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11 results for “Syntarsus”
text-fig. 40. Left theropod ilia in ventral view, illustrating the differences in the development of the brevis fossa (character 176). a, Sinraptor dongi; redrawn from Currie and Zhao (1993b). B, Syntarsus rhodesiensis; based on QG 1. Abbreviations: bf, brevis fossa; ip, ischial peduncle; pp, pubic peduncle; sac, supraacetabular crest. Scale bars represent 100 mm (a) and 10 mm (b). in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs
text-fig. 40. Left theropod ilia in ventral view, illustrating the differences in the development of the brevis fossa (character 176). a, Sinraptor dongi; redrawn from Currie and Zhao (1993b). B, Syntarsus rhodesiensis; based on QG 1. Abbreviations: bf, brevis fossa; ip, ischial peduncle; pp, pubic peduncle; sac, supraacetabular crest. Scale bars represent 100 mm (a) and 10 mm (b).
text-fig. 39. Theropod pelves in left lateral view, illustrating several pelvic characters, a, Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis; redrawn (reversed) from Novas (1993). B, Syntarsus rhodesiensis; based on QG 1, QG 691, and Raath (1990). c, Allosaurus fragilis; modified from Molnar et al. (1990). D, generalized tyrannosaurid; based on Osborn (1916) and ROM 807. E, Segnosaurus galbinensis', redrawn from Barsbold and Maryanska (1990). F, Rahonavis ostromi', based on UA 8656. Abbreviations: ac, acetabulum; bs, brevis shelf; il, ilium; ir, iliac ridge; is, ischium; of, obturator foramen; op, obturator process; pf, pubic fenestra; pip, posterior ischial process; pu, pubis. Scale bars represent 50 mm (a-b), 100 mm (c-e), and 10 mm (f). in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs
text-fig. 39. Theropod pelves in left lateral view, illustrating several pelvic characters, a, Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis; redrawn (reversed) from Novas (1993). B, Syntarsus rhodesiensis; based on QG 1, QG 691, and Raath (1990). c, Allosaurus fragilis; modified from Molnar et al. (1990). D, generalized tyrannosaurid; based on Osborn (1916) and ROM 807. E, Segnosaurus galbinensis', redrawn from Barsbold and Maryanska (1990). F, Rahonavis ostromi', based on UA 8656. Abbreviations: ac, acetabulum; bs, brevis shelf; il, ilium; ir, iliac ridge; is, ischium; of, obturator foramen; op, obturator process; pf, pubic fenestra; pip, posterior ischial process; pu, pubis. Scale bars represent 50 mm (a-b), 100 mm (c-e), and 10 mm (f).
text-fig. 27. Posterior dorsal vertebrae of three theropod dinosaurs in left lateral view, showing states for several axial characters. A, Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis; penultimate dorsal vertebra; redrawn (reversed) from Novas (1993). B, Syntarsus rhodesiensis-, reconstruction of the eleventh dorsal vertebra; based on QG 1. c, unnamed compsognathine from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil; reconstruction of the posteriormost dorsal vertebra; based on SMNK 2349 Pal. Abbreviations as in ext-figures 24 and 26, and: pg, pleurocentral groove; st, spine table. Scale bars represent 10 mm. in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs
text-fig. 27. Posterior dorsal vertebrae of three theropod dinosaurs in left lateral view, showing states for several axial characters. A, Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis; penultimate dorsal vertebra; redrawn (reversed) from Novas (1993). B, Syntarsus rhodesiensis-, reconstruction of the eleventh dorsal vertebra; based on QG 1. c, unnamed compsognathine from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil; reconstruction of the posteriormost dorsal vertebra; based on SMNK 2349 Pal. Abbreviations as in ext-figures 24 and 26, and: pg, pleurocentral groove; st, spine table. Scale bars represent 10 mm.
