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Fig. 1 in Echinococcus multilocularis (Cestoda, Cyclophyllidea, Taeniidae): origin, differentiation and functional ultrastructure of the oncospheral tegument and hook region membrane

Fig. 1 Schematic diagram illustrating the origin (a) and beginning of differentiation (b) of the oncospheral tegument and hook region membrane in the preoncospheral stage of embryonic development of Echinococcus multilocularis. All structures involved in formation of the oncospheral tegument and hook region membrane are marked in orange colour. Two red arrows show direction of progressive sinking or migration of the binucleate subtegumental perikaryon which sunk deep into the central region of differentiating oncosphere. HFC hook-forming cell or oncoblast, HP hook primordium, HRC hook region cavity, IE inner envelope, m mitochondria, N1, N2 two nuclei of the binucleate complex primordium, N nucleus of hook-forming cell, PBC binucleate complex primordium, V vesicles in the outer cytoplasm, undergoing progressive fusion

Fig. 6 in Echinococcus multilocularis (Cestoda, Cyclophyllidea, Taeniidae): origin, differentiation and functional ultrastructure of the oncospheral tegument and hook region membrane

Fig. 6 TEM micrographs of mature eggs of Echinococcus multilocularis. a Part of the oncosphere showing the high concentration of beta-glycogen particles (β-gl) in the musculature of oncospheral hooks (HM) as indicated by the cytochemical test of Thiéry. b Low-power electron micrograph illustrating the general topography of mature intrauterine egg. Note: (1) a bilateral symmetry of the oncosphere (white interrupted line) and (2) position of hook region membrane and oncospheral tegument at one pole of the hexacanth. The hook region is marked by a frame composed of interrupted black lines. EmB embryophoric blocks, GC germinative cells, GL granular layer, HRM hook region membrane, IE inner envelope, LH lateral hooks, MH median hooks, OE outer envelope, OM oncospheral membrane, PG penetration glands, SC somatic cells

Fig. 5 in Echinococcus multilocularis (Cestoda, Cyclophyllidea, Taeniidae): origin, differentiation and functional ultrastructure of the oncospheral tegument and hook region membrane

Fig. 5 High-power TEM micrographs showing ultrastructural details of the oncospheral tegument and hook region membrane. a Note two oblique sections of blades of the oncospheral hooks (HBl), surrounded by numerous long microvilli (Mv) which protrude into large cavity situated under the hook region membrane (HRM) and oncospheral membrane (OM). b Oblique section through the hook region membrane showing hook blade exit and oncospheral tegument with numerous long microvilli at its surface. DR desmosome rings, HM hook musculature, IE inner envelope

Fig. 4 in Echinococcus multilocularis (Cestoda, Cyclophyllidea, Taeniidae): origin, differentiation and functional ultrastructure of the oncospheral tegument and hook region membrane

Fig. 4 Consecutive stages of a tegumental perikaryon migration. a Part of an embryo in the early preoncospheral stage of development showing much infolded oncospheral membrane and the binucleate perikaryon (BSP) of the oncospheral tegument in the early stage of its migration, sunken already below the peripheral layers of oncospheral musculature. b Part of the late stage of preoncospheral differentiation showing the binucleate perikaryon of oncospheral tegument sunk deep into the central part of the embryo and surrounded by differentiating blastomeres. H oncospheral hooks, HCF hook forming cell, HRM hook region membrane, IE inner envelope, N1, N2, nucleus, OE outer envelope, OM oncospheral membrane, SC somatic cells

Fig. 3 in Echinococcus multilocularis (Cestoda, Cyclophyllidea, Taeniidae): origin, differentiation and functional ultrastructure of the oncospheral tegument and hook region membrane

Fig. 3 Comparison of an early and advanced preoncospheral stage of embryonic development in Echinococcus multilocularis. a Ultrastructure of an embryo in the early preoncospheral stage of embryonic development. Note the binucleate complex primordium (PBC), which appears as a syncytial cap or "calotte" situated beneath the inner envelope (IE) at one pole of the developing embryo; two thick arrows mark the direction of progressive migration of both nuclei (N1, N2) surrounded by a thin layer of common cytoplasm and become transformed into the binucleate subtegumental perikaryon. b Part of the embryo in the advanced stage of preoncosphere showing the binucleate subtegumental perikaryon (BSP) of the tegumental syncytium sunk deep into the central part of the embryo and surrounded by differentiating blastomeres. Bl blastomere, C vitelline capsule, EmB embryophoric blocks, GL granular layer, H oncospheral hooks, HM hook muscles, HRM hook region membrane, KI keratin-like protein islands, MeN mesomere nucleus, OE outer envelope, OM oncospheral membrane, PG penetration gland, UW uterine wall

Fig. 2 in Echinococcus multilocularis (Cestoda, Cyclophyllidea, Taeniidae): origin, differentiation and functional ultrastructure of the oncospheral tegument and hook region membrane

