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opencc-by-4.0Aug 2023View details →

Figure 1 in A survey of Stomoxys Geoffroy, 1762 (Diptera: Muscidae) in eight administrative regions of Cameroon

Figure 1 Location of study area. (a) Map of Cameroon showing study regions and sampling sites; (b) Agro-ecological Zones.

Fig. 10 in Landmark and outline-based geometric morphometrics analysis of three Stomoxys flies (Diptera: Muscidae)

Fig. 10. Outline-based discriminant analysis. Factor map of canonical variates (i.e. discriminant factors) derived from the principal components of the Normalised Elliptic Fourier coefficients of three species of Stomoxys Geoffroy, 1762, in males (A) and females (B).

Fig. 6 in Landmark and outline-based geometric morphometrics analysis of three Stomoxys flies (Diptera: Muscidae)

Fig. 6. Configurations of the ten anatomical landmarks connected by a straight line after procrustes superimposition of three species of Stomoxys Geoffroy, 1762, in males (A) and females (B).

Fig. 2 in Landmark and outline-based geometric morphometrics analysis of three Stomoxys flies (Diptera: Muscidae)

Fig. 2. Morphological characters of tibia and tarsus used to separate Stomoxys pullus Austen, 1909 (A), S. uruma Shinonaga et Kano, 1966 (B) and S. indicus Picard, 1908 (C).

Fig. 3 in Landmark and outline-based geometric morphometrics analysis of three Stomoxys flies (Diptera: Muscidae)

Fig. 3. Ten landmarks digitised on wings of species of Stomoxys Geoffroy, 1762 flies for landmark-based geometric morphometrics analysis (see Table 2 for description).

Fig. 9 in Landmark and outline-based geometric morphometrics analysis of three Stomoxys flies (Diptera: Muscidae)

Fig. 9. Configurations of the outlines after Elliptic Fourier Analysis of Stomoxys pullus Austen, 1909, S. uruma Shinonaga et Kano, 1966 and S. indicus Picard, 1908, in males (A) and females (B). Areas outlined by different colours represent shape, not size.

Fig. 5 in Landmark and outline-based geometric morphometrics analysis of three Stomoxys flies (Diptera: Muscidae)

Fig. 5. Centroid size variation of the wings between species and sexes, shown as quartile boxes. Each box shows the group median separating the 25th and 75th quartiles. Vertical bars under the boxes represent the wing (units as mm).

Fig. 1 in Landmark and outline-based geometric morphometrics analysis of three Stomoxys flies (Diptera: Muscidae)

Fig. 1. Morphological characters of palpi used to separate Stomoxys pullus Austen, 1909 (A), S. uruma Shinonaga et Kano, 1966 (B) and S. indicus Picard, 1908 (C).

Fig. 8 in Landmark and outline-based geometric morphometrics analysis of three Stomoxys flies (Diptera: Muscidae)

Fig. 8. Perimeter variation of the wings between species and sexes, shown as quartile boxes. Each box shows the group median sepa- rating the 25th and 75th quartiles. Vertical bars under the boxes represent the wing (units as mm).

Fig. 7 in Landmark and outline-based geometric morphometrics analysis of three Stomoxys flies (Diptera: Muscidae)

Fig. 7. Landmark-based discriminant analysis. Factor map of canonical variates resulting from comparison among the three species of Stomoxys Geoffroy, 1762, in males (A) and females (B).

Fig. 4 in Landmark and outline-based geometric morphometrics analysis of three Stomoxys flies (Diptera: Muscidae)

Fig. 4. Contour digitised on Stomoxys Geoffroy, 1762 flies wing for outline-based geometric morphometrics analysis. A short, artificial segment is computed by the digitising program to completely close the contour.

opencc-zeroJan 2020View details →

Stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans L. (Diptera: Muscidae), improve offspring fitness by avoiding oviposition substrates with competitors or parasites

Oviposition site selection by gravid female insects is an important determinant in species distribution, abundance, and population dynamics. Females may assess the suitability of a potential oviposition substrate by using cues from conspecific or heterospecific individuals already present. Here, we assessed whether the presence of conspecific or heterospecific larvae and parasites influenced oviposition decisions by the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (Linneaus). Using dual and multiple-choice oviposition bioassays, we found that gravid female S. calcitrans avoided substrates with conspecific larvae, the larvae of house flies, Musca domestica (Linneaus), and the mite Macrocheles muscaedomesticae (Scopoli). Avoidance of conspecific and heterospecific larvae persisted in the dark, suggesting that this behaviour is mediated by chemical rather than visual cues. When we reared S. calcitrans in the presence of conspecific larvae and the larvae of house flies at different densities we found that this negatively affected emergence time, larval weight, larval survival, pupal weight, pupal survival, and adult weight. We also demonstrated that individuals of S. calcitrans developed in the presence of mites exhibited low egg hatchability, and poor larval and adult survival. Our study provides additional support for the "preference-performance" hypothesis in S. calcitrans, with gravid females preferring to lay eggs on a substrate that will enhance offspring fitness. We recommend that the chemical cues involved in avoidance by gravid female S. calcitrans of substrates with conspecific and heterospecific larvae should be elucidated. This could lead to the discovery of repellent chemicals important for S. calcitrans management.

