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125 results for “Species disjunctions”
Data from the article "Plastome sequencing of South American Podocarpus species reveals low rearrangement rates despite ancient Gondwanan disjunctions"
<p>Input data, intermediate and final analysis output files associated to the manuscript "Plastome sequencing of South American <em>Podocarpus </em>species reveals low rearrangement rates despite ancient Gondwanan disjunctions"</p> <p>We sequenced the plastomes of four South American species of <em>Podocarpus</em> from Patagonia, southern Yungas, and Brazilian subtropical forests: <em>P. nubigenus, P. parlatorei, P. salignus </em>and <em>P. selowii</em>. We compared their plastomes to those published from Brazil, Africa, New Zealand, and Southeast Asia, along with representatives from other genera within Podocarpaceae as outgroups. The four newly sequenced plastomes ranged in size between 133,791 bp and 133,991 bp. Gene content and order among chloroplasts from South American, African and Asian <em>Podocarpus</em> were conserved and different from the plastome of <em>P. totara</em>, from New Zealand. Most genes showed substitution patterns consistent with a conservative selective regime. Phylogenies inferred from either complete sequences or protein coding regions were mostly congruent with previous studies, but showed earlier branching of <em>P. salignus</em>, <em>P. totara</em> and <em>P. sellowii</em>.</p>
Fig. 6 in Highly disjunct and highly infected millipedes - a new cave-dwelling species of Chiraziulus (Diplopoda: Spirostreptida: Cambalidae) from Iran and notes on Laboulbeniales ectoparasites
Fig. 6. Chiraziulus kaiseri (Mauriès, 1983), female vulva. Scanning electron micrographs. A. Vulva in situ behind second pair of legs, posterior view. B. Details of right vulva behind second pair of legs. C. Detail of microtubular structure under the vulva. D. Vulva in ventral view. E. Vulva in anterior view. Abbreviations: o = operculum; b = bursa. Scale bars: A = 100 μm; B–E = 10 μm.
Fig. 3 in Highly disjunct and highly infected millipedes - a new cave-dwelling species of Chiraziulus (Diplopoda: Spirostreptida: Cambalidae) from Iran and notes on Laboulbeniales ectoparasites
Fig. 3. Chiraziulus kaiseri (Mauriès, 1983), paratypes. Scanning electron micrographs. A. Head and first body rings in lateral view. B. Last body rings ("tail") in lateral view. C. Tip of antenna. D. Detail of the limbus; notice lines of beadlike structures between cuticular scutes. E. Detail of labrum in frontal view. F. Gnathochilarium in ventral view; the arrow shows the distomesal setae on stipes. Scale bars: A–B, E–F = 100 μm; C = 10 μm; D = 1 μm.
Fig. 2 in Highly disjunct and highly infected millipedes - a new cave-dwelling species of Chiraziulus (Diplopoda: Spirostreptida: Cambalidae) from Iran and notes on Laboulbeniales ectoparasites
Fig. 2. Distribution of species of Chiraziulus Mauriès, 1983 in Iran (Mauriès 1987). C. troglopersicus sp. nov.: red dot (1); C. kaiseri: yellow dots (2–6). 1. Neyneh Cave. 2. "Chiraz" "montagne greseuse au nord de la ville". 3. 19 km W of Shiraz. 4. 5 km N of Persepolis. 5. Oasis 95 km N of Bandarabass. 6. Sarab Cave.
Fig. 9 in Highly disjunct and highly infected millipedes - a new cave-dwelling species of Chiraziulus (Diplopoda: Spirostreptida: Cambalidae) from Iran and notes on Laboulbeniales ectoparasites
Fig. 9. Chiraziulus troglopersicus sp. nov., ♂, paratype, gonopods. Scanning electron micrographs. A. Anterior gonopods in posterior view. B. Detail of the process on the tip of an anterior gonopod in posterior view. C. Anterior gonopods in anterior view. D. As C, in apical view. E. Tip of the flagellum. F. Posterior gonopods in lateral view. G. Tip of the long spine-like process of the posterior gonopod. H. Posterior gonopods in posterior view. I. As H, in anterior view. J. Detail of the mesal sternal part of the gonopods. Abbreviations: C = coxal process; T = telepodite; f = flagellum; s = setae; dp = distal process. Scale bars: A–D, F, H–I = 10 μm; E, G, J = 1 μm.
Fig. 8 in Highly disjunct and highly infected millipedes - a new cave-dwelling species of Chiraziulus (Diplopoda: Spirostreptida: Cambalidae) from Iran and notes on Laboulbeniales ectoparasites
Fig. 8. Number of podous rings and midbody vertical diameter of the studied specimens. Chiraziulus kaiseri (Mauriès, 1983) in blue; Chiraziulus troglopersicus sp. nov. in red. ▲ = adult ♂♂; ● = juveniles and ♀♀.
