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32 results for “Structural color”
The SPOTS Models: A Grid of Theoretical Stellar Evolution Tracks and Isochrones For Testing The Effects of Starspots on Structure and Colors
<p><strong>The SPOTS Models: A Grid of Theoretical Stellar Evolution Tracks and Isochrones For Testing The Effects of Starspots on Structure and Colors</strong></p> <p>This repository contains the Stellar Parameters of Tracks with Starspots (SPOTS) grid of theoretical stellar evolutionary tracks and isochrones, presented in Somers, Pinsonneault, and Cao (2020, in prep). Our models were calculated with the Yale Rotating Evolution Code (e.g. van Saders & Pinsonneault, 2013, ApJ 776, 67), including updated which incorporate a treatment of surface starspots (Somers & Pinsonneault, 2015, ApJ 807, 174S). Modelling details can be found in these references. The purpose of this evolutionary suite is to provide the community with state-of-the-art predictions for the influence of starspots and magnetic activity on the structure of stars.</p> <p>The grid includes both isochrones and tracks. They can be downloaded individually from this repository, or in bulk by downloading the .zip files.</p> <p><strong>Isochrones (.isoc):</strong></p> <p>Each isochrone file contains a series of isochrones (stellar properties for a range of masses at fixed age) for ages between 1 Myrs and 4 Gyrs. Each file contains these isochrones for a different surface starspot covering fraction, given by the name of the file -- f000.isoc = 0% covering fraction, f017.isoc = 17% covering fraction, etc. Each isochrone contains several columns with different information, including,</p> <ol> <li>Fundamental properties: mass, age, luminosity, radius, logg, Teff, convective overturn timescale (TauCZ), lithium abundance relative to initial (Li/Li0).</li> <li>Starspot properties: Covering fraction (Fspot), ratio of spot temperature to ambient temperature (Xspot), the temperatures of hot and cool regions (T_hot, T_cool).</li> <li>Two-temperature colors, including Johnson BV, Cousins RI, 2MASS JHK, WISE W1, and Gaia G, BP, RP.</li> </ol> <p>Colors that fell outside of the calibrated range are listed as -99.0.</p> <p><strong>Tracks (.track):</strong></p> <p>We also include individual tracks for every combination of Fspot and Mass considered in the paper. Each .track file lists the mass and starspot covering fraction in the filename -- i.e. m055_f034.track is the model of mass 0.55Msun and with a 34% surface covering fraction. In addition to all the properties included in the isochrones, the track files also include:</p> <ol> <li>The total moment of interia of the model (total_I) and the moment of interia of the surface convection zone (CZ_I)</li> <li>The central and surface hydrogen abundances (X_cen, X_surf) and the surface metallicity (Z/X_surf)</li> <li>The deuterium abundance relative to initial (H2/H2_0)</li> </ol>
Video-rate multi-color structured illumination microscopy with simultaneous real-time reconstruction (Datasets)
<p>Raw data used for figures in the paper titled "Video-rate multi-color structured illumination microscopy with simultaneous real-time reconstruction"</p>
Data supporting publication: All-dielectric structural coloration empowered by bound states in the continuum
<p>This repository includes the data corresponding to the figures shown in the journal article entitled</p> <p>"All-dielectric structural coloration empowered by bound states in the continuum"</p>
A meta-analysis of butterfly structural colors: their color range, distribution, and biological production
<p><span>Butterfly scales are among the richest natural sources of optical nanostructures, which produce structural color and iridescence. Several recurring nanostructure types have been described, such as ridge multilayers, gyroids, and lower lamina thin films. While the optical mechanisms of these nanostructure classes are known, their phylogenetic distributions and functional ranges have not been described in detail. In this Review, we examine a century of research on the biological production of structural colors, including their evolution, development, and genetic regulation. We also create a database of more than 300 optical nanostructures in butterflies and conduct a meta-analysis of the color range, abundance, and phylogenetic distribution of each nanostructure class. Butterfly structural colors are ubiquitous in short wavelengths but extremely rare in long wavelengths, especially red. In particular, blue wavelengths (around 450 nm) occur in more clades and are produced by more kinds of nanostructures than other hues. Nanostructure categories differ in prevalence, phylogenetic distribution, color range, and brightness. For example, lamina thin films are the least bright; perforated lumen multilayers occur most often but are almost entirely restricted to the family Lycaenidae; and 3D photonic crystals, including gyroids, have the narrowest wavelength range (from about 450 to 550 nm). We discuss the implications of these patterns in terms of nanostructure evolution, physical constraint, and relationships to pigmentary color. Finally, we highlight opportunities for future research, such as analyses of subadult and Hesperid structural colors and the identification of genes that directly build the nanostructures, with relevance for biomimetic engineering.</span></p>
A meta-analysis of butterfly structural colors: their color range, distribution, and biological production
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Evolutionary dynamics of structural variation at a key locus for color pattern diversification in cichlid fishes
