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762 results for “Spider phylogeny”
Dataset: Systematics of the color-polymorphic spider genus Cybaeolus, with comments on the phylogeny of the family Hahniidae (Araneae)
<p>Phylogenetic analysis of the spiders of the genus Cybaeulus, with outgroups in the marronoid clade. Data from six DNA markers, analyzed with maximum likelihood and parsimony.</p> <p><br>PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS</p> <p>We obtained sequences from 26 samples of the three known species of Cybaeolus, and of five additional species of Hahniidae. To these, we added legacy sequences of Cybaeolus and of other genera of Hahniidae, as well as representatives of the remaining families in the marronoid clade. For the new sequences, the extraction and amplification of DNA was made in the Laboratory of Molecular Tools at Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales (MACN), from tissues preserved in absolute alcohol at -18ºC. We targeted the markers histone H3 (H3), cytochrome oxidase subunit I (CO1), 28S ribosomal RNA (28S) and 16S ribosomal RNA (16S), previously used to estimate relationships of marronoid spiders (Wheeler et al., 2017). Details of extraction, primers and PCR protocols are the same as in Magalhaes & Ramírez (2022). Sequencing was outsourced to Macrogen Inc., South Korea. The resulting chromatograms were analyzed individually to detect contaminated sequences or ambiguous portions. In addition to these sequences obtained in the laboratory, we combined our data with additional sequences from previous work (Wheeler et al., 2017; Rivera-Quiroz et al., 2020), using the markers mentioned above plus 12S ribosomal RNA (12S) and 18S ribosomal RNA (18S). For the CO1 marker, additional sequences obtained by the Arachnology Division at MACN and deposited in the BOLDSYSTEMS platform (https://www.boldsystems.org/) were also used. Sequences were aligned with MAFFT Online v.7.463 (Katoh & Standley, 2013), using the L-INS-I algorithm. See Table 1 for list of vouchers and sequence identifiers.</p> <p>Maximum likelihood<br>For the maximum likelihood analyses we used the program IQ-TREE 2.2.0 (Minh et al., 2020), partitioning the data by marker, and selecting the best combination of partitions and evolution models by Bayesian information criterion (best fitting models were TPM2+I+G4 for H3, GTR+F+I+G4 for 18S, GTR+F+I+G4 for 16S and 12S together, GTR+F+I+G4 for CO1, and GTR+F+I+G4 for 28S). Since the relationships of outgroup taxa in the resulting trees were slightly different to that found in recent phylogenomic studies, we used the study of Gorneau et al. (2023) based on ultraconserved elements as a backbone topology to constrain our tree search, considering only the taxa in common with our analysis (see supplementary Fig. S1); this means that all the rest of the taxa are free to move anywhere during tree search. Support for groups (branches) was estimated by 1000 cycles of ultrafast bootstrapping. Ten independent runs were performed; of those, six converged into nearly identical log likelihood values (-57417.7725 to -57417.9604) and identical topologies; the tree with top-ranking log likelihood is presented in Results, after collapsing branches with bootstrap below 0.5. To estimate the support of an alternative topology with Cybaeolus as sister to the rest of the hahniids, we used TNT 1.6 (Goloboff & Morales, 2023) to modify the optimal tree placing Cybaeolus in such position, and asked for the frequency of the branch of interest (all hahniids except Cybaeolus) in the 1000 bootstrapped trees previously saved by IQTREE.<br>Ancestral character states for the arrangement of spinnerets (grouped; separated in a transversal line) were estimated by maximum likelihood on the optimal tree, using the R packages phytools and ape, under the models ER and ARD, and the best fitting model selected by the Akaike information criterion. </p> <p>Parsimony<br>For the parsimony analyses we used TNT 1.6. For the equal weights analysis, a heuristic search was made using a driven search with the default parameters of the “new technologies”, aiming for 10 independent hits to minimum length. The resulting trees were then submitted to an additional round of tree-bisection reconnection (TBR) branch swapping. These results were compared to a simpler search strategy of 300 random addition sequences, each followed by TBR, which produced 20 hits to minimal length. As both strategies reached the same trees with multiple independent hits, it is likely that the optimal trees were found. Finally, the strict consensus of all the optimal trees was obtained, and on this consensus the support values were calculated by means of 1000 bootstrap pseudoreplicates. </p>
Figs 229–233 in Revision, phylogeny, and microhabitat shifts in the Southeast Asian spider genus Aetana (Araneae, Pholcidae)
Figs 229–233. Left procursi, retrolateral views (asterisk: retrolatero-distal sclerite). — 229. Aetana manansalai Huber, sp. nov. — 230. A. lozadae Huber, sp. nov. — 231. A. banahaw Huber, sp. nov. Figs 229–231 at same scale. — 232–233. A. banahaw Huber, sp. nov., cleared female genitalia, ventral and dorsal views. rp = retrolatero-ventral process; vl = ventral lamina. Scale lines: 0.5 mm.
