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139 results for “Social parasitism”
Data for: The rediscovery of the putative ant social parasite Manica parasitica syn. nov. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) reveals an unexpected endoparasite syndrome
<p>Parasitism is ubiquitous across the tree of life, comprising approximately half of all animal species. Social insect colonies attract many pathogens, endo- and ectoparasites, and are exploited by social parasites, which usurp the social environment of their hosts for survival and reproduction. Exploitation by parasites and pathogens versus social parasites may cause similar behavioral and morphological modifications. Ants possess two overlapping syndromes: the social parasite and endoparasite syndromes. Upon rediscovering two populations of the putative social parasite <em>Manica parasitica</em> in the Sierra Nevadas, we test the hypothesis that <em>M. parasitica</em> is an independently evolving social parasite species relative to its host <em>M. bradleyi</em>. We evaluate traits used to discriminate <em>M. parasitica</em> from <em>M. bradleyi</em>, and examine the morphology and behavior of <em>M. parasitica</em> in the context of ant parasitic syndromes. We find that <em>M. parasitica</em> is not a social parasite species. Instead, <em>M. parasitica </em>individuals represents cestode-infected <em>M. bradleyi </em>workers. We propose that <em>Manica parasitica</em> should be regarded as a junior synonym of <em>Manica bradleyi</em>. Our results emphasize that an integrative approach is essential for unraveling the complex life histories of social insects and their symbionts.</p>
Data for: Termite nest evolution fostered social parasitism by termitophilous rove beetles
<p>Colonies of social insects contain large amounts of resources often exploited by specialized social parasites. While some termite species host numerous parasitic arthropod species, called termitophiles, others host none. The reason for this large variability remains unknown. Here we report that the evolution of termitophily in rove beetles is linked to termite nesting strategies. We compared one-piece nesters, whose entire colony life is completed within a single wood piece, to foraging species, which exploit multiple physically separated food sources. Our epidemiological model predicts that characteristics related to foraging (e.g., extended colony longevity and frequent interactions with other colonies) increase the probability of parasitism by termitophiles. We tested our prediction using literature data. We found that foraging species are more likely to host termitophilous rove beetles than one-piece nesters: 99.6% of known termitophilous species were associated with foraging termites, while 0.4% were associated with one-piece nesters. Notably, the few one-piece nesting species hosting termitophiles were those having foraging potential and access to soil. Our phylogenetic analyses confirmed that termitophily primarily evolved with foraging termites. These results highlight that the evolution of complex termite societies fostered social parasitism, explaining why some species have more social parasites than others.</p>
Figs. 1–6 in Phylogenetic Relationships Among Yellowjackets and the Evolution of Social Parasitism (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Vespinae)
Figs. 1–6. Characters of yellowjackets. 1–2, clypeus. 1, V. rufa (Linnaeus). 2, Vespula austriaca (Panzer). 3–4, head in frontal view. 3, Dolichovespula sylvestris (Scopoli). 4, D. norvegicoides (Sladen). 5–6, head in lateral view. 5, V. pensylvanica (de Saussure). 6, V. vidua (de Saussure). All scale bars equal 1 mm.
Fig. 19 in Phylogenetic Relationships Among Yellowjackets and the Evolution of Social Parasitism (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Vespinae)
Fig. 19. Cladogram resulting from analysis of all the characters in table 1. Characters have been optimized with only unambiguous changes plotted. Character numbers are above the hashmarks; state changes are shown below, with the respective primitive and derived conditions separated by a ''.''. Filled hashmarks denote uncontroverted changes, whereas open hashmarks indicate homoplasy in the character. Characters supporting the monophyly of yellowjackets as a whole are not plotted. This cladogram also results from analysis of only the morphological characters in table 1.
Figs. 13–18 in Phylogenetic Relationships Among Yellowjackets and the Evolution of Social Parasitism (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Vespinae)
Figs. 13–18. Characters of yellowjackets. 13–14, mandibular teeth. 13, Vespula shidai Ishikawa, Yamane and Wagner. 14, Dolichovespula saxonica (Fabricius). 15–18, mesosoma in lateral view. 15, D. adulterina (du Buysson). 16, Dolichovespula maculata (Linnaeus). 17, V. rufa (Linnaeus). 18, V. germanica (Fabricius). All scale bars equal 1 mm.
Fig. 20 in Phylogenetic Relationships Among Yellowjackets and the Evolution of Social Parasitism (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Vespinae)
Fig. 20. Cladogram resulting from analysis of the behavioral characters in table 1, with the three inquiline species deleted.
Fig. 21 in Phylogenetic Relationships Among Yellowjackets and the Evolution of Social Parasitism (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Vespinae)
Fig. 21. Cladogram for yellowjacket species, with usurpation behavior optimized. State changes are shown below squares, with the respective primitive and derived conditions separated by a ''.''. Grayscaled squares denote convergent changes whereas open squares indicate reversal.
