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38 results for “Song divergence”
Data from: Behavioral response to song and genetic divergence in two subspecies of white-crowned sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys)
Divergence in sexual signals may drive reproductive isolation between lineages, but behavioral barriers can weaken in contact zones. Here, we investigate the role of song as a behavioral and genetic barrier in a contact zone between two subspecies of white-crowned sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys). We employed a reduced genomic dataset to assess population structure and infer the history underlying divergence, gene flow and hybridization. We also measured divergence in song and tested behavioral responses to song using playback experiments within and outside the contact zone. We found that the subspecies form distinct genetic clusters, and demographic inference supported a model of secondary contact. Song phenotype, particularly length of the first note (a whistle), was a significant predictor of genetic subspecies identity and genetic distance along the hybrid zone, suggesting a close link between song and genetic divergence in this system. Individuals from both parental and admixed localities responded significantly more strongly to their own song than to the other subspecies song, supporting song as a behavioral barrier. Putative parental and admixed individuals were not significantly different in their strength of discrimination between own and other songs; however, individuals from admixed localities tended to discriminate less strongly, and this difference in discrimination strength was explained by song dissimilarity as well as genetic distance. Therefore, we find that song acts as a reproductive isolating mechanism that is potentially weakening in a contact zone between the subspecies. Our findings also support the hypothesis that intra-specific song variation can reduce gene flow between populations.
Data from: Evolution and plasticity: divergence of song discrimination is faster in birds with innate song than in song learners in Neotropical passerine birds
Plasticity is often thought to accelerate trait evolution and speciation. For example, plasticity in birdsong may partially explain why clades of song learners are more diverse than related clades with innate song. This "song learning" hypothesis predicts that 1) differences in song traits evolve faster in song learners, and 2) behavioral discrimination against allopatric song (a proxy for premating reproductive isolation) evolves faster in song learners. We tested these predictions by analyzing acoustic traits and conducting playback experiments in allopatric Central American sister pairs of song learning oscines (N = 42) and non-learning suboscines (N = 27). We found that non-learners evolved mean acoustic differences slightly faster than did leaners, and that the mean evolutionary rate of song discrimination was 4.3 times faster in non-learners than in learners. This unexpected result may be a consequence of significantly greater variability in song traits in song learners (by 54–79%) that requires song-learning oscines to evolve greater absolute differences in song before achieving the same level of behavioral song discrimination as non-learning suboscines. This points to "a downside of learning" for the evolution of species discrimination, and represents an important example of plasticity reducing the rate of evolution and diversification by increasing variability.
Effect sizes of divergence in urban noise and song minimum frequency of grey-cheeked fulvettas Alcippe morrisonia morrisonia
<p><span>Noise pollution, one of the most prominent features of urbanization, is an important factor influencing the vocal behavior of urban wildlife. Studies have reported that many songbirds raise their song minimum frequencies in response to urban noise. It has been proposed that this increased minimum frequency (IMF) of songs is an adaptation that allows urban populations to cope with the masking effect of noise pollution. However, urban populations of some songbirds do not exhibit significant IMF compared with nonurban populations; thus, the notion that IMF is an adaptation to urban noise has been questioned. Furthermore, the effects of IMF might be influenced by both noise levels and the acoustic structures of songs. Here, we employed dichotomous and gradient effect size approaches to investigate IMF regarding two distinct acoustic structures (whistled and harmonic) in songs of six grey-cheeked fulvetta (</span><em><span>Alcippe morrisonia morrisonia</span></em><span>)</span><span> populations in Taiwan, three with high noise pollution and three with low noise pollution. We found that when using the dichotomous approach, </span><span>paired populations with significant divergence in noise levels exhibited weak or insignificant divergence in the minimum frequencies for both whistled and harmonic phrases</span><span>. In contrast, we found that when using the gradient approach, the effect size of noise-level divergence was strongly correlated with the effect size of divergence in the minimum frequency of the harmonic phrase and only moderately correlated with the effect size of divergence in the minimum frequency of the whistled phrase. These findings suggest that noise pollution has a more pronounced effect on the divergence in the minimum frequency of harmonic phrases used in short-range communication compared to the whistled phrases used in long-range communication. We conclude that for population comparisons on the IMF, adopting a gradient approach could provide insights into the impact of noise pollution on the acoustic structures of songs across various communication ranges.</span></p>