Figs 234–242 in Revision, phylogeny, and microhabitat shifts in the Southeast Asian spider genus Aetana (Araneae, Pholcidae)
Figs 234–242. Aetana omayan group, female genitalia, part 2 (cf. Figs 213–218); untreated in ventral view, cleared in ventral and dorsal views. — 234–236. A. manansalai Huber, sp. nov. — 237–239. A. lozadae Huber, sp. nov. — 240–242. A. banahaw Huber, sp. nov.
Figs 219–223 in Revision, phylogeny, and microhabitat shifts in the Southeast Asian spider genus Aetana (Araneae, Pholcidae)
Figs 219–223. Aetana manansalai Huber, sp. nov. 219–220. Left male palp, prolateral and retrolateral views. 221. Male prosoma, oblique frontal view. 222–223. Cleared female genitalia, ventral and dorsal views. Arrow points at membranous pocket. rp = retrolatero-ventral process; vl = ventral lamina. Scale lines: 0.5 mm.
Figs 189–194. — 189–193 in Revision, phylogeny, and microhabitat shifts in the Southeast Asian spider genus Aetana (Araneae, Pholcidae)
Figs 189–194. — 189–193. Aetana abadae Huber, sp. nov. 189–190. Left male palp, prolateral and retrolateral views. 191. Male prosoma, oblique frontal view. 192–193. Cleared female genitalia, ventral and dorsal views. — 194. A. omayan Huber, 2005, cleared female genitalia, dorsal view. Arrows point at membranous pockets. ip = internal sclerotized pocket; rp = retrolatero-ventral process; vl = ventral lamina. Scale lines: 0.5 mm (female genitalia at same scale).
Figs 150–154 in Revision, phylogeny, and microhabitat shifts in the Southeast Asian spider genus Aetana (Araneae, Pholcidae)
Figs 150–154. Aetana indah Huber, sp. nov. 150–151. Left male palp, prolateral and retrolateral views (arrow points at prolateral apophysis near hinge). 152. Male chelicerae, frontal view. 153–154. Cleared female genitalia, ventral and dorsal views (arrow points at membranous pocket). ip = internal sclerotized pocket; rp = retrolatero-ventral process; vl = ventral lamina. Scale lines: 0.5 mm.
Figs 130–136 in Revision, phylogeny, and microhabitat shifts in the Southeast Asian spider genus Aetana (Araneae, Pholcidae)
Figs 130–136. Aetana gaya Huber, sp. nov. 130–131. Male prosoma, frontal and oblique frontal views. 132. Female prosoma, frontal view. 133. Detail of male metatarsus 1. 134. Male palpal tarsal organ. 135. Male carapace and ocular area. 136. Right procursus, retrolateral view. rp = retrolatero-ventral process; vl = ventral lamina. Scale lines: 130–132, 135 = 200 µm; 133 = 80 µm; 134 = 8 µm; 136 = 100 µm.
Figs 105–110. Live specimens. Aetana kinabalu group. — 105–106. A in Revision, phylogeny, and microhabitat shifts in the Southeast Asian spider genus Aetana (Araneae, Pholcidae)
Figs 105–110. Live specimens. Aetana kinabalu group. — 105–106. A. lambir Huber, sp. nov., ♂ and ♀ with eggsac from Lambir, Sarawak. — 107–108. A. poring Huber, sp. nov., ♂♂ from Mt. Kinabalu, Sabah. — 109– 110. A. indah Huber, sp. nov., adult and penultimate instar, ♂♂ from Crocker Range, Sabah.
Figs 99–104. Live specimens. Aetana kinabalu group. — 99–103. A. kinabalu Huber, 2005 in Revision, phylogeny, and microhabitat shifts in the Southeast Asian spider genus Aetana (Araneae, Pholcidae)
Figs 99–104. Live specimens. Aetana kinabalu group. — 99–103. A. kinabalu Huber, 2005. ♂ and ♀ with eggsac from Gunung Mulu, Sarawak (99, 100); ♀ with eggsac and ♂ from Crocker Range, Sabah (101, 102); and ♂ from Mt. Kinabalu, Sabah (103). — 104. A. gaya Huber, sp. nov., ♂ from Gaya Island, Sabah.
Figs 87–95 in Revision, phylogeny, and microhabitat shifts in the Southeast Asian spider genus Aetana (Araneae, Pholcidae)
Figs 87–95. Aetana kiukoki group. Female genitalia; untreated in ventral view, cleared in ventral and dorsal views. — 87–89. A. kiukoki Huber, sp. nov. — 90–92. A. paragua Huber, sp. nov. — 93–95. A. loboc Huber, sp. nov.
Figs 80–86 in Revision, phylogeny, and microhabitat shifts in the Southeast Asian spider genus Aetana (Araneae, Pholcidae)
Figs 80–86. Aetana loboc Huber, sp. nov. 80. Female prosoma, frontal view. 81. Female ALS. 82. Comb-hair on female tarsus 4. 83. Detail of female tarsus 1. 84. Detail of female tarsus 4. 85. Epigynum. 86. Detail of preceding. Scale lines: 80, 85 = 200 µm; 81 = 10 µm; 82 = 8 µm; 83–84 = 40 µm; 86 = 100 µm.
