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69 results for “Sporulation”
Figure 5 in Flow cytometric measurements as a proxy for sporulation intensity in the cultured macroalga Ulva (Chlorophyta)
Figure 5: Sporulation index (SPI) for gametophytes of Ulva rigida after induction of gametogenesis at different temperatures (A) and irradiances (B). Experiment performed according workflow shown in Figure 1. Significant differences among means are indicated by different letters. Error bars represent mean ± standard deviation (n = 3).
Figure 4 in Flow cytometric measurements as a proxy for sporulation intensity in the cultured macroalga Ulva (Chlorophyta)
Figure 4: Gamete counts of Ulva mutabilis collected from well-mixed culture medium. (A) Fluorescence of a dilution series of gametes measured using a plate reader. (B) For method validation, number of gametes measured by light-scattering flow cytometry (FCM) was compared with number of gametes determined by the Neubauer improved chamber. Error bars represent the mean ± standard deviation (n = 3).
Figure 1 in Flow cytometric measurements as a proxy for sporulation intensity in the cultured macroalga Ulva (Chlorophyta)
Figure 1: Workflow to determine sporulation index (SPI). (i): (a) Ulva rigida thalli collected from cultivation tank. (b) Thalli dried at 20 °C for 1 h. (c) Three pieces of 1 cm2 U. rigida cut from each specimen used in experiment and left to dry together with thallus. (d) Each specimen photographed using light microscope (and area of known number of cells measured. (ii): (e) Fresh thalli chopped to induce sporulation. (f) Fragments weighed, washed with seawater, and inoculated into incubation flask. (g) After differentiation of thallus cells into gametangia, release of gametes induced through change of culture medium (Vtotal), defined volume (VFCM) of well-mixed culture medium (Vtotal) fixed with 2% glutaraldehyde before measuring number of gametes using flow cytometer and calculating total numbers in Vtotal. (iii): (h) Using cells per unit area and weight of 1 cm2, number of thallus cells in each flask calculated. SPI combined number of gametes discharged with number of thallus cells in incubation flask.
Figure 3 in Flow cytometric measurements as a proxy for sporulation intensity in the cultured macroalga Ulva (Chlorophyta)
Figure 3: Flow cytometric measurements used to compare active with inactivate gametes of Ulva mutabilis. (i, ii) Mobile gametes were collected at the brightest spot and prepared for flow cytometric measurements. (iii, iv) Gametes were collected at the brightest spot as well. After chlorophyll removal, they were prepared for flow cytometric measurements. Plots present populations of gametes separated by their expected size (i, iii, % of the total counting events is given) and by the measured chlorophyll autofluorescence (ii, iv). The fluorescence measurements correspond to the gametes framed by the red gates in (i, iii). FSC-H, forward scatter height; SSC-H, side scatter height; FL, fluorescence (Fluo).
Figure 2 in Flow cytometric measurements as a proxy for sporulation intensity in the cultured macroalga Ulva (Chlorophyta)
Figure 2: Distinction of gametes of Ulva mutabilis according to their autofluorescence using flow cytometric measurements. (A: i, ii) Gametes released by U. mutabilis were collected from the green layer in the spotlight (i.e., phototactically active gametes). (A: iii, iv) Gametes were collected after the culture medium was well-mixed. Plots present populations of gametes separated by their expected size (i, iii, % of the total counting events is given) and by the measured chlorophyll autofluorescence (ii, iv). The autofluorescence measurements correspond to the gametes framed by the red gates in (i, iii). (B) Percentages of high-level autofluorescence. Error bars represent mean ± standard deviation (n = 3); FSC-H, forward scatter height; SSC-H, side scatter height; FL, fluorescence (Fluo).
Fig. 3. Sporulation rates for E in Distribution of Eimeria uekii and Eimeria raichoi in cage protection environments for the conservation of Japanese rock ptarmigans (Lagopus muta japonica) in the Japanese Alps
Fig. 3. Sporulation rates for E. uekii (A) and E. raichoi (B) at temperatures of 15, 20, and 25 ◦ C.
