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Figure 1 in The invasive ant Solenopsis invicta is established in Europe

Figure 1. Location, genetic analysis, and modeling of the potential spread of the new alien population of S. invicta. (A) The invaded area in Sicily is marked with a star. The directions of wind trajectories starting from (forward) and arriving at (backward) the study area are indicated as percentages over the total time frame. Main commercial hubs on the island are highlighted. Inset map summarizes the records retrieved for the species alien and native ranges. (B) Nuptial flight recorded in January 2023. (C) Satellite view of the study area (37.055N, 15.267E) and ant nest positions (Data S1A). (D) Haplotype network of mitochondrial sequences. The three main haplotypes are annotated. Colors indicate the sample origin and the sizes of the circles represent the number of samples. (E) Worldwide frequency of the H5 haplotype recorded in Italy, highlighting possible introduction sources. (F) Bars represent suitable area estimated for the species partitioned by land use category (green: % of total area of Europe; blue: % of total area of that category). (G) Ensemble model map prediction under current and future (H) environmental conditions. (I) Future trends of predicted suitable area (% of total area).

Fig. 5 in Successful transcription but not translation or assembly of Solenopsis invicta virus 3 in a baculovirus-driven expression system

Fig. 5. Confirmation of heterologous expression of SINV-3 transcript by amplification of the 3' (A) and 5' termini (B) from RNA templates purified from SINV- 3-transfected Sf21 cells. Regions amplified are illustrated in the genome diagram between (A) and (B). (A) Three plaque preparations (AcSINV-3 CiC, AcSINV-3 CiD, and AcSINV-3 DiD) were separated by centrifugation into soluble and pelleted fractions, treated with DNase I, reverse transcribed, and the 3' end of the genome amplified by PCR. Lane assignments were as follows: 1 = mass marker (bp); 2, 6 = AcSINV-3 CiC; 3, 7 = AcSINV-3 CiD; 4, 8 = AcSINV-3 DiD; 5, 9 = mock infection; 10 = positive control (wild-type virus); 11 = negative control; 12 = non-template control. (B) AcSINV-3 plaque preparations (CiC and DiD) evaluated by PCR of the 5' end of the genome (RNA preparations). Lane assignments were as follows: 1 = mass marker (bp); 2, 3 = DNase treated, reverse transcribed; 4, 5 = without DNase treatment, reverse transcribed; 6, 7 = DNase treated, without reverse transcription; 8, 9 = without DNase treatment, without reverse transcription; 10 = positive control; 11 = negative control; 12 = non-template control. (C) PCR amplification of the entire SINV-3 genome from DNA preparations of AcSINV-3 CiC (lane 2) and AcSINV-3 DiD (lane 3). Lane 1, molecular markers; lane 4, non-template control. (D) Western blot to evaluate translation of the SINV-3 transcript by detection of viral capsid protein 2 (VP2). Lane assignments were as follows: 1 = AcSINV-3 CiC (4 dpi); 2 = AcSINV-3 CiC (5 dpi); 3 = AcSINV-3 CiD (4 dpi); 4 = AcSINV-3 DiD (5 dpi); 5 = mock infection (negative control); 6 = positive control (purified wild-type SINV-3; kDa).

Fig. 3 in Successful transcription but not translation or assembly of Solenopsis invicta virus 3 in a baculovirus-driven expression system

Fig. 3. (A) Plaque assay results for recombinant SINV-3 (AcSINV-3) transfection of Sf21 cells indicating the dilution used for each plate. (B upper panel) Representa- tive plaque with Sf21 cells stained with neutral red 10 d afer transfection (magnified 100 times). (B lower panel) Corresponding mock-infected Sf21 cells (negative control) afer 10 d of exposure. Plaque areas identify infection of insect cells by virus with corresponding cell death.

