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28 results for “Spiroplasma”
Data from: "Rapid molecular evolution of Spiroplasma symbionts of Drosophila"
<p>This repository contains data and information to reproduce the findings reported in the paper.</p> <p>File descriptions:</p> <ul> <li>OTU_sequences.fasta – all <em>Spiroplasma</em> sequences that contained an <a href="https://pfam.xfam.org/family/OTU">OTU domain</a> as predicted by <a href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/Tools/pfa/pfamscan/">PfamScan</a></li> <li>OTU_alignments.fasta – alignment of OTU domains performed using <a href="https://mafft.cbrc.jp/alignment/software/">Mafft</a></li> <li>RIP_sequences.fasta – all <em>Spiroplasma</em> sequences that contained an <a href="https://pfam.xfam.org/family/RIP">RIP domain</a> as predicted by <a href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/Tools/pfa/pfamscan/">PfamScan</a></li> <li>RIP_alignments.fasta – alignment of RIP domains performed using the <a href="http://hmmer.org/">HMMER package</a></li> <li>Spiroplasma_supermatrix.fasta – Fasta alignment of concatenated single copy <em>Spiroplasma</em> loci conserved across the investigated strains. Loci that showed signs of recombination were not included</li> <li>Spiroplasma_partitions.txt – Lists the loci that make up the <em>Spiroplasma</em> supermatrix</li> <li>Spiroplasma_partitioning.scheme.txt – Partitioning scheme employed in our Maximum Likelihood analysis of the supermatrix. This was the best fitting partitioning scheme as determined with <a href="http://www.iqtree.org/">IQ-TREE</a></li> <li>Protocol_1.pdf – Chloroform–Ethanol protocol used for extracting <em>Spiroplasma</em> DNA for <em>s</em>Hy-Tx</li> </ul>
Figure 6 in Prevalence of Spiroplasma and interaction with wild Glossina tachinoides microbiota
Figure 6. Neighbor-Joining consensus tree (A) and Haplotype network analysis (B) of the Spiroplasma in G. tachinoides in Burkina Faso and Ghana. (A) Neighbor-Joining consensus tree was built after alignment of all the concatenated sequences. The method used to calculate the distance was Tamura-Nei. (B) Haplotype network generated based on the ML tree which was generated based on Spiroplasma sequences. The black lineaments on the lines represent mutation events between the haplotypes. The different colors represent the locations. The reference sequence of Spiroplasma in G. fuscipes fuscipes species (KX159391) was used as the outgroup for construction of both phylogenetic tree and haplotype network.
Figure 2 in Prevalence of Spiroplasma and interaction with wild Glossina tachinoides microbiota
Figure 2. Prevalence of Spiroplasma according to location. Bars marked with the same lower-case letter do not differ significantly at the 0.05 level.
Figure 5 in Prevalence of Spiroplasma and interaction with wild Glossina tachinoides microbiota
Figure 5. Normalized density of Spiroplasma (A), Trypanosoma (B), and Wigglesworthia (C) according to Spiroplasma-Trypanosoma co-infection in wild G. tachinoides. Bars marked with the same lower-case letter do not differ significantly at the 0.05 level.
Figure 3 in Prevalence of Spiroplasma and interaction with wild Glossina tachinoides microbiota
Figure 3. Prevalence of Spiroplasma and Trypanosoma (single and multiple) infections per country, location, and sex. Prevalence data were square root transformed and averaged based on location-sex and the matrix display was conducted in PRIMER version 7 + software. Tree on the left of the matrix is the similarity dendrogram based on the similarity index of the square root of the prevalence values. The color index is the square root of the prevalence values ranged 0–9 which is the square root of 0–81% prevalence.
Impacts of male-killing Spiroplasma on the metabolic rate and ectoparasite resistance capacity (endurance) of Drosophila
<p>Ectoparasitic mites are hypothesized to horizontally transmit bacterial endosymbionts, especially male-killing Spiroplasma. In this study we test how <em>Spiroplasma poulsonii </em>MSRO affects fly physiology and behaviour, and potential mite interactions.</p>
Figure 4 in Prevalence of Spiroplasma and interaction with wild Glossina tachinoides microbiota
Figure 4. Prevalence of co-infection Spiroplasma-Trypanosoma in wild G. tachinoides.
