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Fig. 4 in Drainage Network Morphology Influences Population Structure and Gene Flow of the Andean Water Frog (Anura: Telmatobiidae) of the Atacama Desert, Northern Chile.

Fig. 4. Results of the Geneland analysis. A: Bar plot of posterior probability density according to the number of clusters; B: posterior probability maps for the delimited clusters.

Fig. 3 in Drainage Network Morphology Influences Population Structure and Gene Flow of the Andean Water Frog (Anura: Telmatobiidae) of the Atacama Desert, Northern Chile.

Fig. 3. Pairwise FST between localities of Telmatobius pefauri obtained using mitochondrial (A) and microsatellite (B) data. The colour scale corresponding to the values of FST is shown to the right of each matrix. Significant (Bonferroni corrected) comparisons showing p <0.05, p <0.01 and p <0.001 are denoted by *, ** and ***, respectively.

Fig. 2 in Drainage Network Morphology Influences Population Structure and Gene Flow of the Andean Water Frog (Anura: Telmatobiidae) of the Atacama Desert, Northern Chile.

Fig. 2. Median-joining network based on the fragment of the analysed control region. Table 1. Indices of mitochondrial diversity, nuclear diversity, and inbreeding coefficients (FIS) by locality

Fig. 1 in Drainage Network Morphology Influences Population Structure and Gene Flow of the Andean Water Frog (Anura: Telmatobiidae) of the Atacama Desert, Northern Chile.

Fig. 1. Study area, distribution of Telmatobius pefauri. Localities, 1: Socoroma (Socoroma River); 2: Murmuntani; 3: Copaquilla; 4: Chapiquiña; 5: Belén; 6: Lupica; 7: Saxamar. Localities 2 and 3 belong to the Seco River drainage; localities 4–7 belong to the Tignamar River drainage. Basin limits are indicated with dashed lines. The inset map shows the study area (highlighted by a red box) in relation to South America. SAAD = South American Arid Diagonal.

Fig. 5 in Drainage Network Morphology Influences Population Structure and Gene Flow of the Andean Water Frog (Anura: Telmatobiidae) of the Atacama Desert, Northern Chile.

Fig. 5. Scatter plot for the first two principal components obtained in the Principal Components Analysis using SSR data.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2019View details →

Fig. 3 in Feeding habits of the threatened aquatic Andean frog Telmatobius rubigo (Anura: Telmatobiidae)

Fig. 3. Relationship between Snout-Vent Length (SVL) of Telmatobius rubigo and log-transformed mean volume of the consumed prey. The white triangle represents the indeterminate individual, grey squares represent female individuals, and black circles represent male individuals. The red line represents the linear fit estimated by the regression analysis considering all individuals.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2019View details →

Fig. 2 in Feeding habits of the threatened aquatic Andean frog Telmatobius rubigo (Anura: Telmatobiidae)

Fig. 2. Coverage-based rarefaction (solid line) and extrapolation (dotted line) curves for prey sample completeness (Hill numbers of order q = 0) of the analyzed stomachs of Telmatobius rubigo. The 95% confidence interval boundaries (gray lines) were calculated based on 200 bootstrap replicates.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2019View details →

Fig. 1 in Feeding habits of the threatened aquatic Andean frog Telmatobius rubigo (Anura: Telmatobiidae)