Song and genetic divergence within a subspecies of white-crowned sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys nuttalli)
<p><span>Animal culture evolves alongside </span><span>genomes</span><span>, and</span><span> the two modes of inheritance—culture and genes—interact in myriad ways.</span> <span>For example,</span><span> stable geographic variation </span><span>in culture can act as </span><span>a </span><span>reproductive barrier</span><span>, </span><span>thereby producing genetic divergence</span><span> between "cultural populations</span><span>.</span><span>"</span> <span>White-crowned sparrows (</span><span>Zonotrichia</span> <span>leucophrys</span><span>) are a </span><span>well-established</span><span> model species for bird song</span><span> learning</span><span> and cultural evolution</span><span>, as t</span><span>hey </span><span>have </span><span>distinct</span><span>, </span><span>geographically </span><span>discrete</span><span>, and culturally transmitted</span> <span>song </span><span>types</span><span> (i.e., song dialects)</span><span>. </span><span>In this study, we tested </span><span>the hypothesis that</span> <span>divergence between </span><span>culturally transmitted </span><span>songs </span><span>drive</span><span>s</span> <span>genetic divergence</span> <span>with</span><span>in Nuttall's white-crowned sparrows (</span><span>Z. l. </span><span>nuttalli</span><span>).</span><span> In accordance with sexual selection theory, we hypothesized that cultural divergence between mating signals both preceded and generated genetic divergence.</span><span>We characterized the population structure and song variation in the subspecies and found two </span><span>genetic</span><span>ally differentiated</span> <span>populations </span><span>whose</span><span> boundary</span> <span>coincid</span><span>es</span><span> with a major </span><span>song </span><span>boundary</span><span> at Monterey Bay</span><span>, California</span><span>.</span> <span>We then</span><span> conducted a song playback experiment </span><span>that </span><span>demonstrated males discriminate between songs based on their degree of divergence from the</span><span>ir</span><span> local dialect</span><span>. These results</span> <span>support</span><span> the idea that discrimination against non-local songs</span><span> is driving genetic divergence between the northern and southern populations. </span><span>Altogether, t</span><span>his</span><span> study</span><span> provides evidence that</span><span> cultura</span><span>lly transmitted bird songs can act as the foundation for speciation by sexual selection</span><span>.</span></p>
Data for: A novel cricket morph has diverged in song and wing morphology across island populations
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Divergence of sexual signals between populations can lead to speciation, yet opportunities to study the immediate aftermath of novel signal evolution are rare. The recent emergence and spread of a new mating song, purring, in Hawaiian populations of the Pacific field cricket (<em>Teleogryllus oceanicus</em>) allows us to investigate population divergence soon after the origin of a new signal. Male crickets produce songs with specialized wing structures to attract mates from afar (calling) and entice them to mate when found (courtship). However, in Hawaii, these songs also attract an eavesdropping parasitoid fly (<em>Ormia ochracea</em>) that kills singing males. The novel purring song, produced with heavily modified wing morphology, attracts female crickets but not the parasitoid fly, acting as a solution to this conflict between natural and sexual selection. We've since observed increasing numbers of purring males across Hawaii. In this integrative field study, we investigated the distribution of purring and the proportion of purring males relative to other morphs in six populations on four islands and compared a suite of phenotypic traits (wing morphology, calling song, and courtship song) that make up this novel signal across populations of purring males. We show that purring is found in varying proportions across five, and is locally dominant in four, Hawaiian populations. We also show that calling songs, courtship songs, and wing morphology of purring males differ geographically. Our findings demonstrate the rapid pace of evolution in island populations and provide insights into the emergence and divergence of new sexual signals over time.</span></p>
Data from: Male competition drives song divergence along an ecological gradient in an avian ring species
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Data from: Evolution and plasticity: divergence of song discrimination is faster in birds with innate song than in song learners in Neotropical passerine birds
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Data from: Behavioral response to song and genetic divergence in two subspecies of white-crowned sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys)
