, refuge quality, and predation threats in mesocosms. Mesocosms were constructed such that prey only received predatory chemical cues. We employed a behavioral assay including largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides (Lacepède, 1802): predator) and virile crayfish (Faxonius rusticus (Girard, 1852): prey). Crayfish shelter use was significantly influenced by quality and spatial relationship of shelters to predatory threats, and the interaction of these two factors. Particularly, crayfish used high-quality shelters more often when located closer to predatory cues than farther away and did not use low-quality shelters more than controls. High-quality shelter usage decreased as threat level (measured by gape ratio) decreased. These results support the idea that prey utilize an LOS, and information contained in these two landscapes may alter behavioral decisions.
Microbial soil data from KBS pilot rainout shelter experiment 2019
Growing season drought can be devastating to crop yields. Soil microbial communities have the potential to buffer yield loss under drought through increasing plant drought tolerance and soil water retention. Microbial inoculation on agricultural fields has been shown to increase plant growth, but few studies have examined the impact of microbial inoculation on plant and soil microbial drought tolerance. We conducted a rainout shelter experiment and subsequent greenhouse experiment to explore three objectives. First, we evaluated the performance of a large rainout shelter design for studying drought in agricultural fields. Second, we tested how crop (corn vs. soybean) and microbial inoculation alter the response of soil microbial composition, diversity, and biomass to drought. Third, we tested whether field inoculation treatments and drought exposure altered microbial communities in ways that promote plant drought tolerance in future generations. In our field experiment, the effects of drought on soil bacterial composition depended on crop type, while drought decreased bacterial diversity in corn plots and drought decreased microbial biomass carbon in soybean plots. Microbial inoculation did not alter overall microbial community composition, plant growth or drought tolerance, despite our efforts to address common barriers to inoculation success. Still, a history of inoculation affected growth of future plant generations in the greenhouse. Our study demonstrates the importance of plant species in shaping microbial community responses to drought and the importance of legacy effects of microbial inoculation.
Satdhārā सतधारा (Raisen district, Madhya Pradesh). Rock-shelter painting showing a stūpa with ye dharmā formula.
<p>Satdhārā सतधारा (Raisen district, Madhya Pradesh). Rock-shelter painting showing a stūpa with <em>ye dharmā </em>formula.</p>
Aukana, Sri Lanka. Monastic rock shelter.
<p>Aukana (near Kekirawa), Sri Lanka. Monastic rock shelter, with drip ledge and inscription, as documented in 02/2012.</p>
Images of "Iglu" shelter at Caraz in Peru
<p>Seven images (no. 1-7) of "Iglu" shelter and fragments, located at Jirón Los Alisos with Avenida 9 de Octubre in<span> </span>Caraz, 02167 Peru. The data set includes a list of the photographies with descriptions. The photographies show the remaining parts of the humanitarian shelter "Iglu", a joint relief operation of Bayer AG with the German Red Cross Societies in the aftermath of the Peruvian earthquake of 31st May 1970.</p>
Data from: Global climate disruption and regional climate shelters after the Toba supereruption
<p>CESM1.3 simulations for Toba eruption scenarios. Run numbers correspond to scenarios listed in Appendix 1, Table S1 of:</p> <p><strong>Black, Lamarque, Marsh, Schmidt, and Bardeen. Global climate disruption and regional climate shelters after the Toba supereruption. PNAS. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2013046118</strong></p> <p> </p>
Dataset for the article "Development of an integrated socio-hydrological modeling framework for assessing the impacts of shelter location arrangement and human behaviors on flood evacuation processes"
<p>This dataset include the data needed to create the socio-hydrological model to simulate human evacuation processes via a transportation network before a flood hits the residential area. Source code, in JAVA, for generating households in the agent-based model are also provided. </p>
Flow discharge impact competition for food and shelter between two overlapping species of crayfish
Competition between aquatic organisms is heavily influenced by abiotic factors in the environment, specifically flow regime in aquatic systems. Flow regime has been shown to significantly affect the way in which a species uses the environmental resources and alterations in flow can exasperate competitive advantages by congenerics. However, little work has concentrated on the competitive outcome between native and invasive organisms as a function of flow regime. Here, we sought to uncover how competition between two crayfish species (the native virile crayfish [Faxonius virilis] and invasive rusty crayfish [Faxonius rusticus]) was affected by varying flow rates. To do this, we size-matched crayfish and quantified three separate behaviors (food use, shelter use, and fights) of crayfish in four different discharge levels (no discharge—0 cm3/s; low discharge—116 cm3/s; intermediate discharge—345 cm3 /s; high discharge—450 cm3/s). We found that the number of foraging bouts was significantly (p < 0.001) influenced by discharge levels for both species, where rusty crayfish foraged more often in no and discharge. The number of times crayfish sheltered also varied between species and was significantly (p < 0.001) altered by discharge level, where rusty crayfish sheltered more often in no discharge and virile crayfish sheltered more in low and intermediate discharge levels. Similarly, the number of fights that crayfish engaged in also significantly (p < 0.001) depended upon species and discharge levels. Rusty crayfish engaged in more agonistic activities in no and high discharge levels while virile crayfish participated most often in low and intermediate discharge levels
Figure 2 in Does nutritional status constrain adoption of more costly and less risky foraging behaviour in an Amazonian shelter-building spider?
Figure 2. Relationship between predicted probability of spider Hingstepeira folisecens (Hingston 1932) (Araneidae) exhibiting a pulling foraging behaviour to catch prey and body condition index (BCI – standardized residuals from a regression of abdomen volume on carapace area) in one region of Central Amazonia, Brazil. '1' represents occurrence of pulling behaviour and '0' represents absence of spider response or use of pursuing behaviour (n = 19).