Fig. 7 in Highly disjunct and highly infected millipedes - a new cave-dwelling species of Chiraziulus (Diplopoda: Spirostreptida: Cambalidae) from Iran and notes on Laboulbeniales ectoparasites
Fig. 7. Chiraziulus kaiseri (Mauriès, 1983). Comparison of the paratype (A, C, E, G, I and K) and specimen from Ghar Sarab Cave (B, D, F, H, J and L). A–B. Left anterior gonopods, mesal view. C–D. Anterior gonopod, posterior view. E–F. Anterior gonopod, anterior view. G–H. Anterior gonopod, lateral view. I–J. Anterior gonopod, apical view. K–L. Posterior gonopods.
Fig. 12 in Highly disjunct and highly infected millipedes - a new cave-dwelling species of Chiraziulus (Diplopoda: Spirostreptida: Cambalidae) from Iran and notes on Laboulbeniales ectoparasites
Fig. 12. Chiraziulus kaiseri (Mauriès, 1983), paratypes infected with ectoparasitic fungi of the genus Rickia Cavara, order Laboulbeniales. A. Arrows indicate black dots on the body rings corresponding to the insertion of the fungi. B. Scanning electron micrograph of the collum with one fungus (arrow). Scale bars: A = 1 mm; B = 100 μm.
Fig. 5 in Highly disjunct and highly infected millipedes - a new cave-dwelling species of Chiraziulus (Diplopoda: Spirostreptida: Cambalidae) from Iran and notes on Laboulbeniales ectoparasites
Fig. 5. Chiraziulus kaiseri (Mauriès, 1983), ♂, paratypes, gonopods. Scanning electron micrographs. A. Anterior gonopods in anterior view. B. Anterior gonopods with one posterior gonopod in lateral view. C. As B, in apical view. D. As B, in posterior view. E–F. Anterior gonopod with detail of the processes on the tip of anterior gonopods. G–I. Posterior gonopod. J. Detail of the mesal sternal part. Abbreviations: C = coxal process; T = telepodite; Ta = anterior lobe of telopodite; Tb = posterior lobe of telepodite. Scale bars: A, D, I = 100 μm; B–C, E–H = 10 μm.
Fig. 11 in Highly disjunct and highly infected millipedes - a new cave-dwelling species of Chiraziulus (Diplopoda: Spirostreptida: Cambalidae) from Iran and notes on Laboulbeniales ectoparasites
Fig. 11. Cambala annulata (Say, 1821), anterior gonopod. A. Mesal view. B. Detail of the mesal sternal part. C. Apical part of coxal processes and telepodite. Scale bars: A = 100 μm; B–C = 10 μm.
Fig. 4 in Highly disjunct and highly infected millipedes - a new cave-dwelling species of Chiraziulus (Diplopoda: Spirostreptida: Cambalidae) from Iran and notes on Laboulbeniales ectoparasites
Fig. 4. Chiraziulus kaiseri (Mauriès, 1983), ♂, paratype, anterior gonopod. Scanning electron micrographs. A. Tip of flagellum. B. Flagellum insertion and loop across anterior gonopod coxite. C. Anterior gonopod showing the entire extension of the flagellum. Scale bars: A = 10 μm; B–C = 100 μm.
Figure 2 in Forest monkeys and Pleistocene refugia: a phylogeographic window onto the disjunct distribution of the Chlorocebus lhoesti species group
Figure 2. All possible patterns of relationships among the lhoesti group species. A, topology consistent with a vicariant scenario in which the distribution of a widespread common ancestor fragments into three segments – nearly simultaneously – as the result of habitat deterioration associated with a Pleistocene glacial cycle. B, topology consistent with an alternative vicariant scenario, in which ancestral populations of Chlorocebus preussi and Chlorocebus solatus remain in contact for a short time after the divergence of Chlorocebus lhoesti, because the former two stocks range within the same Pleistocene refuge. C, tree consistent with a dispersal hypothesis in which early C. preussi populations (following divergence from C. solatus) migrate along the northern rim of the Congo Basin, and found a new lineage (C. lhoesti) in the Albertine region (see Fig. 1). D, tree consistent with a dispersal hypothesis in which early C. solatus populations (following divergence from C. preussi) conduct a similar transcontinental migration, but along the southern rim of the Congo Basin (see Fig. 1).
FIG. 1 in Two disjunct moss species new to Mexico
FIG. 1. — Meteorium flexicaule Wils. in Hook.: A, three-centimeter fragment of a stem. Branches are short and pointed; B, stem leaves, asterisks mark position of cells in figures C and D; C, subapical and mid-leaf cells; D, basal leaf cells. No papillae positions are shown. Scale bars: 0,1 mm.
FIG. 2 in Two disjunct moss species new to Mexico
FIG. 2. — Meteorium flexicaule Wils. in Hook.: A, tip of branch showing leaf orientation; B, leaf apex showing rhomboidal papillose cells in adaxial position; C, abaxial view showing upper leaf cells distinctly papillose while others seem party worn off; D, mid-leaf cells; E, basal leaf cells with central row of papillae over lumen; F, mid-leaf basal cells, lowermost cells with papillae in two rows. Scale bars: A, 500 µm; B, 50 µm; C, 40 µm; D, E, 10 µm; F, 20 µm.