text-fig. 28. Sacra of theropod dinosaurs, illustrating different states for character 116. a, sacrum and ilium of Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis in lateral view; the shaded area indicates the attachment area of the very massive sacral ribs on the medial side of the ilium; modified from Novas (1993). B, sacrum and ilia of Syntarsus rhodesiensis in dorsal view, showing the almost continuous sheet of bone formed by the sacral ribs between the sacrum and the iliac blades; based on Raath (1990) and QG1. Abbreviations: ib, iliac blade; il, ilium; ns: neural spine; SI, S2, sacral vertebrae; sac, supraacetabular crest; sr, sacral ribs; st, spine table. Scale bars represent 50 mm. in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs
text-fig. 28. Sacra of theropod dinosaurs, illustrating different states for character 116. a, sacrum and ilium of Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis in lateral view; the shaded area indicates the attachment area of the very massive sacral ribs on the medial side of the ilium; modified from Novas (1993). B, sacrum and ilia of Syntarsus rhodesiensis in dorsal view, showing the almost continuous sheet of bone formed by the sacral ribs between the sacrum and the iliac blades; based on Raath (1990) and QG1. Abbreviations: ib, iliac blade; il, ilium; ns: neural spine; SI, S2, sacral vertebrae; sac, supraacetabular crest; sr, sacral ribs; st, spine table. Scale bars represent 50 mm.
text-fig. 55. Left distal tibia, fibula, and proximal tarsals of a, Syntarsus rhodesiensis (QG 1) and B, Lilienstemus lilienstemi (MB R. 2175) in anterior view, showing differences in the development of the distal end of the fibula and its connection with the ascending process of the astragalus. Abbreviations: asc proc, ascending process of the astragalus; astr, astragalus; calc, calcanéum; fib, fibula; tib, tibia. Scale bars represent 10 mm. in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs
text-fig. 55. Left distal tibia, fibula, and proximal tarsals of a, Syntarsus rhodesiensis (QG 1) and B, Lilienstemus lilienstemi (MB R. 2175) in anterior view, showing differences in the development of the distal end of the fibula and its connection with the ascending process of the astragalus. Abbreviations: asc proc, ascending process of the astragalus; astr, astragalus; calc, calcanéum; fib, fibula; tib, tibia. Scale bars represent 10 mm.
text-fig. 16. Ventral view of the braincase, showing different states for characters 56 and 57. a, basal ornithischian Lesothosaurus diagnostics; based on Sereno (1991b). B, Syntarsus rhodesiensis based on QG 195; the postorbital processes of the laterosphenoid are broken in this specimen of Syntarsus; their attachments are placed above and slightly posterior to the trigeminal foramen. Abbreviations: boc, basioccipital; bpt, basipterygoid process; bsp, basisphenoid; bspr, basisphenoid recess; bt, basal tuber; fo, fenestra ovalis; Is, laterosphenoid; oc, occipital condyle; op, opisthotic; pop, paroccipital process; popls, postorbital process of the laterosphenoid; psp, parasphenoid; Roman numbers refer to the foramina for the exits of cranial nerves. Scale bars represent 10 mm. in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs
text-fig. 16. Ventral view of the braincase, showing different states for characters 56 and 57. a, basal ornithischian Lesothosaurus diagnostics; based on Sereno (1991b). B, Syntarsus rhodesiensis based on QG 195; the postorbital processes of the laterosphenoid are broken in this specimen of Syntarsus; their attachments are placed above and slightly posterior to the trigeminal foramen. Abbreviations: boc, basioccipital; bpt, basipterygoid process; bsp, basisphenoid; bspr, basisphenoid recess; bt, basal tuber; fo, fenestra ovalis; Is, laterosphenoid; oc, occipital condyle; op, opisthotic; pop, paroccipital process; popls, postorbital process of the laterosphenoid; psp, parasphenoid; Roman numbers refer to the foramina for the exits of cranial nerves. Scale bars represent 10 mm.
