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471 results for “Soares”
Inclement weather forces stopovers and prevents migratory progress for obligate soaring migrants
<p>Data from: Mallon, JM, KL Bildstein, and WF Fagan. 2021. Inclement weather forces stopovers and prevents migratory progress for obligate soaring migrants. Movement Ecology</p> <p>These data include only migrations and are annotated with stopovers. See metadata for full information.</p> <p>Data modified from Bildstein KL and Barber D. 2021. Movebank Data Repository. https://doi.org/10.5441/001/1.f3qt46r2.</p> <p> </p>
Illustrative dataset for the article: Vieira, R., McDonald, S., Araujo-Soares, V., Sniehotta, F., Henderson, R. (2017) "Dynamic modelling of n-of-1 data: Powerful and flexible data analytics applied to individualised studies"
<p>This dataset is supplementary material of the manuscript "Dynamic modelling of n-of-1 data: Powerful and flexible data analytics applied to individualised studies. McDonald et al. (2016) presents a series of novel n-of-1 studies that intended to explore the relationship between physical activity change during the retirement transition. The file contains the data of one participant. The column names correspond to the following variables:</p> <p>time: duration of follow-up (minutes);<br> minute: time of day (hours and minutes);<br> day_num: day since beginning of follow-up (the first two days were considered as adaptation phase and therefore removed); <br> PAscore: accelerometer raw score; <br> startBout: 1 (a bout of PA was initiated in this minute) or 0 (a bout of PA wasn't <br> initiated in this minute); <br> nPAbouts_day: number of PA bouts per day; <br> nPAbouts_day.l1: number of PA bouts in previous day (lag 1); <br> nPAbouts_day.l2: number of PA bouts two day before (lag 2); <br> nBoutsLast2hours: number of PA bouts in previous 2 hours; <br> retirement: 0 (before retirement) or 1 (after retirement)<br> weekday: 0 (workday) or 1 (weekend)<br> sleepLength: number of hours of sleep last night<br> sleepLength.l1: number of hours of sleep the night before<br> sleepLength.l2: number of hours of sleep two nights before<br> pers: personalised measure of partner's influence (scale 0-1)<br> periodDay: morning, evening or afternoon</p> <p>McDonald, S., Vieira, R., O'Brien, N., White, M., & Sniehotta, F. F. (2016). Does physical activity and sedentary behavior change during the retirement transition? Findings from a series of novel n-of-1 natural experiments. <em>International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 23</em>, S261-S261.</p> <p> </p>
Cranes soar on thermal updrafts behind cold fronts as they migrate across the sea
<p>Thermal soaring conditions above the sea have long been assumed absent or too weak for terrestrial migrating birds, forcing large obligate soarers to take long detours and avoid sea crossing, and facultative soarers to cross exclusively by costly flapping flight. Thus, while atmospheric convection does develop at sea and is utilized by some seabirds, it has been largely ignored in avian migration research. Here we provide direct evidence for routine thermal soaring over open sea in the common crane, the heaviest facultative soarer known among terrestrial migrating birds. Using high-resolution biologging from 44 cranes tracked across their transcontinental migration over 4 years, we show that soaring characteristics and performance were no different over sea than over land in mid-latitudes. Sea-soaring occurred predominantly in autumn when large water-air temperature difference followed mid-latitude cyclones. Our findings challenge a fundamental paradigm in avian migration research and suggest that large soaring migrants avoid sea crossing not due to absence or weakness of thermals but due to their uncertainty and the costs of prolonged flapping. Marine cold air outbreaks, imperative to the global energy budget and climate system, may also be important for bird migration, calling for more multidisciplinary research across biological and atmospheric sciences.</p>
Fig. 6 in Glanidium botocudo, a new species from the rio Doce and rio Mucuri, Minas Gerais, Brazil (Siluriformes: Auchenipteridae) with comments on taxonomic position of Glanidium bockmanni Sarmento-Soares & Buckup
Fig. 6. Map of eastern Brazilian drainages at northeastern Minas Gerais State illustrating regional uplifts: the Serra do Espinhaço (colored in dark gray) and Dom Silvério Group (colored in brown). Contour of river basins in the area as stated: rio São Francisco (in pink), rio Jequitinhonha (in rose), rio Mucuri (in light gray), rio Doce (in salmon). Collecting localities of Glanidium botocudo illustrated as black circles. Star indicates type locality. Regional centromochlin species at rio São Francisco basin are illustrated by squares (white - Glanidium albescens; black - Centromochlus bockmanni). Congener at southern coastal rivers of Espírito Santo, Glanidium melanopterum, is illustrated by white lozenges. Symbols may represent more than one locality. Limits of Serra do Espinhaço are based on Valadão (2009) and Dom Silvério Group based on Peres et al. (2004).