Figs. 7–12 in Phylogenetic Relationships Among Yellowjackets and the Evolution of Social Parasitism (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Vespinae)
Figs. 7–12. Characters of yellowjackets. 7–8, head in lateral view. 7, Dolichovespula norvegicoides (Sladen). 8, D. adulterina (du Buysson). 9–10, head in frontal view. 9, Vespula rufa (Linnaeus). 10, D. alpicola Eck. 11, head in lateral view, D. arenaria (Fabricius). 12, mandibular teeth, V. germanica (Fabricius). All scale bars equal 1 mm.
Fig. 4 in Two new species of Xenos (Strepsiptera: Xenidae), parasites of social wasps of the genus Mischocyttarus (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) in the New World
Fig. 4. Xenos pallens Benda & Straka sp. nov., female, cephalothorax, male, cephalotheca. A – ventral side of cephalothorax; B – dorsal side of cephalothorax; C – frontal view of cephalotheca; D – lateral view of cephalotheca. Abbreviations: a – vestigial antenna, cl – clypeus, coe – compound eye, dlf – dorsal labral field of labral area, fi – frontal impression, fr – frontal region, gn – gena, hyp – hypopharynx, lba – labial area, md – mandible, mst – mesosternum, mstp – mesosternal papilla, mtst – metasternum, mtstp – metasternal papilla, mx – vestige of maxilla, mxb – maxillary base (at mandible base), mxp – vestige of maxillary palp, ob – occipital bulge, os – mouth opening, pom – postmentum, prm – prementum, pst – prosternum (prosternal extension), pstp – prosternal papilla, sbhp – segmental border between head and prothorax, sbmm – segmental border between mesothorax and metathorax, sbpm – segmental border between prothorax and mesothorax, smxg – submaxillary groove, sp – spiracle, ssf – sensillum of supraantennal sensillary field, vlf – ventral labral field of labral area.
Fig. 3 in Two new species of Xenos (Strepsiptera: Xenidae), parasites of social wasps of the genus Mischocyttarus (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) in the New World
Fig. 3. Xenos pallens Benda & Straka sp. nov., host, female, cephalothorax. A – Mischocyttarus costaricensis Richards, 1945, stylopised by X. pallens sp. nov., lateral view; B – the same specimen, dorsal view; C – holotype of X. pallens sp. nov., ventral side of cephalothorax; D – holotype of X. pallens sp. nov., dorsal side of cephalothorax. Abbreviation: cl – clypeus.
Fig. 2 in Two new species of Xenos (Strepsiptera: Xenidae), parasites of social wasps of the genus Mischocyttarus (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) in the New World
Fig. 2. Xenos bicolor Benda & Straka sp. nov., female, detail of cephalothorax, male, cephalotheca. A – detail of ventral side of cephalothorax from Mischocyttarus navajo Bequaert, 1933; B – detail of dorsal side of cephalothorax from M. flavitarsis (Saussure, 1854); C – frontal view of cephalotheca from M. pallidipectus (Smith, 1857); D – lateral view of cephalotheca from M. pallidipectus. Abbreviations: a – vestigial antenna, cl – clypeus, cll – clypeal lobe, coe – compound eye, dlf – dorsal labral field of labral area, fi – frontal impression, fr – frontal region, gn – gena, hyp – hypopharynx, lba – labial area, md – mandible, mx – vestige of maxilla, mxb – maxillary base, mxp – vestige of maxillary palp, ob – occipital bulge, os – mouth opening, pom – postmentum, prm – prementum, pst – prosternum (prosternal extension), sbhp – segmental border between head and prothorax, smxg – submaxillary groove, ssf – sensillum of supraantennal sensillary field, vlf – ventral labral field of labral area.
Fig. 1 in Two new species of Xenos (Strepsiptera: Xenidae), parasites of social wasps of the genus Mischocyttarus (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) in the New World
Fig. 1. Xenos bicolor Benda & Straka sp. nov., host, female, cephalothorax. A – Mischocyttarus flavitarsis (Saussure, 1854) stylopised by X. bicolor sp. nov., lateral view; B – detail of host abdomen of M. navajo Bequaert, 1933, with two adult females; C–D – holotype of X. bicolor sp. nov. from M. navajo, cephalothorax; C – ventral side; D – dorsal side. Abbreviations: cll – clypeal lobe, lehc – lateral extension of head capsule, mst – mesosternum, mtst – metasternum, pst – prosternum (prosternal extension), sbmm – segmental border between mesothorax and metathorax, sbpm – segmental border between prothorax and mesothorax, sp – spiracle.