Fig. 1. Adult male of Telmatobius rubigo in its natural habitat in the locality of Santa Catalina, Jujuy province, Argentina. Photo by Mauricio Sebastián Akmentins. de Los Pozuelos basin (Barrionuevo and Abdala 2018; The frogs were located in the rivers through an active Barrionuevo and Baldo 2009). This fully aquatic frog search by visual encounter (Crump and Scott 1994), has a unique feeding behavior among anurans, using a during January and March 2020 (Fig. 1). The frogs specialized feeding mechanism of inertial suction to were captured manually, and the stomach contents were capture their prey (Barrionuevo 2016). Beyond this obtained in situ by the modified technique of stomach singular prey capture mechanism, the knowledge about flushing (Legler and Sullivan 1979; Solé et al. 2005), the trophic ecology of this species remains incomplete. which avoids mortality of the frogs. The stomach This study analyzed the feeding habits of the Laguna contents were individually preserved with 70% ethanol de Los Pozuelos' Rusted Frog in the desert Puna in 1.5 ml polypropylene tubes for subsequent analysis. environment of Jujuy province, Argentina. Due to the For each frog, the sex was recorded based on secondary combination of a strictly aquatic life habit and the inertial sexual characters, such as nuptial pads and keratinized suction feeding mechanism, we expected a predominance spicules on the chest (Barrionuevo and Baldo 2009). The of aquatic items in the diet of this species. Determining size of each frog was measured as the Snout-Vent Length the composition of prey can provide valuable biological (SVL) with a digital dial caliper to the nearest 0.1 mm information to better understand the ecology of this (Mitutoyo Absolute Digimatic, Kawasaki, Japan) and threatened aquatic Andean frog. each frog was weighed with a portable digital scale to the nearest 0.1 g (OHAUS, Parsippany, New Jersey, USA). Materials and Methods After diet samples and measurements were taken, the frogs were released at the capture site. The study was conducted in three localities of occurrence The stomach contents were analyzed under a of Telmatobius rubigo in Jujuy province, Argentina stereomicroscope, and prey were identified to the level (Barrionuevo and Abdala 2018): Queta, in the southern of subclass for Annelida, and to the level of order or distributional range (22°43'7.88"S, 65°58'19.71"W; family for Arthropoda. For each item (prey category), 3,548 m asl); Casa Colorada, in the western distributional the number (N), volume (V), and occurrences (F) were range (22°22'8.9"S, 66°13'29.7"W; 4,333 m asl); and calculated as both absolute and percentage values. The Santa Catalina, in the northern distributional range, volume for intact prey items was estimated according near the type locality of the species (21°56'58.2"S, to the formula used by Dunham (1983) for a prolate 66°02'21.6"W; 3,802 m asl). These localities are in the spheroid: V= 4/3 π x (prey length/2) x (prey width/2)2. Central Andean Puna ecoregion (Dinerstein et al. 1995). The representativeness of the diet sample was The climate is typical of high-altitude desert, being cold evaluated by constructing a coverage-based (species and dry with large daily thermal fluctuations. Precipitation richness) rarefaction curve for incidence data (Chao and events are scarce, occurring as snow and hail in the winter Jost 2012), using iNEXT package, version 2.0.5 (Chao et and rain in summer (Barrionuevo and Baldo 2008). al. 2016) in the program R (R Core Team 2017).

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Data from: Molecular evidence of introgression between water frog species (Anura: Telmatobiidae) in the high Andes

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FIGURE 4 in Rediscovery of the enigmatic Andean frog Telmatobius halli Noble (Anura Telmatobiidae), re-description of the tadpole and comments on new adult's characters, type locality and conservation status

FIGURE 4. Morphological details of a female of Telmatobius halli (IZUA 3531). (A) Dorsal and (B) lateral anterior body. (C) Representation of the pectoral girdle. (D) Ventral palmar and (E) plantar surfaces.

FIGURE 3 in Rediscovery of the enigmatic Andean frog Telmatobius halli Noble (Anura Telmatobiidae), re-description of the tadpole and comments on new adult's characters, type locality and conservation status

FIGURE 3. Adult female (IZUA 3530) of Telmatobius halli. (A) Dorso-lateral and (B) ventral views (in life). Ventral colour patterns (in fixative) of the specimens (C) IZUA 007, and (D) IZUA 3531. (E) Dorsal and (F) ventral views of the holotype (AMNH 44753).

FIGURE 2 in Rediscovery of the enigmatic Andean frog Telmatobius halli Noble (Anura Telmatobiidae), re-description of the tadpole and comments on new adult's characters, type locality and conservation status

FIGURE 2. The tadpole of Telmatobius halli (IZUA 3529, stage 33). (A) Lateral, (B) dorsal and (C) ventral views. (D) oral disc. Lateral view of tadpoles: (E) live specimen from "Aguas Calientes", and (F) specimen (in fixative) stored in the AMNH (4479).

FIGURE 1 in Rediscovery of the enigmatic Andean frog Telmatobius halli Noble (Anura Telmatobiidae), re-description of the tadpole and comments on new adult's characters, type locality and conservation status

FIGURE 1. Type locality of Telmatobius halli, near Ollagüe, Chile. (A) "Aguas Calientes", a warm spring (red circle), where we collected the samples identified as T. halli. Type localities of T. fronteriensis (square) and T. philippii (triangle). (B) Panoramic view of Aguas Calientes spring feeding the Carcote salt pan. (C) Close up view of the warm spring. The white and yellow arrows in B and C indicate the origin of the stream and the constructed swimming pool, respectively. The up left inset represents a physic map of South America.