Fig. 2 in Glanidium botocudo, a new species from the rio Doce and rio Mucuri, Minas Gerais, Brazil (Siluriformes: Auchenipteridae) with comments on taxonomic position of Glanidium bockmanni Sarmento-Soares & Buckup
Fig. 2. Neurocranium of Glanidium botocudo, MNRJ 32539, paratype, 82.0 mm SL. Dorsal view. Abbreviations: ep, epioccipital; fo, cranial fontanel, fr, frontal; le, lateral ethmoid; me, mesethmoid; na, nasal; n1, first nuchal plate, n2; second nuchal plate; n3, third nuchal plate; pe, posterior epioccipital process; ps, posttemporal-supracleitrum; pt, pterotic; so, supraoccipital; sp, sphenotic. Scale bar = 1.0 mm.
Fig. 1 in Glanidium botocudo, a new species from the rio Doce and rio Mucuri, Minas Gerais, Brazil (Siluriformes: Auchenipteridae) with comments on taxonomic position of Glanidium bockmanni Sarmento-Soares & Buckup
Fig. 1. Glanidium botocudo, new species, (a) holotype, MNRJ 32538, male, 93.2 mm SL, rio Mucuri downstream from Santa Clara Dam, Nanuque, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. (b) paratype, MBML 2047, female, 86.8 mm SL, rio Doce, on area of influence of Baú I Dam, Santa Cruz do Escalvado, Minas Gerais State, Brazil.
Fig. 4 in Glanidium botocudo, a new species from the rio Doce and rio Mucuri, Minas Gerais, Brazil (Siluriformes: Auchenipteridae) with comments on taxonomic position of Glanidium bockmanni Sarmento-Soares & Buckup
Fig. 4. Right hyoid arch of Glanidium botocudo, MNRJ 32539, paratype, 82.0 mm SL. Ventral view. Abbreviations: ac, anterior ceratohyal; br, branchiostegal rays; dh, dorsal hypohyal; ic, interceratohyal cartilage; ih, interhyal; pc, posterior ceratohyal; vh, ventral hypohyal; uh, urohyal; up, urohyal ventral process. Scale bar = 1.0 mm.
Fig. 3 in Glanidium botocudo, a new species from the rio Doce and rio Mucuri, Minas Gerais, Brazil (Siluriformes: Auchenipteridae) with comments on taxonomic position of Glanidium bockmanni Sarmento-Soares & Buckup
Fig. 3. Right suspensorium of Glanidium botocudo, MNRJ 32539, paratype, 82.0 mm SL. Lateral view. Abbreviations: aa, angulo-articular; dn, dentary; hy, hyomandibula; io, interopercle; mt, metapterygoid; ms, mesopterygoid; op, opercle; po, preopercle; qu, quadrate; sb, subpreopercle; sp, suprapreopercle. Scale bar = 1.0 mm.
