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opencc-by-4.0Feb 2022View details →

Data for Sentis et al. Short-term thermal acclimation modulates predator functional response

Data from the study Short-term thermal acclimation modulates predator functional response by Arnaud Sentis, Lukas Veselý, Marek Let, Martin Musil, Viktoriia Malinovska and Antonín Kouba.  The data represent the number of prey eaten for different initial prey densities, temperatures and acclimation times. The first column "temperature" represents the experimental temperature. The second column "acl.time" represents the duration of acclimation at each of the experimental temperature before the predation trials The third column "PreyDensity" represents the initial prey density at the begining of the predation trial The column "alive indiv." represents the number of prey alive at the end of the predation trial The column "dead indiv." represents the number of prey dead but not eaten at the end of the predation trial The column "indiv. into pieces" represents the number of dead prey with visible attack marks at the end of the predation trial The column "PreyEaten" represents the number of prey eaten at the end of the predation trial The column "PreyEatenNCM" represents the number of prey eaten and killed but not eaten at the end of the predation trial Each row represents a single observation (i.e. predation trial).  Predators and prey were used only once.

Fig. 5 in Expression profile of two HSP70 chaperone proteins in response to extreme thermal acclimation in Xestia c-nigrum (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Fig. 5. Xc-HSC70 mRNA expression profiles induced by cold (−7 to 5 °C) and heat (37 to 47 °C) in 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, and 6th instars and pupae of Xestia cnigrum. The relative quantities indicate the levels of the HSC70 gene transcript normalized against transcript levels of β-actin as an internal standard and compared with the transcript levels of the untreated control at 25 °C. An asterisk indicates a significant difference between the control and heat shock conditions (significant, * P <0.05). The data are denoted as the mean ± SEM (error bar).

Fig. 7 in Expression profile of two HSP70 chaperone proteins in response to extreme thermal acclimation in Xestia c-nigrum (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Fig. 7. Expression levels of 2 HSP70s at different developmental stages relative to expression levels in 2nd instars at 25 °C. The data are denoted as the mean ± SEM (error bar), and the different lowercase or uppercase letters indicate a significant differenwce in the means as assessed using multi-comparison tests (P <0.05).

Fig. 4 in Expression profile of two HSP70 chaperone proteins in response to extreme thermal acclimation in Xestia c-nigrum (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Fig. 4. Phylogenetic tree of Xc-HSC70 and Xc-HSP70 amino acid sequences from different species. A 3-letter code has been included to indicate the order name of the corresponding insect and vertebrate orders (COL = Coleoptera, LEP = Lepidoptera, DIP = Diptera, HYM = Hymenoptera, and VER =Vertebrata). The values indicated on the branches correspond to bootstrap percentages (BP).

Fig. 3 in Expression profile of two HSP70 chaperone proteins in response to extreme thermal acclimation in Xestia c-nigrum (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Fig. 3. Schematic structure of the Xc-HSC70 gene. Exons are shown as boxes in which white boxes represent untranslated regions, whereas the black boxes are the protein-coding exons; introns are indicated as lines between the boxes. The numbers above and below the drawing represent the sizes (base pairs) of each exon and intron, respectively. The start codon (ATG) and stop codon (TAA) are also indicated. The genomic DNA sequence of Xc-HSC70 has been deposited in GenBank under accession no. KF731994.

Fig. 2 in Expression profile of two HSP70 chaperone proteins in response to extreme thermal acclimation in Xestia c-nigrum (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Fig. 2. Nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of the Xc-HSP70 gene. The signature sequences of the HSP70 family are shown in boxes, the nuclear localization signal sequence is underlined, the consensus sequence EEVD at the C-terminus is indicated in italics, and the start and stop codons are in bold. The nucleotides and amino acids are numbered along the lef and right margins. The sequence encoding Xc-HSP70 has been deposited in GenBank under accession no. HQ698836.

