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23 results for “Southern Blue Ridge Mountains”
Late-Holocene paleofloods in the Upper Little Tennessee River valley, Southern Blue Ridge Mountains, USA.
We derive a paleoflood chronology for the past 2000 years from three stratigraphic sections of overbank sediments with dates from radiocarbon, luminescence, 137Cs techniques, and historical records. Particle sizes were measured in 6-15 year intervals in post-1870 sediments and in 45-170 year intervals in pre-1870 sediments using an automatic laser analyzer. The sedimentological characteristics of ad 1948-2009 deposits were compared with gaging records, demonstrating that fine sand content and sorting discern time intervals of large floods, but flood magnitudes are not well resolved. This modern analog was applied to pre-1870 sediments and revealed two periods in the last 2000 years with large floods during AD 650-850 and AD 1100-1350, which are times when the regional tree-ring record showed extreme wetness and no severe or extreme droughts. Our findings indicate flood-prone phases of transitional climate at the beginning and end of the "Medieval Warm Period" (MWP), and relatively subdued flooding during the "Little Ice Age" (LIA), possibly correlated with rearrangement of macro-scale atmospheric circulation patterns between the MWP and the LIA. (Wang, L. and Leigh, D.S. 2012. Late Holocene paleofloods in the Upper Little Tennessee River Valley, Southern Blue Ridge Mountains, USA. The Holocene, 22(9): 1061-1066. DOI: 10.1177/0959683612437863.)
Multi-millennial Record of Erosion and Fires in the Southern Blue Ridge Mountains, USA
Bottomland sediments from the southern Blue Ridge Mountains provide a coarse-resolution, multi-millennial stratigraphic record of past regional forest disturbance (soil erosion). This record is represented by 12 separate vertical accretion stratigraphic profiles that have been dated by radiocarbon, luminescence, cesium-137, and correlation methods continuously spanning the past 3,000 years of pre-settlement (pre-dating widespread European American settlement) and postsettlement strata. Post-settlement vertical accretion began in the late 1800s, appears to be about an order of magnitude faster than pre-settlement rates, and is attributable to widespread deforestation for timber harvest, farming, housing development, and other erosive activities of people. Natural, climate-driven, or non-anthropic forest disturbance is subtle and difficult to recognize in pre-settlement deposits. There is no indication that pre-settlement Mississippian and Cherokee agricultural activities accelerated erosion and sedimentation in the region. A continuous 11,244 years before present (BP) vertical accretion record from a meander scar in the Upper Little Tennessee River valley indicates abundant charcoal (prevalent fires) at the very beginning of the Holocene (11,244-10,900 years BP). In contrast, moderate to very low levels of charcoal are apparent over the remaining Holocene until about 2,400 years BP when charcoal influx registers a pronounced increase. These data are consistent with the idea that Native Americans used fire extensively to manage forests and to expanded agricultural activities during Woodland and later cultural periods over the past 3000 years. However, there is no indication that prehistoric intentional use of fire and agriculture caused accelerated erosion and sedimentation.
FIGURE 19 in Systematics of the Ocoee Salamander (Plethodontidae: Desmognathus ocoee), with description of two new species from the southern Blue Ridge Mountains
FIGURE 19. Live photograph of two large adult male Desmognathus balsameus (RAP2826–7) in combat (a), found in situ under a log in the understory of a coniferous forest (b) near Bear Pen Gap (NC: Jackson; ~1670m ASL). No females were observed nearby, suggesting a possible territorial nature for the interaction. Both individuals show overall darkened adult coloration with few if any discernable color-pattern remnants. Adult Eurycea cf. wilderae and Plethodon metcalfi were found under similar logs, and D. wrighti is known from the site (Pyron et al. 2022c). The encounter occurred at ~1000h on 24 July 2022 and was found by M.A. Seldes. Photos by RAP.
FIGURE 13 in Systematics of the Ocoee Salamander (Plethodontidae: Desmognathus ocoee), with description of two new species from the southern Blue Ridge Mountains
FIGURE 13. Photographs of two adult Desmognathus adatsihi (a: RAP2818; b: RAP2820) in life, from the paratype locality on Rough Ridge (NC: Haywood). Photos courtesy of M.A. Seldes.
FIGURE 16 in Systematics of the Ocoee Salamander (Plethodontidae: Desmognathus ocoee), with description of two new species from the southern Blue Ridge Mountains
FIGURE 16. The holotype (AMNH A-193885/RAP0650) of Desmognathus balsameus from Bubbling Spring Branch (NC: Haywood), ~1530m ASL. This adult specimen (43mm SVL) has a relatively dull dorsal color-pattern partially obscured by ontogenetic darkening, common in this species. Photos by RAP.