Fig. 2 Schematic diagram illustrating the general topography of the oncospheral tegument and hook region membrane in relation to the oncospheral hooks, penetration gland arms and glandular exits in the mature intrauterine eggs. All structures involved in formation of the oncospheral tegument and hook region membrane are marked in orange colour. BSP binucleate subtegumental perikaryon, HRM hook region membrane, IE inner envelope LH lateral hooks, MH median hooks, Mv microvilli, N1, N2 nucleus, OT oncospheral tegument, PGA penetration glands arms

Fig. 4 in Echinococcus multilocularis (Cestoda, Cyclophyllidea, Taeniidae): functional ultrastructure of the penetration glands and nerve cells within the oncosphere

Fig. 4 TEM micrographs of the higher magnification showing exit regions of the Echinococcus multilocularis penetration glands. a Part of the oncosphere showing the exit of the type 2 penetration gland (PG2E). Note the liquefied aspect of their secretory granules (sg2L). b Part of the hexacanth near the exit of the type 1 penetration gland (PG1E). Note the liquefied aspect of their secretory granules (sg1L). c Enlarged detail of the liquefied secretory granules of the type 1 penetration gland (sg1L). HCh heterochromatin islands, HM hook musculature, HRM hook region membrane, N nucleus, OM oncospheral membrane, PG2A arm of the type 2 penetration gland, sg2 secretory granules of the type 2 penetration gland

Fig. 5 in Echinococcus multilocularis (Cestoda, Cyclophyllidea, Taeniidae): functional ultrastructure of the penetration glands and nerve cells within the oncosphere

Fig. 5 Oncospheral secretory regions of the hexacanth of Echinococcus multilocularis and comparison of three types of their secretory granules. a Somatophore area of hexacanth showing few secretory regions containing three types of secretory granules: sg1, sg2, and nsg granules. Two types of penetration glands, PG1 and PG2, show evidently different types of their secretory granules sg1 and sg2. b–d Higher magnification TEM micrographs showing ultrastructural details of three types secretory granules. sg1 (or sg2) represents secretory granules of the first (or second) type of penetration glands and nsg are neurosecretory granules of neurosecretory cells. H oncospheral hook, HCh heterochromatin islands, HM hook musculature, m mitochondria, N nucleus, n nucleolus, NCP nerve cell process, OM oncospheral membrane, RA "rouleau"-shaped assemblages of secretory granules, SC somatic cell

Fig. 3 in Echinococcus multilocularis (Cestoda, Cyclophyllidea, Taeniidae): functional ultrastructure of the penetration glands and nerve cells within the oncosphere

Fig. 3 Enlarged details of the secretory granules sg1 in the type 1 penetration gland of Echinococcus multilocularis oncosphere and the cytochemical test of Thiéry for ultrastructural evidence of glycogen. a High power TEM micrograph showing numerous "rouleau"-shaped assemblages (RA) of the secretory granules of the type 1 penetration gland (sg1). b Cytochemical test of Thiéry showing the presence of large number of beta-glycogen particles (β-gl) around the two types of penetration glands (PG1 and PG2); results obtained after freeze substitution technique. HCh heterochromatin islands, HM hook musculature, N nucleus, OM oncospheral membrane

Fig. 6 in Echinococcus multilocularis (Cestoda, Cyclophyllidea, Taeniidae): functional ultrastructure of the penetration glands and nerve cells within the oncosphere

Fig. 6 TEM micrographs of the anterior, somatophore region of the oncosphere of Echinococcus multilocularis. a Pole of the hexacanth showing a bilateral symmetry. Note the presence of the arms of the type 1 penetration gland (PG1A) between the median (MH) and lateral (LH) pairs of oncospheral hooks. b Detail of an oncosphere with the peripheral disposition of a nerve cell process containing neurosecretory granules (nsg). c Enlarged detail of neurosecretory granules (nsg). H oncospheral hook, HM hook musculature, HRM hook region membrane, m mitochondria, OM oncospheral membrane, PG1 type 1 penetration gland, SM somatic musculature

Fig. 1 in Echinococcus multilocularis (Cestoda, Cyclophyllidea, Taeniidae): functional ultrastructure of the penetration glands and nerve cells within the oncosphere

Fig. 1 Schematic diagram illustrating localization of three secretory regions of the egg of Echinococcus multilocularis: two types of the penetration glands (PG1 and PG2) and two nerve cells (NC) of neurosecretory type. Note the oncospheral tegument composed of its peripheral anucleated layer and submerged subepithelial perikaryon and the hook region membrane surrounding the somatophore pole of the hexacanth. To simplify the diagram, some other oncospheral structures or cell types such as somatic and hook muscle systems with their

Fig. 2 in Echinococcus multilocularis (Cestoda, Cyclophyllidea, Taeniidae): functional ultrastructure of the penetration glands and nerve cells within the oncosphere