Fig. 2 in Successful transcription but not translation or assembly of Solenopsis invicta virus 3 in a baculovirus-driven expression system

Fig. 2. (A) pFastBac1_SINV-3 hybrid construct map. Locations of the restriction sites (black hash marks), bacterial transposon Tn7 sites (grey triangles), polyhedrin promoter (angled arrow corresponding to the sequence below), SINV-3 open reading frames (dark closed arrows), and approximate location of the area detected by the polyclonal antibody preparation (pAb) are shown. (B) Verified sequence of the pFastBac1_SINV-3 hybrid construct illustrating the late gene polyhedrin promoter (angled arrow). SINV-3 sequence is in bold font,with pFastBac1 sequence in normal font, and restriction sites are superscripted and corresponding sequences italicized.Underlined sequence represents the inserted late gene polyhedrin core promoter.Analyzed sequences of the 5'and 3'termini and restriction sites were identical to the wild-type virus.

Fig. 1 in Successful transcription but not translation or assembly of Solenopsis invicta virus 3 in a baculovirus-driven expression system

Fig. 1. Schematic of the SINV-3 genome and sub-cloning strategy to assemble the pFastBac1 donor plasmid/SINV-3 construct. (A) Organization of the SINV-3 genome illustrating the 2 ORFs numbered 1 and 2 that encode for non-structural and structural proteins, respectively, and the genome sections sub-cloned. Oligonucleotide primers used to generate cDNA and amplify each section are indicated. Primers with introduced restriction sites are also indicated. (B) Unique restriction sites for each sub-clone and the assembly process employed to concatenate the entire SINV-3 genome in the pFastBac1 donor vector.

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Fig. 2. Solenopsis invicta virus 3 in Solenopsis invicta virus 3: Further host-specificity tests with native Solenopsis ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Fig. 2. Solenopsis invicta virus 3 (SINV-3) infections are restricted to Solenopsis fire ants in the South American saevissima group (S. invicta, S. richteri, and their hybrid in the United States). North American fire ants in the geminata group, thief ants, two species of Monomorium (also tribe Solenopsidini), and 14 additional species of ants from 3 subfamilies and 12 genera were not infected in lab trials (this paper and Porter et al. 2013).

Fig. 1 in Long-term efficacy of two cricket and two liver diets for rearing laboratory fire ant colonies (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Solenopsis invicta)

Fig. 1. Results of a 1 yr diet study using sugar water and either raw beef liver, raw chicken liver, or crickets to rear colonies of the imported fire ant Solenopsis invicta. A) Mean brood production rating of test colonies with brood: 4 = excel- lent, substantially more brood than workers; 3 = good, brood about equal to workers; 2 = poor, brood substantially less than workers; 1 = bad, only a little brood visible; and 0 = no brood. Colonies were fractionally rated if they ap- peared intermediate. Early in the study, about the end of Mar, we switched from domestic crickets (black squares) to banded crickets (crossed squares) and then back to domestic crickets (black squares) for 6 ant colonies on 6 Jun and then the remaining 7 colonies on 1 Jul. Colonies were eliminated from rating means when the queen died or brood production ceased. B) Percentage of test colonies containing brood plotted against time in months for colonies receiving either beef liver (N =10), chicken liver (N = 10), or crickets (N = 13).

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2017View details →

Fig. 2 in Whole body solvent soak gives representative venom alkaloid profile from Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) workers

Fig. 2. Gas chromatograms of hexane extracts obtained from Solenopsis invicta workers by different extraction methods. Capillary milking, gland dissection, and body without gland represent chromatograms from the sequential extraction of the same individual ants; whole body represents the chromatogram from whole body solvent-soaking extracts of 20 intact workers.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2017View details →

Fig. 1 in Whole body solvent soak gives representative venom alkaloid profile from Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) workers

Fig. 1. Total ion chromatogram of whole body solvent-soaking extract of 20 intact Solenopsis invicta workers in hexane.

Fig. 3 in Effect of Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on flower-visiting behavior of insects on Brassica napus (Brassicales: Brassicaceae)

Fig. 3. The cumulative probability of visiting frequency and duration of each visit of Pieris rapae on Brassica napus in fire ant–excluded, fire ant–included, and fire-ant-and-aphid-included plots.

