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55 results for “Sturnira”
Body size convergence in Sturnira - R Code and supporting data
<p>R Code and supporting data for: Co-occurrence and character convergence in two Neotropical bats. Journal of Mammalogy</p>
FIGURE 5 in On the taxonomic identity of Sturnira nana Gardner and O'Neil, 1971 (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae), from Ecuador, with the description of a new species of Sturnira
FIGURE 5. Map of NW South America showing the collection localities of Sturnira bidens (circles), S. nana (diamonds), and Sturnira boadai, sp. nov. (stars), analyzed in this study. The collection points of Sturnira nana overlap, so only two diamonds are observed.
FIGURE 4 in On the taxonomic identity of Sturnira nana Gardner and O'Neil, 1971 (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae), from Ecuador, with the description of a new species of Sturnira
FIGURE 4. Climatic PCA based on the climatic variables from the collection localities of Sturnira nana (squares) and Sturnira EC (circles).
FIGURE 1. A, B. Lateral, C, D in On the taxonomic identity of Sturnira nana Gardner and O'Neil, 1971 (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae), from Ecuador, with the description of a new species of Sturnira
FIGURE 1. A, B. Lateral, C, D. dorsal, and E, F. ventral views of the skulls and G, H. lateral view of the mandibles of Sturnira nana (AMNH 219172, left column) and Sturnira EC (QCAZ 11122, right column). Red arrows show the differences between the two skulls.
FIGURE 3 in On the taxonomic identity of Sturnira nana Gardner and O'Neil, 1971 (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae), from Ecuador, with the description of a new species of Sturnira
FIGURE 3. Phylogeny of Sturnira showing interspecific nodes via Maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian analyses (BA). On the branches, numbers before the slash (/) indicate ML bootstrap support (as a percentage); numbers after the slash (/) indicate Bayesian posterior probabilities.
FIGURE 6. A in On the taxonomic identity of Sturnira nana Gardner and O'Neil, 1971 (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae), from Ecuador, with the description of a new species of Sturnira
FIGURE 6. A. Upper and lower incisors of the holotype of Sturnira boadai, sp. nov. (QCAZ 11122). B. Detail of incisors. Photographs by Rubén D. Jarrín.
FIGURE 2 in On the taxonomic identity of Sturnira nana Gardner and O'Neil, 1971 (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae), from Ecuador, with the description of a new species of Sturnira
FIGURE 2. Principal component analysis of 12 craniomandibular measurements in Sturnira nana (N = 10, squares) and Sturnira EC (N = 8, circles).
Figure 6. Response curve showing how each environmental variable affected the Maxent prediction. Variables A, B in PhylOgeOgraphy and pOtential distributiOn OF Sturnira lilium and S. giannae (ChirOptera: PhyllOstOmidae) With range eXtensiOn FOr S. giannae in the CerradO and Pantanal biOmes
Figure 6. Response curve showing how each environmental variable affected the Maxent prediction. Variables A, B, and C were the ones that most affected the potential distribution of S. giannae, and D, E, and F most affected the potential distribution of S. lilium. The curves show the average response of the 10 replicate Maxent runs (red) and the standard deviation (blue).
Figure 2 in PhylOgeOgraphy and pOtential distributiOn OF Sturnira lilium and S. giannae (ChirOptera: PhyllOstOmidae) With range eXtensiOn FOr S. giannae in the CerradO and Pantanal biOmes
Figure 2. Detail of the teeth in S. lilium (A and D – MN 82228) and S. giannae (B and E – MN 84766, C and F – MN 82217). The shape of the upper internal incisor unicuspid in S. lilium (A) and unicuspid or bicuspid in S. giannae (respectively B, C). Metaconid of first inferior molar (m1) wide mesodistally and short cervico-occlusal (D, E, and F). Metaconid of second inferior molar (m2) large mesodistally in S. lilium (D) and in S. giannae (F), or short mesodistally and long cervico-occlusally (E) in S. giannae. Scale bars: 1 mm.
Figure 4 in PhylOgeOgraphy and pOtential distributiOn OF Sturnira lilium and S. giannae (ChirOptera: PhyllOstOmidae) With range eXtensiOn FOr S. giannae in the CerradO and Pantanal biOmes
Figure 4. Map showing the distribution and location of analyzed samples of S. giannae in gray circles and blue boundaries, and of S. lilium in black circles and green boundaries. The blue star is the type locality of S. giannae, and the green star is the type locality of S. lilium. The dotted black line marks the extent of S. giannae 's territory in Brazil: Mato Grosso State (1) Barão de Melgaço, and Maranhão State (2) Alto Parnaíba. Other localities are in the Appendix 1.