Aukana, Sri Lanka. Monastic rock shelter.
<p>Aukana (near Kekirawa) Sri Lanka. Monastic rock shelter, as documented 02/2012.</p>
Fig. 17 in Characterizing Late Pleistocene and Holocene Stone Artefact Assemblages from Puritjarra Rock Shelter: A Long Sequence from the Australian Desert
Fig. 17. Retouched artefacts from the Holocene levels of Puritjarra rock shelter. All are from units 1a and 1b except M10/11-1 (unit 1c). Steep-edged scrapers: N11/9-2, N6/5-3, N10/5-3. Notched implements: N9/4-3, QR9/1-9, N10/4-8. Endscraper: M10/11-1.
Fig. 18. Group 2 in Characterizing Late Pleistocene and Holocene Stone Artefact Assemblages from Puritjarra Rock Shelter: A Long Sequence from the Australian Desert
Fig. 18. Group 2 retouched artefacts from the Holocene levels of Puritjarra rock shelter. All are from units 1a and 1b. Geometric microliths: top row (1–8). Thumbnail scrapers: QR9/3-4, N10/3-1, Z10/2-1, N9/3-11, M9/2-14. Tula adze slugs: M10/1-4, M9/2-3, N5/4-1. (M10/1-4 is the largest tula in this assemblage). Burren adze slug: Z9/9-2. Endscrapers: N6/3-2, Z9/5-2. (Z9/5-2 has usepolish and rounding on the distal end, and fine overhang removal scars along the platform edge).
Fig. 16 in Characterizing Late Pleistocene and Holocene Stone Artefact Assemblages from Puritjarra Rock Shelter: A Long Sequence from the Australian Desert
Fig. 16. Large flake implements from late Pleistocene levels of Puritjarra rock shelter. All are from unit 2a, except N13/20-1 (unit 2b). Steep-edged scrapers: N11/19-1, N11/22-2, QR9/8-11, N12/14-3. Amorphous retouched artefacts: N5/15-12, M11/18-1, N11/19-3. Notched implements: N13/20-1, N11/21-2. Saws: N10/9-1, N5/19-1.
Fig. 15 in Characterizing Late Pleistocene and Holocene Stone Artefact Assemblages from Puritjarra Rock Shelter: A Long Sequence from the Australian Desert
Fig. 15. Large flake implements from late Pleistocene levels of Puritjarra rock shelter. All are from unit 2a. Steep-edged scrapers: QR9/8-2, N5/15-11. Amorphous retouched implement: M10/22-2. QR9/8-1 is a large formal implement with extensive shallow invasive flaking and a thin convex working edge.
Fig. 13 in Characterizing Late Pleistocene and Holocene Stone Artefact Assemblages from Puritjarra Rock Shelter: A Long Sequence from the Australian Desert
Fig. 13. Artefacts from the palaeosurface at c. 32,000 B.P. N13/24-1 is a large sandstone flake typical of the larger component of the flake assemblage. N13/25-3 shows a sandstone flake detached from a rotated core. Bottom two rows show small finely-made silcrete flakes. N12/26-1, M11/ 27-5 and M11/27-6 are made on exotic silcrete. M11/27-2 (2) is a chalcedony flake with a short length of retouch or edge damage. M11/27-4 (4) is a trimming flake detached from the retouched edge of a chalcedony implement.
Fig. 2 in Characterizing Late Pleistocene and Holocene Stone Artefact Assemblages from Puritjarra Rock Shelter: A Long Sequence from the Australian Desert
Fig. 2. Plan of Puritjarra rock shelter showing layout of excavation trenches. Also shown are spot heights (m below
Fig. 9 in Characterizing Late Pleistocene and Holocene Stone Artefact Assemblages from Puritjarra Rock Shelter: A Long Sequence from the Australian Desert
Fig. 9. Flake size and shape by analytical unit. Data are length/ breadth measurements for a representative sample of 769 complete flakes. (A) Comparison of units 1a–b (solid grey circles), and unit 2a (open squares). Late Holocene flakes are smaller and less variable in size than early Holocene/terminal Pleistocene flakes, but have similar proportions. (B) Comparison of units 2b–d (solid grey circles) and unit 2a (open squares). Late Pleistocene flakes are smaller than those in the early Holocene/terminal Pleistocene, but have similar variability and proportions.
Fig. 7 in Characterizing Late Pleistocene and Holocene Stone Artefact Assemblages from Puritjarra Rock Shelter: A Long Sequence from the Australian Desert
Fig. 7. Large flakes from late Pleistocene levels of Puritjarra rock shelter. All are from unit 2a except M11/26-1 (unit 2b). M10/16-2 is an ironstone flake struck from a horsehoof core, and has fine overhang-removal flaking along the platform edge. M10/20-3 is chert flake with evidence of a prior platform, showing that the core was rotated before this flake was detached.
Fig. 6 in Characterizing Late Pleistocene and Holocene Stone Artefact Assemblages from Puritjarra Rock Shelter: A Long Sequence from the Australian Desert
Fig. 6. Small flakes from late Pleistocene levels of Puritjarra rock shelter. From unit 2c: N10/11-1. From unit 2b: N12/21-8, N12/21-15, N12/23-1, N18/13-1, M11/25-2. Remainder are from unit 2a. N12/21-8 and N12/17-4 each have a series of fine flakes scars along the platform edge, showing trimming of an overhang prior to detachment of the flake. N12/19- 5 exhibits a facetted platform. N11/22-5 is a sandstone flake struck from a bifacial core.
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