Fig. 2 in Effect of Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on flower-visiting behavior of insects on Brassica napus (Brassicales: Brassicaceae)

Fig. 2. Daily number (mean ± SE, the number of Frankliniella intonsa was calculated per 10 min per 10 flowers) of flower visitors on Brassica napus in fire ant–excluded, fire ant–included, and fire-ant-and-aphid-included plots.

Fig. 1 in Effect of Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on flower-visiting behavior of insects on Brassica napus (Brassicales: Brassicaceae)

Fig. 1. Means (± SE) of species richness (A) and total number (B) of flower visitors on Brassica napus in fire ant–excluded, fire ant–included, and fire-antand-aphid-included plots.

Fig. 4 in Effect of Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on flower-visiting behavior of insects on Brassica napus (Brassicales: Brassicaceae)

Fig. 4. GC-EAD responses of Pieris rapae males to volatiles of Solenopsis invicta. GC-EAD active compounds: (1) n-tricosane; (2) 3-methyl tricosane; (3) unknown; (4) n-pentacosane; (5) 13-methyl pentacosane; (6) n-heptacosane; (7) 13,15-dimethyl heptacosane.

Fig. 2 in Insecticidal activity of the methanol extract of Pronephrium megacuspe (Thelypteridaceae) and its active component on Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Fig. 2. The effect of methanol extract, ethyl acetate fraction, and compound 26 293 (phenol-3-O-beta-D-glucoside) from Pronephrium megacuspe on the walking ability of 294 Solenopsis invicta micrergates. Each data point represents the mean ± SE of 3 replicates. Each 295 replicate contained 10 tested ants. CK = control.

Fig. 3 in Insecticidal activity of the methanol extract of Pronephrium megacuspe (Thelypteridaceae) and its active component on Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Fig. 3. The effect of methanol extract, ethyl acetate fraction, and compound 26 298 (phenol-3-O-beta-D-glucoside) from Pronephrium megacuspe on the clinging ability of 299 Solenopsis invicta macrergates. Each data point represents the mean ± SE of 3 replicates. Each 300 replicate contained 10 tested ants. CK = control.

Fig. 2. Western blot analysis for SINV-3 capsid protein 9 d afer inoculating 6 in Solenopsis invicta virus 3: infection tests with adult honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

Fig. 2. Western blot analysis for SINV-3 capsid protein 9 d afer inoculating 6 groups of honey bees and 6 fire ant colonies. Lanes 1 and 2 show positive detection of capsid proteins in all 6 inoculated fire ant colonies (shown in 3 rows). Lanes 3 to 8 show negative tests for 18 bees (3 from each of the 6 groups inoculated with SINV-3).

Fig. 1 in Insecticidal activity of the methanol extract of Pronephrium megacuspe (Thelypteridaceae) and its active component on Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Fig. 1. The effect of methanol extract, ethyl acetate fraction, and compound 26 288 (phenol-3-O-beta-D-glucoside) from Pronephrium megacuspe on the walking ability of 289 Solenopsis invicta macrergates. Each data point represents the mean ± SE of 3 replicates. Each 290 replicate contained 10 tested ants. CK = control.

Fig. 1. A in Solenopsis invicta virus 3: infection tests with adult honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

Fig. 1. A) Comparison of SINV-3 genome copies per nanogram of RNA in red imported fire ant colonies and honey bee groups inoculated with SINV-3 shown in days since being inoculated (N = 6 samples). Note that the Y-axis is in millions of copies. Error bars, where visible, show the standard error of the mean. B) Y-axis of top graph expanded by 1,000 times to show mean SINV-3 genome copies found in each of the 6 inoculated honey bee groups graphed over time (N = 3 bees per group).

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2022View details →

Fig. 1 in Red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta (Burden) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), abundance and arthropod community diversity affected by pasture management

Fig. 1. Mean ± SE Solenopsis invicta mound abundance (A) and mound area (B) in adaptive multi-paddock and conventionally grazed (CG) pastures (n = 6). Statistical analysis was conducted using 1-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), *α = 0.05.