Fig. 1 in Expression profile of two HSP70 chaperone proteins in response to extreme thermal acclimation in Xestia c-nigrum (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Fig. 1. Nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of Xc-HSC70. The signature sequences of the HSP70 family are shown in boxes, the nuclear localization signal sequence is underlined, the consensus sequence EEVD at the C-terminus is indicated in italics, and the start and stop codons are in bold. The nucleotides and amino acids are numbered along the lef and right margins. The sequence encoding Xc-HSC70 has been deposited in GenBank under accession no. KC844151.

opencc-zeroJul 2021View details →

Sexual (in)equality? A meta-analysis of sex differences in thermal acclimation capacity across ectotherms

1. Climate change is putting the fate of ectothermic animals at stake because their body temperature closely tracks environmental temperatures. The ability to adjust thermal limits and preference through acclimation (i.e., acclimation capacity) may compensate for temperature changes. However, although necessary for forecasting the future of ectotherms in a changing climate, knowledge on the factors modulating these plastic responses is fragmentary. For instance, the influence of an animal's sex in driving acclimation capacity has been underappreciated. 2. Here, we present the first systematic review and meta-analysis on sex differences in thermal acclimation capacity. Using 239 effect sizes from 37 studies and 44 species, we revealed that males and females did not differ significantly in their overall capacity to acclimate their thermal limits and preference. However, in some instances, females expressed significantly greater plastic responses than males. 3. In wild animals, females had a greater heat tolerance plasticity than males. In addition, females had a greater cold tolerance plasticity in terrestrial habitats, but the strength and direction of this sexual dimorphism was associated with the duration of acclimation. We also found a negative correlation between body mass and plasticity. Finally, we demonstrated that the capacity for each sex to adjust their thermal tolerance and preference was remarkably limited. 4. It is important to acknowledge that the above effects were weak and heterogeneous. Hence, in the species we investigated, minor differences in acclimation capacity may not translate into major ecological mismatch between sexes with climate change. 5. Our systematic review also revealed that over 75% of the studies we identified either did not report or confounded the sex of the animals. This under-reporting may cause to overlook ecologically relevant sex differences in plasticity in ectothermic taxa. We stress the need for further research on sex-based responses to temperatures. 6. Our synthesis provides additional evidence that the capacity for ectotherms to acclimate to temperatures is limited, and likely insufficient to compensate for the impacts of climate change.

opencc-zeroSep 2023View details →

Acclimation capacity of critical thermal maximum varies among populations: Consequences for estimates of vulnerability

Adaptive plasticity in thermal tolerance traits may buffer organisms against changing temperatures, making such responses of particular interest in the face of global climate change. Although population variation is integral to the evolvability of this trait, many studies inferring proxies of physiological vulnerability from thermal tolerance traits extrapolate data from one or few populations to represent the species. Estimates of physiological vulnerability can be further complicated by methodological effects associated with experimental design. We evaluated how populations varied in their acclimation capacity (i.e., the magnitude of plasticity) for critical thermal maximum (CTmax) in two species of tailed frogs (Ascaphidae), cold-stream specialists. We used the estimates of acclimation capacity to infer physiological vulnerability to future warming. We performed CTmax experiments on tadpoles from 14 populations using a fully factorial experimental design of two holding temperatures (8℃, 15℃) and two experimental starting temperatures (8℃, 15℃). This design allowed us to investigate the acute effects of transferring organisms from one holding temperature to a different experimental starting temperature, as well as fully acclimated responses by using the same holding and starting temperature. We found that most populations exhibited beneficial acclimation, where CTmax was higher in tadpoles held at a warmer temperature, but populations varied markedly in magnitude of the response and the inferred physiological vulnerability to future warming. We also found that the response of transferring organisms to different starting temperatures varied substantially among populations, although accounting for acute effects did not greatly alter estimates of physiological vulnerability at the species-level or for most populations. These results underscore the importance of sampling widely among populations when inferring physiological vulnerability, as population variation in acclimation capacity and thermal sensitivity may be critical when assessing vulnerability to future warming.