Figure 3. Likelihood trees generated from the X in Forest monkeys and Pleistocene refugia: a phylogeographic window onto the disjunct distribution of the Chlorocebus lhoesti species group
Figure 3. Likelihood trees generated from the X- and Y-chromosomal datasets. Bootstrap values of 50 and above (100 replicates, 'fast' stepwise addition) are included throughout the trees. The dashed ovals indicate the consistent recovery of a lhoesti group monophyly. One Chlorocebus solatus sample (CS026) is derived from a female (XX), and therefore is not represented in the Y-chromosomal tree.
Figure 1 in Forest monkeys and Pleistocene refugia: a phylogeographic window onto the disjunct distribution of the Chlorocebus lhoesti species group
Figure 1. Present ranges of the lhoesti group relative to two putative Pleistocene refugia and the Congo River Basin. Species distributions follow Kingdon (1997), and refuges follow Grubb (2001). Harrison (1988) hypothesized that the evolutionary dispersal of the lhoesti group followed an eastward path around the Congo Basin, along either its northern or southern rim. In contrast, Kaplin (2002) suggested that the lhoesti group ancestor may have spread through the basin, with its present distribution being the result of a vicariant event.
Fig. 10 in Highly disjunct and highly infected millipedes - a new cave-dwelling species of Chiraziulus (Diplopoda: Spirostreptida: Cambalidae) from Iran and notes on Laboulbeniales ectoparasites
Fig. 10. Chiraziulus troglopersicus sp. nov., habitat; Neyneh Cave in Zagros Mountains, Iran.
Fig. 1 in Highly disjunct and highly infected millipedes - a new cave-dwelling species of Chiraziulus (Diplopoda: Spirostreptida: Cambalidae) from Iran and notes on Laboulbeniales ectoparasites
Fig. 1. Habitus of Chiraziulus troglopersicus sp. nov., paratype.
Fig. 1 in A case of disjunct montane linyphiid species (Araneae) in the Palaeotropics, with notes on synonymy and the description of a new species
Fig. 1. Micrargus fuscipalpis (Denis, 1962) comb. nov., female holotype. Abdomen, ventral view.
Foliar endophyte diversity in eastern Asia-eastern North America disjunct tree species – Influences of host identity, environment, phylogeny, and geographic isolation
<p><span>The well-known eastern Asia (EA) and eastern North America (ENA) floristic disjunction provides a unique system for biogeographic and evolutionary studies. Despite considerable interest in the disjunction, few studies have investigated the patterns and their underlying drivers of allopatric divergence in sister species or clades isolated in the two areas. Endophyte diversity and assembly in disjunct sister taxa, as an ecological trait, may have played an important role in the processes of allopatric evolution, but no studies have examined endophytes in these disjunct lineages. In this study, we compared foliar endophytes (including both fungi and bacteria) in 17 EA-ENA disjunct species pairs from genera representing conifers and major clades of angiosperms, as well as 23 species of </span><em>Cornus</em> from the US and China. We sequenced the ITS of fungi and 16S rDNA of bacteria to understand the composition of the endophyte community and gain insights into the relative roles of geographic isolation, host identity, phylogeny, and environment in shaping endophytic diversity patterns. We detected a much richer fungal than bacterial community in leaves of all species. Beta diversity varied greatly among individuals within species, between species, among genera, and among three natural environmental conditions. Based on a principal coordinates analysis, we found no close clustering of endophyte communities in samples from the same host plant species, from the same genus, or from the same geographic origin (i.e. EA or ENA) (when plants were grown in the same common garden), but we did detect clustering of samples from plants grown in the same environment (i.e., same geographic location). We observed separation of microbes in plant samples of the same species grown in different locations/environments. However, pooled samples across all species from the common garden with the same geographic origin (EA vs. ENA) showed a moderate level of dissimilarity in fungal endophytes between EA and ENA. An overall significant correlation between endophyte community dissimilarity and phylogenetic distance was detected among the disjunct genera but not among species of <em>Cornus</em>. However, significant correlation between order, family, and genera of endophytes and phylogenetic distance of Cornus species was observed. We also found no significant differences in Foliar Endophytic Fungal (FEF) communities between counterparts of disjunct species pairs in EA and ENA in most genera except in <em>Liriodendron</em> and <em>Cornus</em>, although the beta diversity within genera is high. Our results suggest important roles of host identity and environment (geographic locations), and a likely minor role of phylogenetic divergence and biogeographic isolation in shaping the pattern of foliar endophyte diversity and assembly in the EA-ENA disjunct genera, as well as in <em>Cornus</em>. The results further suggest that the sister taxa in EA and ENA are likely different in their foliar endophyte composition when growing in their native habitats due to differences in geographic locations and local environments, which is potentially a factor driving allopatric divergence of species functional features. This hypothesis can be tested by analysis of samples from native habitats.</p>
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