Multi-level in vivo selection of the biocontrol agent Akanthomyces muscarius, virulence, growth, sporulation, and variant data
<p>Changes in parasite virulence are commonly expected to lead to trade-offs in other life history traits that can affect fitness. Understanding these trade-offs is particularly important if we want to manipulate the virulence of microbial biological control agents. Theoretically, selection across different spatial scales, i.e. between- and within-hosts, shapes these trade-offs. However, trade-offs are also dependent on parasite biology. Despite their applied importance the evolution of virulence in fungal parasites is poorly understood: virulence can be unstable in culture and commonly fails to increase in simple passage experiments. We hypothesized that manipulating selection intensity at different scales would reveal virulence trade-offs in a fungal pathogen of aphids, <em>Akanthomyces muscarius</em>. Starting with a genetically diverse stock we selected for speed of kill, parasite yield, or infectivity by manipulating competition within and between hosts and between populations of hosts over 7 rounds of infection. We characterized ancestral and evolved lineages by whole genome sequencing and by measuring virulence, growth rate, sporulation, and fitness. While several lineages showed increases in virulence, we saw none of the trade-offs commonly found in obligately-killing parasites. Phenotypically similar lineages within treatments often shared multiple single-nucleotide variants, indicating strong convergent evolution. The most dramatic phenotypic changes were in the timing of sporulation and spore production <em>in vitro. </em>We found that early sporulation led to reduced competitive fitness but could increase the yield of spores on media, a trade-off characteristic of social conflict. Notably, the selection regime with the strongest between-population competition and lowest genetic diversity produced the most consistent shift to early sporulation, as predicted by social evolution theory. Multi-level selection therefore revealed social interactions novel to fungi and showed that these biocontrol agents have the genomic flexibility to improve multiple traits - virulence and spore production - that are often in conflict in other parasites.</p>
Infection by dsRNA viruses is associated with enhanced sporulation efficiency in Saccharoymces cerevisiae
<p>Upon starvation, diploid cells of the facultative sexual yeast <em>Saccharoymces cerevisiae</em> undergo sporulation, forming four metabolically quiescent and robust haploid spores encased in a degradable ascus. All endosymbionts, whether they provide net benefits or costs, utilise host resources; in yeast, this should induce an earlier onset of sporulation. Here, we tested whether the presence of endosymbiotic dsRNA viruses (M satellite and L-A helper) correspond with higher sporulation rate of their host, <em>S. cerevisiae</em>. We find that <em>S. cerevisiae</em> hosting both the M and L-A viruses (so-called "killer yeasts") have significantly higher sporulation efficiency than those without. We also found that the removal of the M virus did not reduce sporulation frequency, possibly because the L-A virus still utilises host resources with and without the M virus. Our findings indicate that either virulent resource use by endosymbionts induces sporulation, or that viruses are spread more frequently to sporulating strains. Further exploration is required to distinguish cause from effect.</p>
Survival data of Agriotes obscurus beetles exposed to Metarhizium brunneum sporulating cadavers
<p>The dataset contains survival and mycosis data of <em>Agriotes obscurus</em> male beetles exposed to <em>Metarhizium brunneum</em> sporulating cadavers, or soil contaminated by sporulating cadavers. </p>
Testing the adaptive value of sporulation in budding yeast using experimental evolution
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Selection on Sporulation Strategies in a Metapopulation Can Lead to Coexistence
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Data from: Fungal endophyte‐infected leaf litter alters in‐stream microbial communities and negatively influences aquatic fungal sporulation
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Multi-level in vivo selection of the biocontrol agent Akanthomyces muscarius, virulence, growth, sporulation, and variant data
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Infection by dsRNA viruses is associated with enhanced sporulation efficiency in Saccharoymces cerevisiae
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Data from: Assessing the effects of quantitative host resistance on the life-history traits of sporulating parasites with growing lesions
Assessing life-history traits of parasites on resistant hosts is crucial in evolutionary ecology. In the particular case of sporulating pathogens with growing lesions, phenotyping is difficult because one needs to disentangle properly pathogen spread from sporulation. By considering Phytophthora infestans on potato, we use mathematical modelling to tackle this issue and refine the assessment pathogen response to quantitative host resistance. We elaborate a parsimonious leaf-scale model by convolving a lesion growth model and a sporulation function, after a latency period. This model is fitted to data obtained on two isolates inoculated on three cultivars with contrasted resistance level. Our results confirm a significant host-pathogen interaction on the various estimated traits, and a reduction of both pathogen spread and spore production, induced by host resistance. Most interestingly, we highlight that quantitative resistance also changes the sporulation function, whose mode is significantly time-lagged.This alteration of the infectious period distribution on resistant hosts may have strong impacts on the dynamics of parasite populations, and should be considered when assessing the durability of disease control tactics based on plant resistance management. This inter-disciplinary work also supports the relevance of mechanistic models for analysing phenotypic data of plant-pathogen interactions.