<p>Color patterns in African cichlid fishes vary spectacularly. Although phylogenetic analysis showed already 30 years ago that many color patterns evolved repeatedly in these adaptive radiations, only recently have we begun to understand the genomic basis of color variation. Horizontal stripe patterns evolved and were lost several times independently across the adaptive radiations of Lake Victoria, Malawi, and Tanganyika and regulatory evolution of agouti-related peptide 2 (agrp2/asip2b) has been linked to this phenotypically labile trait. Here, we asked whether the agrp2 locus exhibits particular characteristics that facilitate divergence in color patterns. Based on comparative genomic analyses, we discovered several recent duplications, insertions, and deletions. Interestingly, one of these events resulted in a tandem duplication of the last exon of agrp2. The duplication likely precedes the East African radiations that started 8–12 Ma, is not fixed within any of the radiations, and is found to vary even within some species. Moreover, we also observed variation in copy number (two to five copies) and secondary loss of the duplication, illustrating a surprising dynamic at this locus that possibly promoted functional divergence of agrp2. Our work suggests that such instances of exon duplications are a neglected mechanism potentially involved in the repeated evolution and diversification that deserves more attention.</p>
Data from: Convergent evolution of disordered lipidic structural color in the fruits of Lantana strigocamara (syn. L. camara hybrid cultivar)
<p><em>Research conducted:</em> The majority of plant colors are produced by anthocyanin and carotenoid pigments, but coloration obtained by nanostructured materials (i.e., structural colors) is increasingly reported in plants. Here, we identify a multilayer photonic structure in the fruits of <em>Lantana strigocamara</em> and compare it to a previously described origin in <em>Viburnum tinus</em>.</p> <p><em>Methods:</em> We used a combination of transmission electron microscopy, serial EM tomography, scanning force microscopy, and optical simulations to characterize the photonic structure in<em> L. strigocamara</em>. We also examine the development of the structure during maturation.</p> <p><em>Key results:</em> We find that the structural color derives from a disordered, multilayered reflector consisting of lipid droplets of ~105 nm that form a plate-like structure in 3D. This structure begins to form early in development and reflects blue wavelengths of light with increasing intensity over time as the structure develops. The lipids used are likely polymers of lipid monomers.</p> <p><em>Main conclusions:</em> <em>Lantana strigocamara</em> is the second origin of a lipid-based photonic structure, convergently evolved with the structure in <em>Viburnum tinus</em>. Chemical differences between the lipids in<em> L. strigocamara</em> and those of <em>V. tinus</em> suggest a distinct evolutionary trajectory with implications for the signaling function of structural colors in fruits.</p>
Data from: Multiple origins of lipid-based structural colors contribute to a gradient of fruit colors in Viburnum (Adoxaceae)
<p>Structural color is poorly known in plants relative to animals. In fruits, only a handful of cases have been described, including in <em>Viburnum</em> <em>tinus</em> where the blue color results from a disordered multilayered reflector made of lipid droplets. Here, we examine the broader evolutionary context of fruit structural color across the genus <em>Viburnum</em>. We obtained fresh and herbarium fruit material from 30 <em>Viburnum</em> species spanning the phylogeny and used transmission electron microscopy, optical simulations, and ancestral state reconstruction to (1) identify the presence/absence of photonic structures in each species, (2) understand the mechanism producing structural color in newly identified species, (3) relate the development of cell wall structure to reflectance in <em>V</em>. <em>dentatum</em>, and (4) describe the evolution of cell-wall architecture across <em>Viburnum</em>. We identify at least two (possibly three) origins of blue fruit color in <em>Viburnum</em>, both of which produce large photonic structures made of lipid droplets embedded in the cell wall and which reflect blue light. Examining species that may exhibit structural color in combination with anthocyanin and carotenoid pigments, rather than focusing on the most extreme examples, will yield further insights into the diversity, ecology and evolution of fruit color.</p>
Estimating the distribution of carotenoid coloration in skin and integumentary structures of birds and extinct dinosaurs
<p>Carotenoids are pigments responsible for most bright yellow, red, and orange hues in birds. Their distribution has been investigated in avian plumage, but the evolution of their expression in skin and other integumentary structures has not been approached in detail. Here, we investigate the expression of carotenoid-consistent coloration across tissue types in all extant, non-passerine species (n= 4,022) and archelosaur outgroups in a phylogenetic framework. We collect dietary data for a subset of birds and investigate how dietary carotenoid intake may relate to carotenoid expression in various tissues. We find that carotenoid-consistent expression in skin or non-plumage keratin has a 50 percent probability of being present in the most recent common ancestor of Archosauria. Skin expression has a similar probability at the base of the avian crown clade, but plumage expression is unambiguously absent in that ancestor and shows hundreds of independent gains within non-passerine neognaths, consistent with previous studies. Although our data do not support a strict sequence of tissue expression in non-passerine birds, we find support that expression of carotenoid-consistent color in non-plumage integument structures might evolve in a correlated manner and feathers are rarely the only region of expression. Taxa with diets high in carotenoid content also show expression in more body regions and tissue types. Our results may inform targeted assays for carotenoids in tissues other than feathers, and expectations of these pigments in non-avian dinosaurs. In extinct groups, bare-skin regions and the rhamphotheca, especially in species with diets rich in plants, may express these pigments, which are not expected in feathers or feather homologues.</p>
