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9 results for “Sphaeropleales”
Species-specific effects and the ecological role of Programmed cell Death in the microalgae Ankistrodesmus (Sphaeropleales, Selenastraceae)
<p>Reports of programmed cell death (PCD) in phytoplankton raise questions about the ecological evolutionary role of cell death in these organisms. We induced PCD by nitrogen deprivation and unregulated cell death (non-PCD) in one strain of the green microalga <em>Ankistrodesmus densus</em> and investigated the effects of the cell death supernatants on phylogenetically related co-occurring organisms using growth rates and maximum biomass as proxies of fitness. PCD-released materials from <em>A. densus</em> CCMA-UFSCar-3 significantly increased growth rates of two conspecific strains compared to healthy culture (HC) supernatants and improved the maximum biomass of all <em>A. densus</em> strains compared to related species. Although growth rates of non-<em>A. densus</em> with PCD supernatants were not statistically different from HC treatment, biomass gain was significantly reduced. Thus, the organic substances released by PCD, possibly nitrogenous compounds, could promote conspecific growth. These results support the argument that PCD may differentiate species or subtypes and increases inclusive fitness in this model unicellular chlorophyte. Further research, however, is needed to identify the responsible molecules and how they interact with cells to provide the PCD benefits.</p>
Species-specific effects and the ecological role of Programmed cell Death in the microalgae Ankistrodesmus (Sphaeropleales, Selenastraceae)
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FIGURES 13–18 in Phylogeny and morphology of genus Nephrocytium (Sphaeropleales, Chlorophyceae, Chlorophyta) from China
FIGURES 13–18. Transmission electron microscopy of Nephrocytium limneticum (13–15) and Nephrocytium agardhianum (16–18). 13,15. Longitudinal section of a cell, showing the undulated surface of cell wall. 14,17. Cells within the mother cell wall, showing the presence of the pyrenoid and the smooth mother cell wall. 15,18. Details of cell wall. (CW=cell wall, MCW=mother cell wall, P=pyrenoid, St=starch sheath, S=starch grains, t=thylakoids). Scale bar 2 μm (13–14, 16–17), 0.5 μm (15), 0.2 μm (18).
FIGURE 19 in Phylogeny and morphology of genus Nephrocytium (Sphaeropleales, Chlorophyceae, Chlorophyta) from China
FIGURE 19. Phylogenetic tree inferred using concatenated genes of 18S rDNA, rbcL and tufA cpDNA, along with sequences of additional taxa of Sphaeropleales. Bootstrap support from maximum likelihood (ML, constructed by PAUP), Bayesian inference (BI) posterior probabilities and bootstrap support from maximum likelihood (ML, constructed by RAxML) are presented on the nodes, in that order. Values above 0.5 for BI and 50 for ML are shown.
FIGURES 1–12 in Phylogeny and morphology of genus Nephrocytium (Sphaeropleales, Chlorophyceae, Chlorophyta) from China
FIGURES 1–12. Light microscopy of Nephrocytium limneticum cultured (1–6), and Nephrocytium agardhianum in the field (7), and cultured (8–12). 1. Young cells in colony. 2. Old cells in colony. 3. Autospores in sporangium. 4. Autofluorescence showing the shape of chloroplasts. 5. Negative stain by ink showing the mucilage envelope. 6. Sporangia in colony. 7 Colony in the field habit. 8. Young cells in colony. 9. Old cells in colony. 10. Autofluorescence showing the shape of chloroplasts. 11. Negative stain by ink showing the mucilage envelope. 12. Autospores in a sporangium. Scale bar 10 μm.
Data from: Chloroplast phylogenomic data from the green algal order Sphaeropleales (Chlorophyceae, Chlorophyta) reveal complex patterns of sequence evolution
Chloroplast sequence data are widely used to infer phylogenies of plants and algae. With the increasing availability of complete chloroplast genome sequences, the opportunity arises to resolve ancient divergences that were heretofore problematic. On the flip side, properly analyzing large multi-gene data sets can be a major challenge, as these data may be riddled with systematic biases and conflicting signals. Our study contributes new data from nine complete and four fragmentary chloroplast genome sequences across the green algal order Sphaeropleales. Our phylogenetic analyses of a 56-gene data set show that analyzing these data on a nucleotide level yields a well-supported phylogeny – yet one that is quite different from a corresponding amino acid analysis. We offer some possible explanations for this conflict through a range of analyses of modified data sets. In addition, we characterize the newly sequenced genomes in terms of their structure and content, thereby further contributing to the knowledge of chloroplast genome evolution.
Data from: Chloroplast phylogenomic data from the green algal order Sphaeropleales (Chlorophyceae, Chlorophyta) reveal complex patterns of sequence evolution
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Data from: Chloroplast phylogenomic analysis of chlorophyte green algae identifies a novel lineage sister to the Sphaeropleales (Chlorophyceae)
Background: The class Chlorophyceae (Chlorophyta) includes morphologically and ecologically diverse green algae. Most of the documented species belong to the clade formed by the Chlamydomonadales (also called Volvocales) and Sphaeropleales. Although studies based on the nuclear 18S rRNA gene or a few combined genes have shed light on the diversity and phylogenetic structure of the Chlamydomonadales, the positions of many of the monophyletic groups identified remain uncertain. Here, we used a chloroplast phylogenomic approach to delineate the relationships among these lineages. Results: To generate the analyzed amino acid and nucleotide data sets, we sequenced the chloroplast DNAs (cpDNAs) of 24 chlorophycean taxa; these included representatives from 16 of the 21 primary clades previously recognized in the Chlamydomonadales, two taxa from a coccoid lineage (Jenufa) that was suspected to be sister to the Golenkiniaceae, and two sphaeroplealeans. Using Bayesian and/or maximum likelihood inference methods, we analyzed an amino acid data set that was assembled from 69 cpDNA-encoded proteins of 73 core chlorophyte (including 33 chlorophyceans), as well as two nucleotide data sets that were generated from the 69 genes coding for these proteins and 29 RNA-coding genes. The protein and gene phylogenies were congruent and robustly resolved the branching order of most of the investigated lineages. Within the Chlamydomonadales, 22 taxa formed an assemblage of five major clades/lineages. The earliest-diverging clade displayed Hafniomonas laevis and the Crucicarteria, and was followed by the Radicarteria and then by the Chloromonadinia. The latter lineage was sister to two superclades, one consisting of the Oogamochlamydinia and Reinhardtinia and the other of the Caudivolvoxa and Xenovolvoxa. To our surprise, the Jenufa species and the two spine-bearing green algae belonging to the Golenkinia and Treubaria genera were recovered in a highly supported monophyletic group that also included three taxa representing distinct families of the Sphaeropleales (Bracteacoccaceae, Mychonastaceae, and Scenedesmaceae). Conclusions: Our phylogenomic study advances our knowledge regarding the circumscription and internal structure of the Chlamydomonadales, suggesting that a previously unrecognized lineage is sister to the Sphaeropleales. In addition, it offers new insights into the flagellar structures of the founding members of both the Chlamydomonadales and Sphaeropleales.
Data from: Chloroplast phylogenomic analysis of chlorophyte green algae identifies a novel lineage sister to the Sphaeropleales (Chlorophyceae)
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