Data from: Asexual sporulation facilitates adaptation: the emergence of azole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus
Understanding the occurrence and spread of azole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus is crucial for public health. It has been hypothesized that asexual sporulation, which is abundant in nature, is essential for phenotypic expression of azole-resistance mutations in A. fumigatus facilitating subsequent spread through natural selection. Furthermore, the disease aspergilloma is associated with asexual sporulation within the lungs of patients and the emergence of azole resistance. This study assessed the evolutionary advantage of asexual sporulation by growing the fungus under pressure of one of five different azole fungicides over seven weeks and by comparing the rate of adaptation between scenarios of culturing with and without asexual sporulation. Results unequivocally show that asexual sporulation facilitates adaptation. This can be explained by the combination of more effective selection because of the transition from a multicellular to a unicellular stage, and by increased mutation supply due to the production of spores, which involves numerous mitotic divisions. Insights from this study are essential to unravel the resistance mechanisms of sporulating pathogens to chemical compounds and disease agents in general, and for designing strategies that prevent or overcome the emerging threat of azole resistance in particular.
Termite alarm response to a sporulating cadaver
<p><em>Reticulitermes flavipes</em> worker alarm response when presented with a sporulating cadaver infected with <em>Metarhizium</em> <em>robertsii</em> (top petri-dish) or an uninfected cadaver (bottom dish).</p>
FIGURE. Metarhizium guizhouense (GMB0010) (new host record). a, b. Fungus on stick insects (Phasmatodea) c, d. Green mycelium and sporulating conidiophores covered on the surface of inscect. e, f, g. Conidiophores h, i. Conidia on insect host. Scale bars: a, b = 5 mm, c = 2 mm, d = 500 μm, j–r = 10 μm, e–i = 5μm in Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau: a mycological hotspot
FIGURE. Metarhizium guizhouense (GMB0010) (new host record). a, b. Fungus on stick insects (Phasmatodea) c, d. Green mycelium and sporulating conidiophores covered on the surface of inscect. e, f, g. Conidiophores h, i. Conidia on insect host. Scale bars: a, b = 5 mm, c = 2 mm, d = 500 μm, j–r = 10 μm, e–i = 5μm
Human-gut phages harbor sporulation genes
<p>See README file for details.</p> <p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Spore-forming bacteria are prevalent in mammalian guts and have implications for host health and nutrition. The production of dormant spores is thought to play an important role in the colonization, persistence, and transmission of these bacteria. Spore formation also modifies interactions among microorganisms such as infection by phages. Recent studies suggest that phages may counter dormancy-mediated defense through the expression of phage-encoded sporulation genes during infection, which can alter the transitions between active and inactive states. By mining genomes and gut-derived metagenomes, we identified sporulation genes that are preferentially encoded by phages that infect spore-forming bacteria. These included genes involved in chromosome partitioning, DNA damage repair, and cell wall-associated functions. In addition, phages contained homologs of sporulation-specific transcription factors, notably <em>spo0A</em>, the master regulator of sporulation, which could allow phages to control the complex genetic network responsible for spore development. Our findings suggest that phages could influence the formation of bacterial spores with implications for the health of the human gut microbiome, as well as bacterial communities in other environments.</p> <p> </p>
Data from: Assessing the effects of quantitative host resistance on the life-history traits of sporulating parasites with growing lesions
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