FIGURE 10 in Systematics of the Ocoee Salamander (Plethodontidae: Desmognathus ocoee), with description of two new species from the southern Blue Ridge Mountains
FIGURE 10. Paratype (USNM 596063/RAP0890) of Desmognathus adatsihi from Cataloochee Balsam (NC: Swain) in life, photo courtesy of T.W. Pierson. This brilliantly colored erythristic morph and its xanthic counterpart are infrequently observed, primarily on Cataloochee Balsam near the type locality, but also very rarely on Clingmans Dome in the Smokies (Fig. 14a) and Waterrock Knob in the Plott Balsams (S. G. Tilley, pers. comm.). A similar specimen from near the type locality was mislabeled as D. imitator by Dodd (2004).
FIGURE 11 in Systematics of the Ocoee Salamander (Plethodontidae: Desmognathus ocoee), with description of two new species from the southern Blue Ridge Mountains
FIGURE 11. Paratype (USNM 596064/RAP0891) of Desmognathus adatsihi from Cataloochee Balsam (NC: Swain) in life, photo courtesy of T. W. Pierson. This partially spotted morph is the only color pattern that is likely to be confused with D. imitator, but the spots are more contiguous, particularly towards the tail, with an overall lighter ground color (see Tilley 2000).
FIGURE 9 in Systematics of the Ocoee Salamander (Plethodontidae: Desmognathus ocoee), with description of two new species from the southern Blue Ridge Mountains
FIGURE 9. The type locality of Desmognathus adatsihi on Cataloochee Balsam, Great Smoky Mountains National Park (NC: Swain), ~1650m ASL. The habitat is classic "spruce-fir" forest. The type series were captured under rocks and logs in the foreground. Photo courtesy of T.W. Pierson.
FIGURE 5 in Systematics of the Ocoee Salamander (Plethodontidae: Desmognathus ocoee), with description of two new species from the southern Blue Ridge Mountains
FIGURE 5. Holotype (USNM 596065/RAP0892) of Desmognathus adatsihi from Cataloochee Balsam, Great Smoky Mountains (NC: Swain) in life, photo courtesy of T.W. Pierson (KSU). This solidly striped morph is most commonly representative of Smokies populations and is distinguishable from D. imitator by the straight and well-defined borders of the uniformly colored dorsal stripe.
FIGURE 21 in Systematics of the Ocoee Salamander (Plethodontidae: Desmognathus ocoee), with description of two new species from the southern Blue Ridge Mountains
FIGURE 21. Photographs of Desmognathus cf. ocoee from Horse Cove, Rich Mountains (GA: Gilmer) in life (a: one of the specimens in the series MCZ A-143377–86 collected 29 June 2003; photo courtesy of C.D. Camp, Piedmont) and preservative (RAP2715, collected 14 July 2022) in dorsal (b) and ventral (c) views. The paired dorsal spots on the trunk and tail of the latter specimen were brighter and more yellowish overall in life. The phylogenetic and taxonomic affinity of this population is unknown.
FIGURE 12 in Systematics of the Ocoee Salamander (Plethodontidae: Desmognathus ocoee), with description of two new species from the southern Blue Ridge Mountains
FIGURE 12. Comparison of large, darkened adult males (based on elongated snouts and peramorphic jaw musculature) of Desmognathus adatsihi (a: RAP2816; Rough Ridge, NC: Haywood) and D. balsameus (b: RAP2827; Bear Pen Gap, NC: Jackson; Fig. 16a) in life, showing the similar overall melanic coloration taken on with age. Photos courtesy of M.A. Seldes (UGA).
FIGURE 2 in Systematics of the Ocoee Salamander (Plethodontidae: Desmognathus ocoee), with description of two new species from the southern Blue Ridge Mountains
FIGURE 2. Illustrated holotype (ERA-WTN 14150) of Desmognathus perlapsus Neill, 1950 from a "rocky outcropping on the western wall of Tallulah Gorge, near the town of Tallulah Falls, Rabun [actually Habersham] County, Georgia." The specimen, an adult male 38.6mm SVL, is not currently known to exist but may be in the FLMNH. Reprinted from the original description.
FIGURE 3 in Systematics of the Ocoee Salamander (Plethodontidae: Desmognathus ocoee), with description of two new species from the southern Blue Ridge Mountains
FIGURE 3. Holotype (USNM 269079) of Desmognathus apalachicolae Means & Karlin, 1989 from "Big Sweetwater Creek steephead (Means, 1975), 60 m elevation, in SE 1/4 Section 11, Township 1 N, Range 7 W, Liberty County, Florida." Note overall "mountain" dusky phenotype with elongated, round tail, despite Coastal Plain origin of these populations. Photos in dorsal (a) and ventral (b) views courtesy of the NMNH.