Data from: Multiple origins of lipid-based structural colors contribute to a gradient of fruit colors in Viburnum (Adoxaceae)
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Estimating the distribution of carotenoid coloration in skin and integumentary structures of birds and extinct dinosaurs
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Data from: Convergent evolution of disordered lipidic structural color in the fruits of Lantana strigocamara (syn. L. camara hybrid cultivar)
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Evolutionary dynamics of structural variation at a key locus for color pattern diversification in cichlid fishes
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Data from: Reproductive character displacement shapes a spatially structured petal color polymorphism in Leavenworthia stylosa
Character displacement is a potentially important process driving trait evolution and species diversification. Floral traits may experience character displacement in response to pollinator-mediated competition (ecological character displacement) or the risk of forming hybrids with reduced fitness (reproductive character displacement). We test these and alternative hypotheses to explain a yellow-white petal color polymorphism in Leavenworthia stylosa, where yellow morphs are spatially associated with a white-petaled congener (L. exigua) that produces hybrids with complete pollen sterility. A reciprocal transplant experiment found limited evidence of local adaptation of yellow color morphs via increased survival and seed set. Pollinator observations revealed that Leavenworthia attract various pollinators that generally favor white petals and exhibit color constancy. Pollen limitation experiments showed that yellow petals do not alleviate competition for pollination. Interspecific pollinator movements were infrequent and low hybridization rates (∼0.40% - 0.85%) were found in each morph, with natural rates likely being lower. Regardless, hybridization rates were significantly higher in white morphs of L. stylosa, yielding a small selection coefficient of s = 0.0042 against this phenotype in sympatry with L. exigua. These results provide support for reproductive character displacement as a mechanism contributing to the pattern of petal color polymorphism in L. stylosa.
FIGURES 8–11. Structural details, Sagmatostreptus strongylopygus. 8 in A new genus for a colorful spirostreptid milliped from East Africa (Diplopoda: Spirostreptida: Spirostreptidae)
FIGURES 8–11. Structural details, Sagmatostreptus strongylopygus. 8. Endozonum of midbody segment, showing sigilla pattern, anterior to the left. 9. Legs from midbody segment. 10. Pro- and metacoxae of midbody segment, in situ, enlarged. 11. First legs of male, anterior side, slightly oblique aspect to show prefemoral processes.
FIGURES 2–6. Structural details, Sagmatostreptus strongylopygus. 2 in A new genus for a colorful spirostreptid milliped from East Africa (Diplopoda: Spirostreptida: Spirostreptidae)
FIGURES 2–6. Structural details, Sagmatostreptus strongylopygus. 2. Front of head, showing disparity in interocellarial and interantennal spaces. 3. Antenna. 4. Mandible. 5. Gnathochilarium. 6. Lateral end of collum, male. 7. Lateral end of collum, female.
FIGURES 12–16. Gonopod structure, Sagmatostreptus strongylopygus. 12 in A new genus for a colorful spirostreptid milliped from East Africa (Diplopoda: Spirostreptida: Spirostreptidae)
FIGURES 12–16. Gonopod structure, Sagmatostreptus strongylopygus. 12. Right gonopod, specimen from Amani, Usambara Mountains. 13. Right gonopod, specimen from Nguru Mountains showing slight variation in metaplical apex. 14. The same gonopod, medial aspect, showing acute projection of medial edge (⊣). 15. Telopodite of right gonopod, enlarged, lateral aspect. 16. Apex of telopodite, greatly enlarged. Abbreviations: atp; antetorsal process; mp, metaplical fold of coxa; pp, proplical fold.
A Deep Learning Approach to the Forward Prediction and Inverse Design of Plasmonic Metasurface Structural Color - Raw Data
<p>Reflection spectra of PDMS - Al nanorod metamaterials were collected using LUMERICAL FDTD simulations. PDMS material properties were defined using a refractive index of 1.41 and Al material properties were defined using frequency selective permittivities from the handbook of Palik. A total of 4620 structures were simulated, sweeping the following dimension parameters:</p> <ul> <li>Aluminium thickness (t)</li> <li>Pillar height (h)</li> <li>Pillar diameter (d)</li> </ul> <p>Reflectance spectra were converted into CIE 1931 chromaticity values (x,y). This dataset is comprehensive and allows for the development of deep learning models for the forward and inverse design of the given metamaterial structure as detailed in the associated manuscript. The associated manuscript and supporting documentation provide extensive details of data collection and processing methods.</p> <p> </p>
Fig. 8. Proposed structures for 1 in Identification of iron-chelating phenolics contributing to seed coat coloration in soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) expressing aryloxyalkanoate dioxygenase-12
Fig. 8. Proposed structures for 1:1:1 complexes between genistin, iron, and galacturonic acid (left) or digalacturonic acid (right).
Evaluation of Template Assisted Monochromatic Structural Colored Versus Universal Multi-Shade Direct Composite Veneers
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT06543654. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 6.
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