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Song and genetic divergence within a subspecies of white-crowned sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys nuttalli)
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Effect sizes of divergence in urban noise and song minimum frequency of grey-cheeked fulvettas Alcippe morrisonia morrisonia
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Data for: A novel cricket morph has diverged in song and wing morphology across island populations
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Comparative bioacoustics of multiple eastern versus western songbird pairs in North America reveals a gradient of song divergence: Raw acoutic measurements
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Sympatry drives colour and song divergence in wood-warblers (Parulidae)
<p>Closely related species often exhibit similarities in appearance and behaviour, yet when related species exist in sympatry, signals may diverge to enhance species recognition. Prior comparative studies provided mixed support for this hypothesis, but the relationship between sympatry and signal divergence is likely non-linear. Constraints on signal diversity may limit signal divergence, especially when large numbers of species are sympatric. We tested the effect of sympatric overlap on plumage colour and song divergence in wood-warblers (Parulidae), a speciose group with diverse visual and vocal signals. We also tested how number of sympatric species influences signal divergence. Allopatric species pairs had overall greater plumage and song divergence compared to sympatric species pairs. However, among sympatric species pairs, plumage divergence positively related to degree of sympatric overlap in males and females, while male song bandwidth and syllable rate divergence negatively related to sympatric overlap. In addition, as the number of species in sympatry increased, average signal divergence among sympatric species decreased, which likely due to constraints on warbler perceptual space and signal diversity. Our findings reveal that sympatry influences signal evolution in warblers, though not always as predicted, and that number of sympatric species can limit sympatry's influence on signal evolution.</p>
Data from: Replicated evolutionary divergence in the cuticular hydrocarbon profile of male crickets associated with the loss of song in the Hawaiian archipelago
Female choice based on male secondary sexual traits is well documented, although the extent to which this selection can drive an evolutionary divergence in male traits among populations is less clear. Male field crickets Teleogryllus oceanicus attract females using a calling song and once contacted switch to courtship song to persuade them to mate. These crickets also secrete onto their cuticle a cocktail of long-chained fatty acids or cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs). Females choose among potential mates based on the structure of male acoustic signals and on the composition of male CHC profiles. Here, we utilize two naturally occurring mutations that have arisen independently on two Hawaiian islands and render the male silent to ask whether the evolutionary loss of acoustic signalling can drive an evolutionary divergence in the alternative signalling modality, male CHC profiles. QST-FST comparisons revealed strong patterns of CHC divergence among three populations of crickets on the islands of Hawaii, Oahu and Kauai. Contrasts between wild-type and flatwing males on the islands of Oahu and Kauai indicated that variation in male CHC profiles within populations is associated with the loss of acoustic signalling; flatwing males had a relatively low abundance of long-chained CHCs relative to the short-chained CHCs that females find attractive. Given their dual functions in desiccation resistance and sexual signalling, insect CHCs may be particularly important traits for reproductive isolation and ultimately speciation.
Data from: Female, but not male, tropical sparrows respond more strongly to the local song dialect: implications for population divergence.
In addition to the observed high diversity of species in the tropics, divergence among populations of the same species exists over short geographic distances in both phenotypic traits and neutral genetic markers. Divergence among populations suggests great potential for the evolution of reproductive isolation and eventual speciation. In birds, song can evolve quickly through cultural transmission resulting in regional dialects, which can be a critical component of reproductive isolation through variation in female preference. We examined female and male behavioral responses to local and non-local dialects in two allopatric populations of rufous-collared sparrows (Zonotrichia capensis) in the Andes of Ecuador. Here we show that female sparrows prefer their natal song dialect to the dialect from an allopatric population just 25 km away and separated by unsuitable higher elevation habitat (pass 4200 m), thus providing evidence of prezygotic reproductive isolation among populations. Males showed similar territorial responses to all conspecific dialects, with no consistent difference with respect to distance, making male territoriality uninformative for estimating reproductive isolation. This study provides novel evidence for culturally-based prezygotic isolation over very short distances in a tropical bird.
