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FIGURE 8 in A new species of the Spirobranchus kraussii - complex (Annelida, Serpulidae) from the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman

FIGURE 8. BI tree of 15 taxa of the genus Spirobranchus based on 18S dataset for 52 specimens and 1025 bp long. In all trees, two specimens of Galeolaria were used as outgroup. Bayesian posterior probabilities ≥ 0.9 are indicated on branches of all BI trees.

FIGURE 10 in A new species of the Spirobranchus kraussii - complex (Annelida, Serpulidae) from the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman

FIGURE 10. BI tree of 11 taxa of the genus Spirobranchus based on concatenated fragments of nuclear 18S and mitochondrial Cyt-b nucleotide sequences for 39 specimens, 1325 bp long.

FIGURE 11 in A new species of the Spirobranchus kraussii - complex (Annelida, Serpulidae) from the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman

FIGURE 11. BI tree of 11 taxa of the genus Spirobranchus based on concatenated fragments of 18S nucleotide and Cyt-b amino-acid sequences for 39 specimens, 1124 bp long.

FIGURE 1 in A new species of the Spirobranchus kraussii - complex (Annelida, Serpulidae) from the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman

FIGURE 1. Distribution map of A—Spirobranchus sinuspersicus sp. nov. and B— the taxa of Spirobranchus kraussii-complex used in the phylogenetic analysis. In the map A, green circle is the type locality of the new species; purple circles indicate localities sampled for this study; red circles indicate localities where specimens used for molecular part of the study where collected, including the specimen from Kuwait used in Simon et al. (2019); brown circles are localities from the literature.

FIGURE 9 in Spirobranchus bakau sp. nov. from Singapore: yet another species of S. kraussii-complex (Polychaeta: Serpulidae)

FIGURE 9. Maximum likelihood phylogram of Spirobranchus sp. worms. Tree presented here is of the concatenated dataset (i.e., 18S and Cyt b) and is rooted with Galeolaria hystrix. Bootstrap resampling values under Maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian Inference posterior probability values (BI) are denoted at the branches as ML/BI. Only bootstrap values>50 and posterior probability values>0.8 are shown; values <50 and <0.8 are indicated by a (-).

FIGURE 10 A–B in Spirobranchus bakau sp. nov. from Singapore: yet another species of S. kraussii-complex (Polychaeta: Serpulidae)

FIGURE 10 A–B. Results of salinity-temperature assay conducted on early developmental stages of Spirobranchus bakau sp. nov.. A—Fertilisation success as determined by average number of fertilised eggs in sub-samples from nine salinity-temperature combinations; B—Stacked bar graph showing the relative proportions of sub-sampled individuals that had reached the various stages of embryonic development at 1 hour post-fertilisation (hpf). Error bars indicate standard error. Abbreviations—2: 2-cell; 4: 4-cell; 8: 8-cell; ≥16: 16-cell or more.

FIGURE 8 in Spirobranchus bakau sp. nov. from Singapore: yet another species of S. kraussii-complex (Polychaeta: Serpulidae)

FIGURE 8. Opercular endplates and talon in paratypes of Spirobranchus manilensis. A, B—Opercular endplate observed in majority of S. manilensis specimens with deeper and broader area of concavity than S. bakau sp. nov.; C—Side view of operculum of anomalous specimen in type series, showing slight protrusion of endplate from the top of the operculum; D—Top view of opercular endplate of specimen in C, faintly showing concentric ovoid markings; E—Opercular talon of a single S. manilensis specimen with deep concavity around the centre of the endplate; F—Lateral view of talon in E showing sub-rectangular shape with a series of tooth-like edges. Scale bars—A–C: 1 mm, D–F: 0.5 mm.

FIGURE 7 in Spirobranchus bakau sp. nov. from Singapore: yet another species of S. kraussii-complex (Polychaeta: Serpulidae)

FIGURE 7. Opercular peduncles of Spirobranchus manilensis paratypes. A—Opercular peduncle of specimen; B–D—Peduncular wings of specimens as indicated by white arrow, with C and D showing wings on both sides of same individual. Scale bars—A–B: 1 mm, C–D: 0.5 mm

FIGURE 6 in Spirobranchus bakau sp. nov. from Singapore: yet another species of S. kraussii-complex (Polychaeta: Serpulidae)

FIGURE 6. Tube morphology of Spirobranchus manilensis paratypes. A, B—Top view of individual tubes; C, D—Circular (C) and sub-trapezoidal (D) cross-sectional shapes of tubes; E, F—Lateral view of tubes with broad and rounded flap over tube mouth. Scale bars—A–B: 2 mm, C–F: 1 mm.