Data from: A caste differentiation mutant elucidates the evolution of socially parasitic ants
<div> <div> <div> <div> <p>Most ant species have two distinct female castes – queens and workers – yet the developmental and genetic mechanisms that produce these alternative phenotypes remain poorly understood. Working with the clonal raider ant, <em>Ooceraea</em> <em>biroi</em>, we discovered a variant strain that expresses queen-like traits in individuals that would normally become workers. The variants show changes in morphology, behavior, and fitness that cause them to rely on workers in wild-type (WT) colonies for survival. Overall, they resemble the queens of many obligately parasitic ants that have evolutionarily lost the worker caste and live inside colonies of closely related hosts. <br><br>To understand the genetic basis of this variant strain, which we term the queen-like mutants (QLM), we re-analyzed published PacBio and Hi-C data (McKenzie and Kronauer 2018) using the Falcon pipeline. </p> </div> </div> </div> </div>
Figures 1–6 in A new socially parasitic Braunsapis (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Xylocopinae: Allodapini) from Vietnam, with a key to female socially parasitic Braunsapis in Asia
Figures 1–6. Holotype of Braunsapis scorpius, new species. 1. Lateral habitus (scale bar = 2 mm). 2. Mouthparts to show reduced lengths of labial palpomeres and glossa (scale bar = 1 mm). 3. Head, frontal view (scale bar = 1 mm). 4. Close-up of metatibia to show short hairs (scale bar = 1 mm). 5. Base of midleg to show reduced brush of hairs at base of mesofemur and on mesotrochanter (compare to figure 12) (scale bar = 0.5 mm). 6. 6th metasomal segment to show feebly sinuate apical margin, ventral view (scale bar = 0.5 mm).
Figures 7–9. Braunsapis breviceps Michener for comparison with B. scorpius. 7 in A new socially parasitic Braunsapis (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Xylocopinae: Allodapini) from Vietnam, with a key to female socially parasitic Braunsapis in Asia
Figures 7–9. Braunsapis breviceps Michener for comparison with B. scorpius. 7. Dorsal view of metasoma to show depressed surface of T4 and T5 and strongly sinuate sides to T6 in comparison to the situation in B. scorpius (Fig. 6) (scale bar = 1 mm). 8. Detail of mouthparts (scale bar = 0.5 mm). 9. Base of midleg to show unusually strongly developed (albeit not "brush-like") hairs at base of mesofemur and on mesotrochanter (scale bar = 0.5 mm).
Data for: Termite nest evolution fostered social parasitism by termitophilous rove beetles
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Data for: The rediscovery of the putative ant social parasite Manica parasitica syn. nov. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) reveals an unexpected endoparasite syndrome
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Data from: A caste differentiation mutant elucidates the evolution of socially parasitic ants
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Social trematodes parasites increase standing army size in areas of greater invasion threat
<p>Organisms or societies are resource limited, causing important trade-offs between reproduction and defence. Given such trade-offs, optimal allocation theory predicts that, for animal societies with a soldier caste, allocation to soldiers should reflect local external threats. Although both threat intensity and soldier allocation can vary widely in nature, we currently lack strong evidence that spatial variation in threat can drive corresponding variation in soldier allocation.<b> </b>The diverse guild of trematode parasites of the California horn snail provides a useful system to address this problem. Several of these species form colonies in their hosts with a reproductive division of labour including a soldier caste. Soldiers are non-reproductive and specialized on defence, attacking and killing invading parasites. We quantified invasion threat and soldier allocation for 168 trematode colonies belonging to 6 species at 26 sites spread among 10 estuaries in temperate and tropical regions. Spatial variation in invasion threat was matched as predicted by the relative number of soldiers for multiple parasite species. Soldier allocation correlated with invasion threat at fine spatial scales, suggesting that allocation is at least partly inducible. These results may represent the first clear documentation of a spatial correlation between allocation to any type of caste and a biotic selective agent.</p>
Social network structure is robust to parasite induced changes in contact behavior of domestic sheep
<p>Understanding how parasitism may affect social behavior and social networks is key to understanding the impact of infection on a population. Infection can disrupt social networks by altering the behavior of both infected individuals (e.g. by reducing activity) and the behavior of uninfected individuals (e.g. avoiding sick individuals), both of which can <span>have an impact on social group dynamics and parasite transmission</span>. Here we test experimentally how parasitism affects social contact behavior and social network structure using a common parasite infection of sheep. Three treatment groups, each with 4 replicate social groups were established (i) Parasitised; all lambs were infected with a parasitic nematode, (ii) Non-parasitised; all lambs remained uninfected (iii) Mixed; part of each group were infected, and part of the group remained uninfected. Contact behaviours of each individual were recorded using proximity loggers during four phases of infection (pre-parasite, pre-patent, patent-parasite, post-parasite). We found infected individuals in the parasitised and mixed groups reduced contact frequency following infection. Infected individuals in mixed groups however reduced contact frequency to a greater extent than infected animals in the fully parasitised group. D<span>espite the reduction in contacts between infected animals in the mixed group, the social network structure was unaffected, as non-infected individuals maintained pre-parasite levels of social interactions with their infected conspecifics. </span><span>These results demonstrate </span>how infection can impact the social behavior of all animals within a group, and how the expression of behavioral change may depend on the parasitic status of all group members and the response of uninfected conspecifics.</p>
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