Fig. 2 Details of two infective hexacanths of Echinococcus multilocularis obtained by means of freeze substitution technique. a TEM micrograph showing the two penetration glands (PG1 and PG2) and a nerve cell (NC). Note: (i) the nucleus (N) of a nerve cell with heterochromatin islands (HCh), (ii) the presence of numerous mitochondria (m) and (iii) the neurosecretory granules (nsg) located in a nerve cell process. b Area of hexacanth with two penetration glands (PG1 and PG2). Note the "rouleau"-shaped assemblages (RA) of secretory granules of the type 1 penetration gland (sg1). H oncospheral hook, HM hook musculature, n nucleolus, OM oncospheral membrane, r ribosomes, sg2 secretory granules of the type 2 penetration gland

Fig. 4 in A new species of Versteria (Cestoda: Taeniidae) parasitizing Galictis cuja (Carnivora: Mustelidae) from Patagonia, Argentina: Morphological and molecular characterization

Fig. 4. Phylogenetic relationships of Versteria cuja n. sp. (Cestoda: Taeniidae) from the Lesser grison Galictis cuja (Molina) from Chubut province, Argentina, and other Versteria species, as inferred from mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene sequences analyzed using Maximum-Likelihood (ML) and Bayesian Inference (BI) methods. Nodal support is indicated above internodes as BI (posterior probabilities)/ML (bootstrap value); values <0.70 (BI) and <50 (ML) are indicated by a dash. The tree is drawn to ML scale, with branch lengths measured in the number of substitutions per site (below the branches).

Fig. 3 in A new species of Versteria (Cestoda: Taeniidae) parasitizing Galictis cuja (Carnivora: Mustelidae) from Patagonia, Argentina: Morphological and molecular characterization

Fig. 3. (A–H). Microphotographs of Versteria cuja n. sp. (Cestoda: Taeniidae) from the Lesser grison Galictis cuja (Molina) from Chubut province, Argentina. (A) Strobilar fragment with immature proglottids, showing longitudinal osmoregulatory canals (arrows). G¨om¨ori's trichrome. (B) Strobilar fragment with mature proglottids, showing genitalia. Langeron's carmine. (C) Detail of terminal genitalia in mature proglottid. Langeron's carmine. (D) Detail of terminal genital openings into genital atrium. Semichon's acetocarmine. (E) Detail of cirrus sac, showing prostatic gland (arrows indicating prostatic cells) covering the deferent duct. Semichon's acetocarmine. (F) Detail of seminal receptacle. Langeron's carmine. (G) Eggs in different developmental stages. Semichon's acetocarmine. (H) Eggs with mature hexacanth embryo. Semichon's acetocarmine. Abbreviations: Ci, cirrus; Cs, cirrus sac; Cst, cell stage; E, embryophore; Ga, genital atrium; Gp, genital pore; He, hexacanth embryo; Loc, longitudinal osmoregularory canals; Mw, muscular wall of genital atrium; Pg, prostatic gland; Sr, seminal receptacle; V, vagina; Vo, vaginal opening.

Fig. 2 in A new species of Versteria (Cestoda: Taeniidae) parasitizing Galictis cuja (Carnivora: Mustelidae) from Patagonia, Argentina: Morphological and molecular characterization

Fig. 2. (A–D). Rostellum and rostellar hooks of Versteria spp. (Cestoda: Taeniidae) from different mustelids. (A–C) Microphotographs of rostellum and rostellar hooks of Versteria cuja n. sp. from the Lesser grison Galictis cuja (Molina) from Chubut province, Argentina. (A) Rostellum and crown of rostellar hooks, lateral view. (B) Isolated rostellar hook. (C) Other isolated rostellar hooks showing one in detail, top right. (D) Rostellar hooks of Versteria mustelae (Gmelin, 1790) from Mustela erminea L. from Bienne, Switzerland, taken from Wahl (1967) (top row); and rostellar hooks of Versteria brachyacantha (Baer and Fain, 1951) from Poecilogale albinucha (Gray) from Butare city, Rwanda, taken from Baer and Fain (1951) (lower group). Abbreviations: b, blade; fe, folded edge; g, guard; h, handle.

Fig. 1 in A new species of Versteria (Cestoda: Taeniidae) parasitizing Galictis cuja (Carnivora: Mustelidae) from Patagonia, Argentina: Morphological and molecular characterization

Fig. 1. (A–C). Line drawings of Versteria cuja n. sp. (Cestoda: Taeniidae) from the Lesser grison Galictis cuja (Molina) from Chubut province, Argentina. (A) Scolex, showing rostellum, suckers, and neck. (B) Mature proglottid. (C) Gravid proglottid. Abbreviations: Ci, cirrus; Cs, cirrus sac; Dd, deferent duct; Ed, efferent ducts; Ga, genital atrium; Gp, genital pore; Loc, longitudinal osmoregulatory canals; Mg, Mehlis's gland; N, neck; Oo, ootype; Ov, ovary; Ovi, oviduct; Pg, prostatic gland; R, rostellum; S, suckers; Sr, seminal receptacle T, testes; Toc, transverse osmoregulatory canals; U, uterus; Ue, uterus with eggs; V, vagina; Vi, vitellarium.