Figs 75–79 in Revision, phylogeny, and microhabitat shifts in the Southeast Asian spider genus Aetana (Araneae, Pholcidae)
Figs 75–79. Aetana loboc Huber, sp. nov. 75–76. Left male palp, prolateral and retrolateral views. 77. Male prosoma, frontal view. 78–79. Cleared female genitalia, ventral and dorsal views. Scale lines: 0.5 mm.
Figs 70–74 in Revision, phylogeny, and microhabitat shifts in the Southeast Asian spider genus Aetana (Araneae, Pholcidae)
Figs 70–74. Aetana paragua Huber, sp. nov. 70–71. Left male palp, prolateral and retrolateral views. 72. Male prosoma, frontal view. 73–74. Cleared female genitalia, ventral and dorsal views (arrows point at serrated ridges). rt = retrolateral trichobothrium. Scale lines: 0.5 mm.
Figs 62–69 in Revision, phylogeny, and microhabitat shifts in the Southeast Asian spider genus Aetana (Araneae, Pholcidae)
Figs 62–69. Aetana kiukoki Huber, sp. nov. 62–63. Male prosoma, oblique frontal and frontal views. 64. Female prosoma, frontal view. 65. Male clypeus and chelicerae, oblique frontal view. 66. Male clypeus modification, frontal view. 67. Epigynum, ventral view. 68. Male ALS and PMS. 69. Comb-hair on female tarsus 4. cl = clypeus; lca = lateral cheliceral apophysis. Scale lines: 62–64 = 400 µm; 65, 67 = 200 µm; 66 = 100 µm; 68–69 = 20 µm.
Figs 38–44. — 38–40 in Revision, phylogeny, and microhabitat shifts in the Southeast Asian spider genus Aetana (Araneae, Pholcidae)
Figs 38–44. — 38–40. Aetana libjo Huber, sp. nov. 38–39. Left genital bulb in prolateral and retrolateral views. 40. Male chelicerae, frontal view. — 41–44. Aetana baganihan Huber, sp. nov. 41–42. Left genital bulb in prolateral and retrolateral views. 43–44. Cleared female genitalia, ventral and dorsal views (asterisk: median membranous structure). Scale lines: 38–39, 41–44 = 0.5 mm; 40 = 0.3 mm.
Figs 145–149 in Revision, phylogeny, and microhabitat shifts in the Southeast Asian spider genus Aetana (Araneae, Pholcidae)
Figs 145–149. Aetana poring Huber, sp. nov. 145–146. Left male palp, prolateral and retrolateral views (arrow points at prolateral apophysis near hinge). 147. Male chelicerae, frontal view. 148–149. Cleared female genitalia, ventral and dorsal views (arrow points at membranous pocket). Scale lines: 145–146, 148–149 = 0.5 mm; 147 = 0.3 mm.
Figs 30–37 in Revision, phylogeny, and microhabitat shifts in the Southeast Asian spider genus Aetana (Araneae, Pholcidae)
Figs 30–37. Aetana libjo Huber, sp. nov. 30. Processes of right genital bulb, retrolateral view. 31. Detail of preceding. 32. Comb-hairs on female tarsus 4. 33. Processes of left genital bulb, prolateral view. 34. Detail of preceding. 35. Male palpal tarsal organ. 36. Female ALS. 37. Male gonopore. Scale lines: 30, 33 = 100 µm; 31, 37 = 40 µm; 32, 34 = 20 µm; 35–36 = 10 µm.
Figs 126–129 in Revision, phylogeny, and microhabitat shifts in the Southeast Asian spider genus Aetana (Araneae, Pholcidae)
Figs 126–129. Aetana gaya Huber, sp. nov. 126–127. Left male palp, prolateral and retrolateral views. 128–129. Cleared female genitalia, ventral and dorsal views (arrow points at membranous pocket). b = genital bulb; e = embolus; rp = retrolatero-ventral process; vl = ventral lamina. Scale lines: 126–127 = 0.5 mm; 128–129 = 0.3 mm.
Figs 45–50 in Revision, phylogeny, and microhabitat shifts in the Southeast Asian spider genus Aetana (Araneae, Pholcidae)
Figs 45–50. Aetana libjo Huber, sp. nov. (Figs 45–47) and Aetana baganihan Huber, sp. nov. (Figs 48–50), female genitalia; untreated in ventral view, cleared in ventral and dorsal views.
Figs 16–19 in Revision, phylogeny, and microhabitat shifts in the Southeast Asian spider genus Aetana (Araneae, Pholcidae)
Figs 16–19. Aetana ocampoi Huber, sp. nov. Cleared female genitalia of morph A (16–17) and morph B (18–19), in ventral (left) and dorsal (right) views. Scale line: 0.5 mm (all at same scale).
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