Data from: Divergence in calls but not songs in the orchard oriole complex: Icterus spurius and I. fuertesi
Birdsong has important functions in attracting and competing for mates, and song characteristics are thought to diverge rapidly during the process of speciation. In contrast, other avian vocalizations that may have non-reproductive functions, such as calls, are thought to be more evolutionarily conserved and may diverge more slowly among taxa. This study examines differences in both male song and an acoustically simpler vocalization, the 'jeet' call, between two closely related taxa, Icterus spurius and I. fuertesi. A previous study comparing song syllable type sharing within and between I. spurius and I. fuertesi indicated that their songs do not differ discernibly. Here we measured 18 acoustic characteristics of their songs and found strong evidence supporting this prior finding. In contrast, we measured 17 acoustic characteristics of jeet calls and found evidence of significant divergence between the two taxa in many of these characteristics. Calls in I. fuertesi have a longer duration, a larger frequency bandwidth, a lower minimum frequency, a lower beginning frequency, and greater levels of both frequency and amplitude modulation in comparison to the calls of I. spurius. In addition, I. fuertesi calls contain two distinct parts, while the calls of I. spurius have only one part. Thus, we find evidence of divergence in the calls of the two taxa but not their songs challenging the widespread assumption that complex bird song evolves more rapidly than other types of vocalizations. Understanding divergence in multiple vocalization types as well as other behavioral, morphological, and molecular traits is important to understanding the earliest stages of speciation.
FIGURE 6 in A new Neotibicen cicada subspecies (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) from the southeastern USA forms hybrid zones with a widespread relative despite a divergent male calling song
FIGURE 6. Field recordings of putative hybrids between subspecies of Neotibicen similaris; A–D; spectrograms showing a range of phenotypes exhibiting different combinations of the parental song characters from four different locations (see track ID at bottom right); E, zoomed waveform and spectrogram of the song in D, showing the long high-pitched echeme of N. similaris apalachicola n. subsp. followed by a set of short echemes matching those of N. similaris similaris. Sound energy below 1.8 kHz has been removed.
FIGURE 5 in A new Neotibicen cicada subspecies (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) from the southeastern USA forms hybrid zones with a widespread relative despite a divergent male calling song
FIGURE 5. Distribution records of Neotibicen similaris similaris (blue), N. similaris apalachicola n. subsp. (orange), and hybrid cicadas (X and + symbols). Symbols with central dots or a + symbol indicate that a specimen was collected or a voucher recording was made; other records were aurally noted; A, regional scale map of southeastern USA with labeled states outlined in black and with state counties outlined in grey; zoomed section in B is indicated by the dashed line; B, moderate scale map, zoomed section in C is indicated by the dashed line; C, core N. similaris apalachicola distribution surrounding Tallahassee, FL (grey star).
FIGURE 4 in A new Neotibicen cicada subspecies (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) from the southeastern USA forms hybrid zones with a widespread relative despite a divergent male calling song
FIGURE 4. Neotibicen similaris similaris, field recording of male calling song from Wakulla Co., Florida (recording 08.US.FL.FOR.T01.WAV). Each panel shows a waveform above a spectrogram; A, complete song phrase, with annotation identifying two parts in the main phrase that differ in rate of alternation between high- and low-pitched echemes; B, zoom centered about 0.48 s into the clip in A, at the transition from part I to part II; C, further zoom of part I; D, further zoom of part II; E, segment of song that precedes and follows the main phrase. Sound energy below 1.8 kHz has been removed.
FIGURE 2 in A new Neotibicen cicada subspecies (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) from the southeastern USA forms hybrid zones with a widespread relative despite a divergent male calling song
FIGURE 2. Pygofer preparations showing aedeagus (ae) beneath uncus (u): A, Neotibicen similaris apalachicola, n. subsp., specimen 08.US.FL.LMC.02; B, N. similaris similaris, specimen 08.US.FL.HSC.20. White scale bar = 1 mm.
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