FIGURE 4 in Spirobranchus bakau sp. nov. from Singapore: yet another species of S. kraussii-complex (Polychaeta: Serpulidae)

FIGURE 4. Structural variation in opercular peduncles and talons in specimens of Spirobranchus bakau sp. nov.. A—Dorsal view of specimen, showing peduncle insertion on the left of median line, with peduncular wings tapering diagonally to the central axis of the operculum; B—Peduncular wings tapering perpendicularly to the central axis of the operculum; C—Wing tips end abruptly as if truncated; D—Top view of opercular endplate showing ovoid concentric layers with shallow depression in innermost layer; E—Opercular talon with bifid terminal region; F—Underside of opercular endplate showing position of talon relative to edges of endplate; G—Opercular talon of holotype (ZRC.ANN.0480) with trifid terminal region; H—Lateral view of talon of holotype (ZRC.ANN.0480); I—Talon of paratype (ZRC.ANN.0486) with protuberances from endplate on each side of peg and wing-shaped protuberance from the peg. Scale bars—A–I: 0.5 mm.

FIGURE 3 in Spirobranchus bakau sp. nov. from Singapore: yet another species of S. kraussii-complex (Polychaeta: Serpulidae)

FIGURE 3. Radiolar crown in Spirobranchus bakau sp. nov. specimens. A—Top view of radiolar crown in paratype (ZRC. ANN.0482), showing circular arrangement of radioles; B, D—Radiolar crown with alternating black and cream-coloured bands at the base. The translucent, free ends of the radioles take on the colouration of underlying golden-brown pinnules. Red pigmented spots are mostly arranged in pairs on each radiole; C, H—Lateral views of complete holotype of S. bakau sp. nov. (ZRC.ANN.0480). Image was taken prior to excision of posterior abdominal segments for molecular studies. Evidence of sperm release in C (white arrow), indicating that the specimen is a male; E—Greyish bands alternating with black bands at base of radioles; F—Pinnules near tips are of brownish colouration; G—Distal end of radiolar base in paratype (ZRC.ANN.0481) with peach colouration (white arrow), which extends into inter-radiolar membrane. Scale bars—A–B, D–G: 0.5 mm, C, H: 1 mm.

FIGURE 1 in Spirobranchus bakau sp. nov. from Singapore: yet another species of S. kraussii-complex (Polychaeta: Serpulidae)

FIGURE 1. Type localities of Spirobranchus bakau sp. nov. and S. manilensis. A—Map of Southeast Asia, showing the relative locations of Singapore and the Philippines where S. bakau sp. nov. and S. manilensis are respectively found. Red circle denotes Manila Bay where the S. manilensis population has been reported from in the Philippines; B—Map of Singapore showing type locality of S. bakau sp. nov. along the Northwest coast of the island (red rectangle). Scale bars—A: 500 km, B: 5 km.

FIGURE 5 in Spirobranchus bakau sp. nov. from Singapore: yet another species of S. kraussii-complex (Polychaeta: Serpulidae)

FIGURE 5. SEM photographs of Spirobranchus bakau sp. nov. chaetae. A—Collar chaetae; B—Thoracic chaetae; C—Closeup of abdominal chaetae; inset figure showing top view of abdominal chaetae with central groove in view; D—Thoracic uncini of paratype (ZRC.ANN.0484) showing rasp-shaped teeth above peg; E—Anterior abdominal uncini; F—Posterior abdominal uncini. Scale bars—A: 10 µm, B: 50 µm, C–F: 5 µm, C inset figure: 10 µm.

FIGURE 2 in Spirobranchus bakau sp. nov. from Singapore: yet another species of S. kraussii-complex (Polychaeta: Serpulidae)

FIGURE 2. Spirobranchus bakau sp. nov. tubes. A—Cluster of tubes from mangroves at Lim Chu Lang end (photographed ex situ); B, C—Top view of individual tubes; D–F—Cross-sectional views of tubes, showing variation in shapes of tube mouths and lumina: sub-trapezoidal cross-section (D–F), ovoid lumen (D) and circular lumen (E–F); G—Top view of tube with winglike keel structures; inset figure shows cross-sectional view of tube; H—Lateral keels that run along sides of tube of paratype ZRC.ANN.0481 (indicated by red arrows). Scale bars—A: 5 mm, B–H (including inset figure): 0.5 mm.