Data from: Microbial composition of enigmatic bird parasites: Wolbachia and Spiroplasma are the most important bacterial associates of quill mites (Acari: Syringophilidae)
<p>1) Table with all ASVs detected in study</p> <p>2) Phyloseq object including all ASVs, sample and metadata information</p> <p>For details please see online version of publication.</p>
Figure 1 in Prevalence of Spiroplasma and interaction with wild Glossina tachinoides microbiota
Figure 1. Geographical locations of tsetse samples in Africa.
Recombination data for Wolbachia and Spiroplasma infected flies
<p><i><span>Wolbachia pipientis </span></i><span>is an intracellular alphaproteobacterium that<i> </i>infects 40-60% of insect species and is well known for host reproductive manipulations. Although <i>Wolbachia </i>are primarily maternally transmitted, evidence of horizontal transmission can be found in incongruent host-symbiont phylogenies and recent acquisitions of the same <i>Wolbachia </i>strain by distantly related species. Parasitoids and predator-prey interactions may indeed facilitate the transfer of <i>Wolbachia </i>between insect lineages but it is likely that <i>Wolbachia </i>are acquired via introgression in many cases. Many hypotheses exist as to explain <i>Wolbachia </i>prevalence and penetrance such as nutritional supplementation, protection from parasites, protection from viruses, or straight up reproductive parasitism. Using classical genetics we show that <i>Wolbachia </i>increase recombination in infected lineages across two genomic intervals. This increase in recombination is titer dependent as the <i>w</i>MelPop variant, which infects at higher load in <i>Drosophila melanogaster, </i>increases recombination 5% more than the <i>w</i>Mel variant. In addition, we also show that <i>Spiroplasma poulsonii, </i>the other bacterial intracellular symbiont of <i>Drosophila melanogaster, </i>does not induce an increase in recombination. Our results suggest that <i>Wolbachia</i> infection specifically<i> </i>alters host recombination landscape in a dose dependent manner.</span></p>
Recombination data for Wolbachia and Spiroplasma infected flies
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Impacts of male-killing Spiroplasma on the metabolic rate and ectoparasite resistance capacity (endurance) of Drosophila
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Data from: Macroevolutionary persistence of heritable endosymbionts: acquisition, retention, and expression of adaptive phenotypes in Spiroplasma
The phylogenetic incongruence between insects and their facultative maternally transmitted endosymbionts indicates that these infections are generally short-lived evolutionarily. Therefore, long-term persistence of many endosymbionts must depend on their ability to colonize and spread within new host species. At least 17 species of Drosophila are infected with endosymbiotic Spiroplasma that have various phenotypic effects. We transinfected five strains of Spiroplasma from three divergent clades into Drosophila neotestacea to test their capacity to spread in a novel host. A strain that causes male killing in Drosophila melanogaster (its native host) also does so in D. neotestacea, even though these host species diverged 40–60 mya. A strain native to D. neotestacea (designated sNeo) and the two other strains of the poulsonii clade of Spiroplasma confer resistance to wasp parasitism, suggesting that this trait may be ancestral within this clade of Spiroplasma. Conversely, no strain other than sNeo conferred resistance to the sterilizing effects of nematode parasitism, suggesting that nematode resistance is a recently derived condition. The apparent addition of nematode resistance to a Spiroplasma lineage that already confers resistance to wasp parasitism suggests endosymbionts can increase the repertoire of traits conducive to their spread. The capacity of an endosymbiont to undergo maternal transmission and express adaptive phenotypes in novel hosts, without requiring a period of host–symbiont co-evolution, enables the spread of such symbionts immediately after the colonization of a new host. This could be critical for the macroevolutionary persistence of facultative endosymbionts whose sojourn times within individual host species are relatively brief.