Fig. 2 in Consistency in fruit preferences across the geographical range of the frugivorous bats Artibeus, Carollia and Sturnira (Chiroptera)
Fig. 2. Distribution of three bat genera (Artibeus, Carollia and Sturnira – solid gray) and the four most frequent plant genera (Cecropia, Ficus, Piper and Solanum – dotted pattern) in their diet in the Neotropical region. Sources: bat distribution follows GARDNER (2008); plant distribution follows JARAMILLO & MANOS (2001) for Piper; KNAPP et al. (2004) for Solanum, LOBOVA et al. (2003) for Cecropia; SHANAHAN et al. (2001) for Ficus.
Fig. 1 in Consistency in fruit preferences across the geographical range of the frugivorous bats Artibeus, Carollia and Sturnira (Chiroptera)
Fig. 1. Number of records for the four fruit genera most frequently consumed by Artibeus, Carollia and Sturnira (total number of records for each bat species) based on literature review.
Figure 1 in Occurrence of Sturnira tildae De La Torre, 1959 (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) in the state of Maranhão, Brazil
Figure 1. Sturnira tildae (female, RRM 117) collected em Cândido Mendes, in the Amazon biome of Maranhão state, Brazil.
Figure 3 in Occurrence of Sturnira tildae De La Torre, 1959 (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) in the state of Maranhão, Brazil
Figure 3. Geographic distribution of Sturnira tildae in Brazil. The locality reported in the present study in the state of Maranhão is shown by a star. The Brazilian biomes are shaded in black (Pantanal), darker to lighter gray (Pampas, Atlantic Forest, Cerrado, and Caatinga, in this order), and white (Amazon). Source: adapted from Martins et al. (2020).
Figure 2 in Occurrence of Sturnira tildae De La Torre, 1959 (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) in the state of Maranhão, Brazil
Figure 2. Skull of Sturnira tildae (RRM 117). (A) dorsal view showing the small braincase; (B) lateral view showing the broad, elongated rostrum; (C) lateral view of the mandible showing the first and second molars with lingual cusps separated by shallow grooves; (D) frontal view of the upper incisors, showing the slightly bilobed internal incisors with a wide base. Scale bar: 5 mm. Source: Olímpio, A.P.M.; Lima, A.C.S.
FIGURE 8 in A new species of Sturnira (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) from the Choco forest of Ecuador
FIGURE 8. Past phylogenetic hypotheses for Sturnira: A) Owen (1987), B) Pacheco and Patterson (1991), C) Iudica (2000) and D) Villalobos and Valerio (2002). The four hypotheses depicted here are exact representations of the final consensus cladograms in the original publications. A, B and D lack support indexes for branch topology.
FIGURE 7. A in A new species of Sturnira (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) from the Choco forest of Ecuador
FIGURE 7. A phylogenetic hypotheses inferred from Bayesian posterior probabilities with the GTR+I+Γ substitution model. This hypothesis is a consensus of agreement in bipartitions which are higher than 50% of all trees estimated (136500 trees). Support values at nodes are posterior probabilities. S. perla seems to be more related to highland taxa; a perspective that runs contrary to its general morphology (i.e. shape of cusps in lower molars) and previous phylogenetic hypotheses (Iudica, 2000).
FIGURE 4 in A new species of Sturnira (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) from the Choco forest of Ecuador
FIGURE 4. Frequency distribution for the characters FA and GLS. The delimitation of distinct groups is not possible along both distributions. Species included in both histograms are Sturnira. perla, S. luisi, S. lilium and S. tildae.
FIGURE 5 in A new species of Sturnira (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) from the Choco forest of Ecuador
FIGURE 5. Aspects of the morphometric space for Sturnira. A) Plot of the first two principal components, based on the covariance of 27 interlandmark characters. B) Plot of the second and third principal components extracted from the covariation of interlandmark characters. C) Plot of the first two relative warps of geometric variation of the skull. D) Plot of the ACM and RW I. The percentage of explained variation by each PC or RW is in parenthesis. Despite the large overlap in other groups, Sturnira perla, highlighted by a convex hull, appears as a remarkably distinctive group. The arrows indicate the position of the estimated shape configurations depicted as a and b. The morphometric space around S. perla is for skulls with expanded braincases, wide and blunt rostrums and a contracted shape around the zygomatic area (a). An opposite pattern of shape variation is shown for the area around the selected sample that represents S. lilium (b).
FIGURE 6. Mean distances for the Kimura 2 in A new species of Sturnira (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) from the Choco forest of Ecuador
FIGURE 6. Mean distances for the Kimura 2-parameter model (K80) among species in Sturnira. The largest difference belongs to S. bidens from Peru (CAI208). S. perla maintains average distances to other species, but sufficiently large to support its individuality as an evolutionary lineage according to Bradley and Baker (2001).
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