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Data from: Evolution and conservation on top of the world: Phylogeography of the Marbled Water Frog (Telmatobius marmoratus species complex; Anura, Telmatobiidae) in protected areas of Chile

The Andean Altiplano has served as a complex setting throughout its history, driving dynamic processes of diversification in several taxa. We investigated phylogeographic processes in the Telmatobius marmoratus species complex occurring in this region by studying the geographic patterns of genetic variability, genealogies, and historical migration, using the cytochrome b (cyt-b) gene as a marker. DNA sequences from Telmatobius gigas and Telmatobius culeus, Bolivian species with an uncertain taxonomic status, were also included. Additionally, we evaluated the phylogenetic diversity (PD) represented within Chilean protected areas and the complementary contribution from unprotected populations. Phylogenetic reconstructions from 148 cyt-b sequences revealed 4 main clades, one of which corresponded to T. culeus. T. gigas was part of T. marmoratus clade indicating paraphyletic relationships. Haplotypes from Chilean and Bolivian sites were not reciprocally monophyletic. Geographic distribution of lineages, spatial Bayesian analysis, and migration patterns indicated that T. marmoratus displays a weaker geographic structure than expected based on habitat distribution and physiological requirements. Demographic and statistical phylogeography analyses pointed out to a scenario of recent population expansion and high connectivity events of a more recent age than the post Last Glacial Maximum, probably associated to more humid events in Altiplano. PD of T. marmoratus populations within protected areas represents 55.6% of the total estimated PD. The unprotected populations that would contribute the most to PD are Caquena and Quebe (21%). Recent evolutionary processes and paleoclimatic changes, potentially driving shifts in habitat connectivity levels and population sizes, could explain the phylogeographic patterns recovered herein.

FIGURE 6 in The taxonomic status of two Telmatobius frog species (Anura: Telmatobiidae) from the western Andean slopes of northernmost Chile

FIGURE 6. Phylogenetic relationships between Chilean and Bolivian–Altiplanic Telmatobius species. Majority-rule consensus Bayesian tree. Black circles indicate the main groups proposed by Sáez et al. (2014). The white circle indicates the node that groups the new localities with T. pefauri and T. zapahuirensis. Statistical support (bootstrap and posterior probability) is given below or above the corresponding node (MP/ML/IB). Black boxes at the right of the tree denote groups (or clades), considered in the Discriminant Analysis (see Table 3).

FIGURE 5 in The taxonomic status of two Telmatobius frog species (Anura: Telmatobiidae) from the western Andean slopes of northernmost Chile

FIGURE 5. Results of the Principal Components (A & B) and Discriminant Analysis (C) using morphological measurements of Telmatobius specimens. The percentage of the variance explained is indicated in parentheses.

FIGURE 4 in The taxonomic status of two Telmatobius frog species (Anura: Telmatobiidae) from the western Andean slopes of northernmost Chile

FIGURE 4. Body color variation of live females of Telmatobius pefauri from Socoroma (A), Copaquilla (B), Belén (C), Lupica (D) and Saxamar (D). The color of the ventral surface is shown at the right for each case. The scale for the images are at the right.

FIGURE 3 in The taxonomic status of two Telmatobius frog species (Anura: Telmatobiidae) from the western Andean slopes of northernmost Chile

FIGURE 3. Specimen of Telmatobius pefauri DBGUCH-1501049 (topotype). A-on a rock in the Murmuntani valley; B-dorsal view; C-ventral view.

FIGURE 1 in The taxonomic status of two Telmatobius frog species (Anura: Telmatobiidae) from the western Andean slopes of northernmost Chile

FIGURE 1. Geographic distribution of Telmatobius populations of the western Andean slopes in the extreme north of Chile. Zapahuira and Murmuntani are the type localities of T. zapahuirensis and T. pefauri respectively.

FIGURE 2 in The taxonomic status of two Telmatobius frog species (Anura: Telmatobiidae) from the western Andean slopes of northernmost Chile

FIGURE 2. Specimen of Telmatobius pefauri DBGUCH-1501049 (topotype) fixed in formalin. A-lateral profile of the head; B-palmar view of the arm; C-dorsal view of the body; D-Plantar view of the foot.