Cranes soar on thermal updrafts behind cold fronts as they migrate across the sea
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The respiratory system influences flight mechanics in soaring birds
<p>The subpectoral diverticulum (SPD) is an extension of the respiratory system in birds that dives between the primary muscles responsible for flapping the wing. Surveying the pulmonary apparatus in 68 species showed that the SPD was present in virtually all soaring taxa investigated yet absent in non-soarers. We find that this structure independently evolved with soaring flight at least seven times, indicating that the diverticulum may have a functional and adaptive relationship with this flight style. Using the soaring hawks <em>Buteo jamaicensis </em>and <em>B. swainsoni</em> as models, we show that the SPD is not integral for ventilation, that an inflated SPD can increase the moment arm of cranial parts of the pectoralis, and that pectoralis muscle fascicles are significantly shorter in soaring hawks than in non-soaring birds. This coupling of an SPD-mediated increase in pectoralis leverage with force-specialised muscle architecture produces a pneumatic system adapted for the isometric contractile conditions expected in soaring flight. The discovery of a mechanical role for the respiratory system in avian locomotion underscores the functional complexity and heterogeneity of this organ system and suggests that pulmonary diverticula likely have other undiscovered secondary functions. These data provide a mechanistic explanation for the repeated appearance of the SPD in soaring lineages, demonstrating that the respiratory system can be co-opted to provide novel biomechanical solutions to the challenges of flight and thereby influence the evolution of avian volancy.</p>
Data Archive for "Acceleration as a proxy for energy expenditure in a facultative-soaring bird: comparing dynamic body acceleration and time-energy budgets to heart rate"
<p>Heart rate, acceleration, and respirometry data from four wild-caught gulls during climate chamber and treadmill calibration measurements (2018), as well as heart rate and acceleration data from five free-ranging gulls from a colony on Texel, NL during the breeding season (May - July, 2019). </p> <p> </p>
Adaptive cross-country optimisation strategies in thermal soaring birds
<p>This dataset contains published and unpublished high-frequency GPS data of 12 soaring birds.</p> <p>Published data are collected from: </p> <p>Griffon Vulture:</p> <p>Harel R, Nathan R. 2018. Data from: The characteristic time scale of perceived information for decision-making: departure from thermal columns in soaring birds. Movebank Data Repository. https://www.doi.org/10.5441/001/1.46t5141d</p> <p>Harel R, Nathan R. 2018. The characteristic time scale of perceived information for decision-making: departure from thermal columns in soaring birds. Funct Ecol. 32(8):2065-2072. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.13136</p> <p>Verreaux's eagle</p> <p>Murgatroyd, Megan, Theoni Photopoulou, Les G. Underhill, Willem Bouten, and Arjun Amar. 2018. Where eagles soar: Fine‐resolution tracking reveals the spatiotemporal use of differential soaring modes in a large raptor. Ecology and Evolution 8, no. 13: 6788-6799. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.4189.</p> <p>Northern Bald Ibis</p> <p>Voelkl B. and Fritz J. 2017. Relation between travel strategy and social organization of migrating birds with special consideration of formation flight in the northern bald ibis. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B37220160235. http://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0235</p> <p>Steppe Eagle</p> <p>Reynolds Kate V., Thomas Adrian L. R. and Taylor Graham K. 2014. Wing tucks are a response to atmospheric turbulence in the soaring flight of the steppe eagle Aquila nipalensisJ. R. Soc. Interface.1120140645. http://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2014.0645</p> <p>Reynolds, K. 2015. “Soaring and Gust Response in the Steppe Eagle.” PhD thesis, University of Oxford.</p> <p>Lesser Kestrel</p> <p>Hernández-Pliego J., Rodríguez C., Bustamante J. 2015. Why Do Kestrels Soar? PLoS ONE 10(12): e0145402. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0145402</p> <p>https://datarepository.movebank.org/entities/datapackage/225f9132-72f9-4727-bf0f-cb27fbdc6240</p> <p>The rest of the dataset is collected by Olivier Duriez, Andrea Flack and Mate Nagy. </p> <p> </p>
The respiratory system influences flight mechanics in soaring birds
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Data from: Wind-driven emission of marine ice nucleating particles in the Scripps Ocean-Atmosphere Research Simulator (SOARS)
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Data from: Development of flight and foraging behaviour in a juvenile seabird with extreme soaring capacities
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Data from: Patterns of migrating soaring migrants indicate attraction to marine wind farms
Monitoring of bird migration at marine wind farms has a short history, and unsurprisingly most studies have focused on the potential for collisions. Risk for population impacts may exist to soaring migrants such as raptors with K-strategic life-history characteristics. Soaring migrants display strong dependence on thermals and updrafts and an affinity to land areas and islands during their migration, a behaviour that creates corridors where raptors move across narrow straits and sounds and are attracted to islands. Several migration corridors for soaring birds overlap with the development regions for marine wind farms in NW Europe. However, no empirical data have yet been available on avoidance or attraction rates and behavioural reactions of soaring migrants to marine wind farms. Based on a post-construction monitoring study, we show that all raptor species displayed a significant attraction behaviour towards a wind farm. The modified migratory behaviour was also significantly different from the behaviour at nearby reference sites. The attraction was inversely related to distance to the wind farm and was primarily recorded during periods of adverse wind conditions. The attraction behaviour suggests that migrating raptor species are far more at risk of colliding with wind turbines at sea than hitherto assessed.