text-fig. 5. Skull reconstructions of representatives of Jurassic OTUs in left lateral view, a, Dilophosaurus wetherilli, Early Jurassic (Sinemurian-Pliensbachian), Kayenta Formation, Arizona, USA; based on UCMP V 4214 and V 6468. B, Syntarsus rhodesiensis, Early Jurassic (Hettangian-Sinemurian), Forest Sandstone, Zimbabwe; composite reconstruction based on many isolated skull elements from the National Museum of Natural History in Harare (see Appendix), c, Magnosaurus oxoniensis, Middle Jurassic (Callovian), Oxford Clay, England; based on OUM J 13558, unpreserved elements shaded. D, Monolophosaurus jiangi, Middle Jurassic, Wucaiwan Formation, China; redrawn from Zhao and Currie (1993b). E, Allosaurus fragilis, Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian-Tithonian), Morrison Formation, USA; based on MOR 693. f, basal bird Archaeopteryx sp., Late Jurassic (Tithonian), lithographic limestones of Solnhofen, Germany; based on Wellnhofer (1974), Elzanowski and Wellnhofer (1996), and the Berlin, Eichstätt, and Munich specimens. G, Ceratosaurus sp., Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian-Tithonian), Morrison Formation, USA; based on USNM 4735 and UMNH VP 5278. H, Ornitholestes hermanni, Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian-Tithonian), Morrison Formation, USA, based on AMNH 619. Abbreviations as in Text-figure 4, and: If, lacrimal fenestra; mf, maxillary fenestra; nf, nasal foramen; pmf, promaxillary fenestra. Scale bars represent 10 mm (b, f, h), 50 mm (c) and 100 mm (a, d, e, g). in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs
text-fig. 5. Skull reconstructions of representatives of Jurassic OTUs in left lateral view, a, Dilophosaurus wetherilli, Early Jurassic (Sinemurian-Pliensbachian), Kayenta Formation, Arizona, USA; based on UCMP V 4214 and V 6468. B, Syntarsus rhodesiensis, Early Jurassic (Hettangian-Sinemurian), Forest Sandstone, Zimbabwe; composite reconstruction based on many isolated skull elements from the National Museum of Natural History in Harare (see Appendix), c, Magnosaurus oxoniensis, Middle Jurassic (Callovian), Oxford Clay, England; based on OUM J 13558, unpreserved elements shaded. D, Monolophosaurus jiangi, Middle Jurassic, Wucaiwan Formation, China; redrawn from Zhao and Currie (1993b). E, Allosaurus fragilis, Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian-Tithonian), Morrison Formation, USA; based on MOR 693. f, basal bird Archaeopteryx sp., Late Jurassic (Tithonian), lithographic limestones of Solnhofen, Germany; based on Wellnhofer (1974), Elzanowski and Wellnhofer (1996), and the Berlin, Eichstätt, and Munich specimens. G, Ceratosaurus sp., Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian-Tithonian), Morrison Formation, USA; based on USNM 4735 and UMNH VP 5278. H, Ornitholestes hermanni, Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian-Tithonian), Morrison Formation, USA, based on AMNH 619. Abbreviations as in Text-figure 4, and: If, lacrimal fenestra; mf, maxillary fenestra; nf, nasal foramen; pmf, promaxillary fenestra. Scale bars represent 10 mm (b, f, h), 50 mm (c) and 100 mm (a, d, e, g).
text-fig. 9. Theropod skulls in dorsal view showing different character states of several cranial characters. Character state indication as in Text-figure 7. A, Syntarsus rhodesiensis; modified from Raath (1977, figured in Colbert 1989). B, Ceratosaurus nasicomis', based on Marsh (1896), Gilmore (1920) and USNM 4735. c, generalized ornithomimosaur; based mainly on Gallimimus bullatus, figured in Osmólska et al. (1972), with some modifications based on Ornithomimus sp. (MP 90.26.1). D, Velociraptor mongoliensis\ redrawn from Barsbold and Osmólska (1999). Abbreviations as in ext-figures 4-6, and: g, groove; nh, nasal horn; pnf, postnasal fenestra; pop, paroccipital process; sc, saggital crest. Scale bars represent 50 mm (a, c-d) and 100 mm (b). in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs
text-fig. 9. Theropod skulls in dorsal view showing different character states of several cranial characters. Character state indication as in Text-figure 7. A, Syntarsus rhodesiensis; modified from Raath (1977, figured in Colbert 1989). B, Ceratosaurus nasicomis', based on Marsh (1896), Gilmore (1920) and USNM 4735. c, generalized ornithomimosaur; based mainly on Gallimimus bullatus, figured in Osmólska et al. (1972), with some modifications based on Ornithomimus sp. (MP 90.26.1). D, Velociraptor mongoliensis\ redrawn from Barsbold and Osmólska (1999). Abbreviations as in ext-figures 4-6, and: g, groove; nh, nasal horn; pnf, postnasal fenestra; pop, paroccipital process; sc, saggital crest. Scale bars represent 50 mm (a, c-d) and 100 mm (b).