FIGURE 7 in A new species of the Spirobranchus kraussii - complex (Annelida, Serpulidae) from the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman

FIGURE 7. Saturation plots of transitions / transversions against F84 distance; A—18S rDNA of 15 taxa of the genus Spirobranchus; B—Cyt-b of 12 taxa of the genus Spirobranchus; C—Cyt-b of 6 taxa of the S. kraussii-complex; D to F: based on each codon position of Cyt-b for 12 taxa of the genus Spirobranchus. D—the 1st codon position; E—the 2nd codon position; F—the 3rd codon position. Blue crosses represent transitions (s), green triangles represent transversions (v).

FIGURE 4 in A new species of the Spirobranchus kraussii - complex (Annelida, Serpulidae) from the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman

FIGURE 4. Photographs of preserved specimens of Spirobranchus sinuspersicus sp. nov. A—Lateral view of the entire holotype (ZUTC.6780); B—Detail of the operculum and peduncle of the holotype, arrow shows transverse line on peduncle; C— Dorsal view of operculum and peduncle (ZUTC.6783), arrow shows transverse line on peduncle; D—Specimen with fringed peduncular wings, arrow shows a radiolar eye spot (ZUTC.6818); E—Tonguelet shown by arrow (ZUTC.6790); F—Collar chaetae in a juvenile specimen indicated by arrow (ZUTC.6801).

FIGURE 5 in A new species of the Spirobranchus kraussii - complex (Annelida, Serpulidae) from the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman

FIGURE 5. Photographs of opercular plates of Spirobranchus sinuspersicus sp. nov. (A-D) and S. kraussii (E, F). A—Upper (distal) surface of endplate (ZUTC.6818); B—Lateral view of endplate with talon (ZUTC.6817); C, D—Lower (proximal) surface of endplate (normally embedded into opercular ampulla) showing the shape of talon (ZUTC.6817); E—Lower surface of endplate with talon; F— Lateral view of endplate with talon (ZUTC.6803).

FIGURE 3 in A new species of the Spirobranchus kraussii - complex (Annelida, Serpulidae) from the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman

FIGURE 3. Photographs and line drawings of Spirobranchus sinuspersicus sp. nov. and S. kraussii specimens removed from tubes. A, B—Live specimens of S. sinuspersicus sp. nov. from Hormuz Island; C—Bandar Abbas (ZUTC.6796); D—Djod; E— Comparative photo of preserved specimens of S. sinuspersicus sp. nov. (smaller, ZUTC.6783) and S. kraussii (larger, ZUTC.6803); F—Dorsal view of S. kraussii (ZUTC.6783) operculum; G—Dorsal view of peduncles of S. kraussii (ZUTC.6803) on the left and S. sinuspersicus sp. nov. (ZUTC.6783) on the right.

FIGURE 2 in A new species of the Spirobranchus kraussii - complex (Annelida, Serpulidae) from the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman

FIGURE 2. Photographs of Spirobranchus sinuspersicus sp. nov. A, B—Juveniles in tubes (ZUTC.6812, ZUTC.6813); C, D—Anterior end of an adult tube and a flap over the entrance, indicated by arrow (ZUTC.6792); E—Two solitary specimens in tubes from Abd, Gulf of Oman; F—A tube aggregation from Abd, Gulf of Oman; G—Upper intertidal zone of Bandar Abbas Bay covered with S. sinuspersicus aggregations.

FIGURE 6 in A new species of the Spirobranchus kraussii - complex (Annelida, Serpulidae) from the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman

FIGURE 6. SEM micrographs of Spirobranchus sinuspersicus sp. nov. (ZUTC.6804) chaetae. A—Third thoracic uncini; B— Mid-abdominal row of uncini, arrow shows a split posteriormost tooth of an uncinus; C—Close-up view of thoracic chaeta; D—Close-up view of an anterior abdominal uncinus with two teeth in a row (indicated by arrow); E—True trumpet-shaped abdominal chaetae; F—Close-up view of tips of abdominal chaetae.