Data from: State-space modelling of the flight behaviour of a soaring bird provides new insights to migratory strategies
1. Characterizing the spatiotemporal variation of animal behaviour can elucidate the way individuals interact with their environment and allocate energy. Increasing sophistication of tracking technologies paired with novel analytical approaches allows the characterisation of movement dynamics even when an individual is not directly observable. 2. In this study, high-resolution movement data collected via global positioning system (GPS) tracking in three dimensions were paired with topographical information and used in a Bayesian state-space model to describe the flight modes of migrating golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) in eastern North America. 3. Our model identified five functional behavioural states, two of which were previously undescribed variations on thermal soaring. The other states comprised gliding, perching and orographic soaring. States were discriminated by movement features in the horizontal (step length and turning angle) and vertical (change in altitude) planes, and by the association with ridgelines promoting wind deflection. Tracked eagles spent 2%, 31%, 38%, 9% and 20% of their day time in directed thermal soaring, gliding, convoluted thermal soaring, perching and orographic soaring, respectively. The analysis of the relative occurrence of these flight modes highlighted yearly, seasonal, age, individual and sex differences in flight strategy and performance. Particularly, less energy-efficient orographic soaring was more frequent in autumn, when thermals were less available. Adult birds were also better at optimising energy efficiency than sub-adults. 4. Our approach represents the first example of a state-space model for bird flight mode using altitude data in conjunction with horizontal locations, and is applicable to other flying organisms where similar data are available. The ability to describe animal movements in a three-dimensional habitat is critical to advance our understanding of the functional processes driving animals' decisions.
Data from: Soaring across continents: decision-making of a soaring migrant under changing atmospheric conditions along an entire flyway
(1) Thermal soaring birds reduce flight-energy costs by alternatingly gaining altitude in thermals and gliding across the earth's surface. To find out how soaring migrants adjust their flight behaviour to dynamic atmospheric conditions across entire migration routes, we combined optimal soaring migration theory with high-resolution GPS tracking data of migrating Honey Buzzards Pernis apivorus and wind data from a global numerical atmospheric model. (2) We compared measurements of gliding air speeds to predictions based on two distinct behavioural benchmarks for thermal soaring flight. The first being a time-optimal strategy whereby birds alter their gliding air speeds as a function of climb rates to maximize cross-country air speed over a full climb-glide cycle (Vopt). The second a risk-averse energy-efficient strategy at which birds alter their gliding air speed in response to tailwinds/headwinds to maximize the distance travelled in the intended direction during each glide phase (Vbgw). (3) Honey Buzzards were gliding on average 2.05 ms-1 slower than Vopt and 3.42 ms-1 faster than Vbgw while they increased air speeds with climb rates and reduced air speeds in tailwinds. They adopted flexible flight strategies gliding mostly near Vbgw under poor soaring conditions and closer to Vopt in good soaring conditions. (4) Honey Buzzards most adopted a time-optimal strategy when crossing the Sahara, and at the onset of spring migration, where and when they met with the best soaring conditions. The buzzards nevertheless glided slower than Vopt during most of their journeys, probably taking time to navigate, orientate and locate suitable thermals, especially in areas with poor thermal convection. (5) Linking novel tracking techniques with optimal migration models clarifies the way birds balance different trade-offs during migration.
FIGURE 1 in A review of Soaresia H. Soares, 1945, with the description of a new species from Serra da Mantiqueira, Brazil (Opiliones, Gonyleptidae, Pachylinae)
FIGURE 1. Soaresia forficula sp. nov. Male holotype (MNRJ 8914) from Rio Preto. Habitus, dorsal view. Scale bar = 1 mm.
FIGURES 5–6 in A review of Soaresia H. Soares, 1945, with the description of a new species from Serra da Mantiqueira, Brazil (Opiliones, Gonyleptidae, Pachylinae)
FIGURES 5–6. Soaresia spp. Free tergites, anal operculum and left leg IV, posterior view. 5, Soaresia forficula sp. nov. Male holotype (MNRJ 8914) from Rio Preto, highlighting the dagger-shaped distal apophysis of femur IV and the "earwig pincers" on free tergite III. 6, Soaresia uncina male (MNRJ 5466) from Serrinha do Alambari, showing armature of free tergites and anal opercle. Scale bars = 1 mm.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
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