Data from: Low temperature reveals genetic variability against male-killing Spiroplasma in Drosophila melanogaster natural populations
Spiroplasma endosymbionts are maternally inherited microorganisms which infect many arthropod species. In some Drosophila species, it acts as a reproductive manipulator, spreading in populations by killing the sons of infected mothers. Distinct Drosophila melanogaster populations from Brazil exhibit variable male-killing Spiroplasma prevalences. In this study, we investigated the presence of variability for the male-killing phenotype among Drosophila and/or Spiroplasma strains and verified if it correlates with the endosymbiont prevalence in natural populations. For that, we analyzed the male-killing expression when Spiroplasma strains from different populations were transferred to a standard D. melanogaster line (Canton-S) and when a common Spiroplasma strain was transferred to different wild-caught D. melanogaster lines, both at optimal and challenging temperatures for the bacteria. No variation was observed in the male-killing phenotype induced by different Spiroplasma strains. No phenotypic variability among fly lines was detected at optimal temperature (23 °C), as well. Conversely, significant variation in the male-killing expression was revealed among D. melanogaster lines at 18.5 °C, probably caused by imperfect transmission of the endosymbiont. Distinct lines differed in their average sex ratios as well as in the pattern of male-killing expression as the infected females aged. Greater variation occurred among lines from one locality, although there was no clear correlation between the male-killing intensity and the endosymbiont prevalence in each population. Imperfect transmission or male killing may also occur in the field, thus helping to explain the low or intermediate prevalences reported in nature. We discuss the implications of our results for the dynamics of male-killing Spiroplasma in natural populations.
Data from: Evolutionary costs and benefits of infection with diverse strains of Spiroplasma in pea aphids
The heritable endosymbiont Spiroplasma infects many insects and has repeatedly evolved the ability to protect its hosts against different parasites. Defenses do not come for free to the host, and theory predicts that more costly symbionts need to provide stronger benefits to persist in host populations. We investigated the costs and benefits of Spiroplasma infections in pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum), testing 12 bacterial strains from three different clades. Virtually all strains decreased aphid lifespan and reproduction, but only two had a (weak) protective effect against the parasitoid Aphidius ervi, an important natural enemy of pea aphids. Spiroplasma induced fitness costs were variable, with strains from the most slowly evolving clade reaching higher titers and curtailing aphid lifespan more strongly than other strains. Some Spiroplasma strains shared their host with a second endosymbiont, Regiella insecticola. Although the result of an unfortunate handling error, these co-infections proved instructive, because they showed that the cost of infection with Spiroplasma may be attenuated in the presence of Regiella. These results suggest that mechanisms other than protection against A. ervi maintain pea aphid infections with diverse strains of Spiroplasma, and that studying them in isolation will not provide a complete picture of their effects on host fitness.
Data from: Macroevolutionary persistence of heritable endosymbionts: acquisition, retention, and expression of adaptive phenotypes in Spiroplasma
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Data from: Protection against a fungal pathogen conferred by the aphid facultative endosymbionts Rickettsia and Spiroplasma is expressed in multiple host genotypes and species and is not influenced by co-infection with another symbiont
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Data from: Evolutionary costs and benefits of infection with diverse strains of Spiroplasma in pea aphids
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Data from: Low temperature reveals genetic variability against male-killing Spiroplasma in Drosophila melanogaster natural populations
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Data from: Influences of two coexisting endosymbionts, CI-inducing Wolbachia and male-killing Spiroplasma, on the performance of their host Laodelphax striatellus (Hemiptera: Delphacidae)
The small brown planthopper Laodelphax striatellus (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) is reported to have the endosymbiont Wolbachia, which shows a strong cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) between infected males and uninfected females. In the 2000s, female-biased L. striatellus populations were found in Taiwan, and this sex ratio distortion was the result of male-killing induced by the infection of another endosymbiont, Spiroplasma. Spiroplasma infection is considered to negatively affect both L. striatellus and Wolbachia because the male-killing halves the offspring of L. striatellus and hinders the spread of Wolbachia infection via CI. Spiroplasma could have traits that increase the fitness of infected L. striatellus and/or coexisting organisms because the coinfection rates of Wolbachia and Spiroplasma were rather high in some areas. In this study, we investigated the influences of the infection of these two endosymbionts on the development, reproduction and insecticide resistance of L. striatellus in the laboratory. Our results show that the single infection of Spiroplasma had a negative influence on the fertility of L. striatellus, while the double infection state had no significant influence. At late nymphal and adult stages, the abundance of Spiroplasma was lower in the double infection state than in the single infection state. In the double infection state, the reduction of Spiroplasma density may be caused by competition between the two endosymbionts, and the negative influence of Spiroplasma on the fertility of host may be relieved. The resistance of L. striatellus to four insecticides was compared among different infection states of endosymbionts, but Spiroplasma infection did not contribute to increased insecticide resistance. Because positive influences of Spiroplasma infection were not found in terms of the development, reproduction and insecticide resistance of L. striatellus, other factors improving the fitness of Spiroplasma-infected L. striatellus may be related to the high frequency of double infection in some L. striatellus populations.
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