opencc-zeroDec 2010View details →

Data from: Phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial and nuclear data in haematophagous flies support the paraphyly of the genus Stomoxys (Diptera: Muscidae)

The genus Stomoxys Geoffroy (Diptera; Muscidae) contains species of parasitic flies that are of medical and economic importance. We conducted a phylogenetic analysis including 10 representative species of the genus including multiple exemplars, together with the closely related genera Prostomoxys Zumpt, Haematobosca Bezzi, and Haematobia Lepeletier & Serville. Phylogenetic relationships were inferred using maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods from DNA fragments from the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI, 753 bp) and cytochrome b (CytB, 587 bp) mitochondrial genes, and the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2, 426 bp). The combination of mitochondrial and nuclear data strongly supports the paraphyly of the genus Stomoxys because of the inclusion of Prostomoxys saegerae Zumpt. This unexpected result suggests that Prostomoxys should be renamed into Stomoxys. Also, the deep molecular divergence observed between the subspecies Stomoxys niger niger Macquart and S. niger bilineatus Grünbreg led us to propose that they should rather be considered as distinct species, in agreement with ecological data. Bayesian phylogenetic analyses support three distinct lineages within the genus Stomoxys with a strong biogeographical component. The first lineage consists solely of the divergent Asian species S. indicus Picard which appears as the sister-group to all remaining Stomoxys species. The second clade groups the strictly African species Stomoxys inornatus Grünbreg, Stomoxys transvittatus Villeneuve, Stomoxys omega Newstead, and Stomoxys pallidus Roubaud. Finally, the third clade includes both African occurring and more widespread species such as the livestock pest Stomoxys calcitrans Linnaeus. Divergence time estimates indicate that the genus Stomoxys originated in the late Oligocene around 30 million years ago, with the major lineages diversifying in the Early Miocene between 20 and 15 million years ago at a time when temperate forests developed in the Northern Hemisphere.

opencc-zeroDec 2018View details →

Data from: Effect of larval density and substrate quality on the wing geometry of Stomoxys calcitrans L. (Diptera: Muscidae)

Background: In insects, oviposition decisions may lead to egg deposition in substrates with different larval density and nutritional levels. Individuals developing in such substrates may present plasticity in their phenotype. Here, we investigated the effect of two factors related to oviposition decisions, namely larval density and substrate quality, on the wing size and wing shape of the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans L. (Diptera: Muscidae). Methods: We reared S. calcitrans larvae at different densities (5, 15 and 25) and on different substrates (camel, cow, donkey and sheep dung). For each fly that emerged, we recorded body weight, and detached, slide-mounted and photographed the right wing. Next, we collected 15 landmarks on each photographed wing, and applied geometric morphometric analysis to assess variation in wing size and wing shape of S. calcitrans across the different larval densities and substrate types. Results: We observed that wing size and wing shape of S. calcitrans were affected by larval density and the nature of the developmental substrate. Flies reared in a group of 5 had larger wing centroid size, wing length, wing width, wing area and wing loading compared with those reared in a group of 25. Also, flies developed in donkey and sheep dung had larger wing centroid size, wing length, wing width, wing area and wing loading in comparison with those grown in camel and cow dung. Canonical variate analysis followed by discriminant analysis revealed significant wing shape variation in S. calcitrans across the different densities and substrates. Wing size had a significant but weak positive effect on wing shape. Conclusions: This study demonstrates the high sensitivity of S. calcitrans wings to variation in larval density and developmental substrate, and that use of landmark-based geometric morphometric analysis could improve our understanding of how flies of veterinary importance respond to environmental variability.

publicMay 2020View details →

Data from: Effect of larval density and substrate quality on the wing geometry of Stomoxys calcitrans L. (Diptera: Muscidae)

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publicMar 2011View details →

Data from: Phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial and nuclear data in haematophagous flies support the paraphyly of the genus Stomoxys (Diptera: Muscidae)

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