text-fig. 3. Ulnae of saurischian dinosaurs, showing the flexure of the shaft of this bone, a, Plateosaurus sp. (SMNS F 65), right ulna in lateral view (reversed). B, same as a, but with the olecranon process 'removed' to highlight the flexure of the bone shaft, c, Syntarsus rhodesiensis (QG 1), left ulna in lateral view. D, same as c, but with the olecranon process 'removed' to highlight the flexure of the bone shaft. E, Allosaurus fragilis (MOR 693), left ulna in lateral view. F, same as e, but with the olecranon process 'removed' to highlight the flexure of the bone shaft. G, Deinonychus antirrhopus (YPM 5220), left ulna in lateral view. Scale bars represent 50 mm (a-b, e-f) and 10 mm (c-D, g). in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs
text-fig. 3. Ulnae of saurischian dinosaurs, showing the flexure of the shaft of this bone, a, Plateosaurus sp. (SMNS F 65), right ulna in lateral view (reversed). B, same as a, but with the olecranon process 'removed' to highlight the flexure of the bone shaft, c, Syntarsus rhodesiensis (QG 1), left ulna in lateral view. D, same as c, but with the olecranon process 'removed' to highlight the flexure of the bone shaft. E, Allosaurus fragilis (MOR 693), left ulna in lateral view. F, same as e, but with the olecranon process 'removed' to highlight the flexure of the bone shaft. G, Deinonychus antirrhopus (YPM 5220), left ulna in lateral view. Scale bars represent 50 mm (a-b, e-f) and 10 mm (c-D, g).
text-fig. 8. Syntarsus rhodesiensis. a, left premaxilla in lateral view (QG unnumbered) showing the forked posterior end of the premaxillary body in this taxon (character state 1 of character 4). B, left maxilla in lateral view (QG 205) showing the horizontal ridge (mr) on the ventral border of the maxillary body (character state 1 of character 15). Scale bars represent 10 mm. in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs
text-fig. 8. Syntarsus rhodesiensis. a, left premaxilla in lateral view (QG unnumbered) showing the forked posterior end of the premaxillary body in this taxon (character state 1 of character 4). B, left maxilla in lateral view (QG 205) showing the horizontal ridge (mr) on the ventral border of the maxillary body (character state 1 of character 15). Scale bars represent 10 mm.
text-fig. 7. Outgroup (a) and theropod (b-g) skull reconstructions in lateral view showing different character states of several cranial characters. For sources of reconstructions and identifications of the bones see Text-figures 4-6. a, Euparkeria capensis. B, Syntarsus rhodesiensis. c, Ceratosaurus sp. D, Allosaurus fragilis. E, Gorgosaurus libratus. F, Velociraptor mongoliensis. Character state indications in this and all following illustrations are as follows: numbers refer to characters discussed in the text; the first number indicates the number of the character, the second the character state. Scale bars represent 10 mm (a-b), 50 mm (f-g) and 100 mm (c-e). in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs
text-fig. 7. Outgroup (a) and theropod (b-g) skull reconstructions in lateral view showing different character states of several cranial characters. For sources of reconstructions and identifications of the bones see Text-figures 4-6. a, Euparkeria capensis. B, Syntarsus rhodesiensis. c, Ceratosaurus sp. D, Allosaurus fragilis. E, Gorgosaurus libratus. F, Velociraptor mongoliensis. Character state indications in this and all following illustrations are as follows: numbers refer to characters discussed in the text; the first number indicates the number of the character, the second the character state. Scale bars represent 10 mm (a-b), 50 mm (f-g) and 100 mm (c-e).
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