FIGURE 1 in Systematics of the Ocoee Salamander (Plethodontidae: Desmognathus ocoee), with description of two new species from the southern Blue Ridge Mountains
FIGURE 1. Holotype (USNM 128007, field tag J.C.N. 1001) of Desmognathus ocoee Nicholls, 1949 from "the surface and in crevices of cliffs at Ship's Prow Rock, in Ocoee Gorge, beside U.S. Highway 64, nine miles airline west of Ducktown, in Polk County, Tennessee," collected 14 November 1948 by J.C. Nicholls, Jr. Note prominence of offset paired larval spots on the dorsum. Photos in dorsal (a) and ventral (b) views courtesy of the NMNH.
FIGURE 20 in Systematics of the Ocoee Salamander (Plethodontidae: Desmognathus ocoee), with description of two new species from the southern Blue Ridge Mountains
FIGURE 20. Live specimens of Desmognathus ocoee Nicholls, 1949 in lateral views (a, b) from the isolated Cumberland Plateau (TN: Marion) population (ocoee H), west of the Tennessee River close to the southernmost populations of D. abditus (see Drukker et al. 2018). Note the relatively prominent dorsal keel on the distal portion of the tail, and the indistinct or uniform, mostly brownish color-pattern. Photos courtesy of S. Drukker (Sewanee).
FIGURE 7 in Systematics of the Ocoee Salamander (Plethodontidae: Desmognathus ocoee), with description of two new species from the southern Blue Ridge Mountains
FIGURE 7. Paratypes (USNM 596063–4/RAP0890–1; a,b) and holotype (USNM 596065/RAP0892, c) of Desmognathus adatsihi from Cataloochee Balsam, Great Smoky Mountains (NC: Swain) in dorsal view in preservative, approximately to scale with tick marks in mm. Photos by RAP.
FIGURE 15 in Systematics of the Ocoee Salamander (Plethodontidae: Desmognathus ocoee), with description of two new species from the southern Blue Ridge Mountains
FIGURE 15. An aberrant specimen (RAP0908) of Desmognathus adatsihi from Rough Ridge (NC: Haywood) in life on isolated (a) and natural (b) backgrounds. In contrast to the regularly encountered erythristic and xanthic morphs, we hypothesize this individual to be a singular mutant, probably leucistic, rather than a form which occurs with any frequency in the population. Photos courtesy of T.W. Pierson.
FIGURE 14 in Systematics of the Ocoee Salamander (Plethodontidae: Desmognathus ocoee), with description of two new species from the southern Blue Ridge Mountains
FIGURE 14. Comparison of small adult Desmognathus adatsihi (a: not collected; Clingmans Dome, TN: Sevier/NC: Swain) and exceptionally large (54mm SVL) adult D. balsameus (b: RAP2831; Lost Knob, NC: Jackson) in life, showing the dramatic possible differences in body form and coloration. Photos courtesy of M.A. Seldes.
FIGURE 17 in Systematics of the Ocoee Salamander (Plethodontidae: Desmognathus ocoee), with description of two new species from the southern Blue Ridge Mountains
FIGURE 17. Comparative specimens of Desmognathus balsameus in preservative in dorsal (a, c) and ventral (b, d) views, showing dorsal stripe with wavy or undulating edges (RAP0979; Black Balsam Knob, NC: Haywood; a, b), and the early ontogenetic stage of this pattern with more distinct paired spots (RAP0990; Burnette Cove Creek, NC: Haywood; c, d).
FIGURE 4 in Systematics of the Ocoee Salamander (Plethodontidae: Desmognathus ocoee), with description of two new species from the southern Blue Ridge Mountains
FIGURE 4. Map of the five species considered by our taxonomy from genetically verified recent localities (RAP collection; Anderson & Tilley 2003; Beamer & Lamb 2020; Karlin & Guttman 1986; Kozak et al. 2005; Means et al. 2017; Pyron et al. 2022c; Tilley 2000; Tilley et al. 1978, 2008; Tilley & Mahoney 1996). We include apalachicolae A2 and ocoee E within our concept of D. ocoee, for which the nominotypical lineage is ocoee F/G/H. Note that some individuals from these populations are admixed between one or more species, and hybrid zones exist between phylogeographic lineages within D. ocoee and D. perlapsus, primarily at the geographic margins where each adjacent lineage contacts its neighbor. Type localities are indicated with triangles, the population of unknown affinity from Horse Cove (GA: Gilmer; Fig. 21) is indicated with a gray dot, and the potential Cohutta populations are indicated with a "?."
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