publicOct 2024View details →

Data For: Diet changes thermal acclimation capacity, but not acclimation rate in a marine ectotherm (Girella nigricans) during warming

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publicJul 2021View details →

Sexual (in)equality? A meta-analysis of sex differences in thermal acclimation capacity across ectotherms

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publicSep 2023View details →

Acclimation capacity of critical thermal maximum varies among populations: Consequences for estimates of vulnerability

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publicJul 2024View details →

Data from: Dynamic effects of thermal acclimation on chytridiomycosis infection intensity and transmission potential in Xenopus laevis

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opencc-zeroDec 2020View details →

Data from: Are acute and acclimated thermal effects on metabolic rate modulated by cell size? A comparison between diploid and triploid zebrafish larvae

Being composed of small cells may carry energetic costs related to maintaining ionic gradients across cell membranes as well as benefits related to diffusive oxygen uptake. Here we test the hypothesis that these costs and benefits of cell size in ectotherms are temperature dependent. To study the consequences of cell size for whole-organism metabolic rate we compared diploid and triploid zebrafish larvae differing in cell size. A fully factorial design was applied combining three different rearing and test temperatures that allowed us to distinguish acute from acclimated thermal effects. Individual oxygen consumption rates of diploid and triploid larvae across declining levels of oxygen availability were measured. We found that both acute and acclimated thermal effects affected the metabolic response. In comparison to triploids, diploids responded more strongly to acute temperatures, especially when reared at the highest temperature. These observations support the hypothesis that animals composed of smaller cells (i.e. diploids) are less vulnerable to oxygen limitation in warm aquatic habitats. Furthermore, we found slightly improved hypoxia tolerance in diploids. By contrast, warm-reared triploids had higher metabolic rates when they were tested at acute cold temperature, suggesting that being composed of larger cells may provide metabolic advantages in the cold. We offer two mechanisms as a potential explanation of this result, related to homeoviscous adaptation of membrane function and the mitigation of developmental noise. Our results suggest that being composed of larger cells provides metabolic advantages in cold water, while being composed of smaller cells provides metabolic advantages in warm water.

opencc-zeroMar 2020View details →

Differences in oxidative status explain variation in thermal acclimation capacity between individual zebrafish (Danio rerio)

1. Evolutionary theory predicts that the capacity to acclimate should be favoured in variable environments. However, perfect compensation for thermal variation is rare and the capacity for thermal acclimation can vary considerably between individuals within natural populations. This variation may be explained by costs associated with acclimation, but it is not clear what these costs are. 2. We tested the hypothesis that oxidative stress is a cost of acclimation that could explain the variation between individuals in acclimation capacity. We acclimated individual mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki, n = 416) to 18oC and 28oC sequentially, and determined swimming performance at each temperature to evaluate their acclimation capacity. Fish were then acclimated to either cold (18oC) or warm (28oC) conditions, and we increased antioxidant capacities of a subset of fish experimentally by administering N-acetyl cysteine (NAC). We measured H2O2 production, catalase antioxidant activities, and oxidative damage to proteins and membranes. 3. We show that there is significant variation in acclimation capacity between individuals, and that there is a trade-off between acclimation capacity and swimming performance in warm conditions. Mean swimming performance across both acclimation temperatures increased with increasing acclimation capacity, but the increase was small biologically. Hence, greater thermal plasticity (high acclimation capacity) resulted in only minor performance benefits across acclimation conditions. We verified this rather surprising result in replicate populations grown in outdoor mesocosms. 4. ROS production, antioxidant activities, and oxidative damage were higher in cold-acclimated fish, and particularly in those fish with low capacity for acclimation. However, experimentally increasing antioxidant capacities with NAC alleviated these changes to oxidative status, suggesting a causal relationship. Hence, oxidative stress may be a cost that constrains the capacity for acclimation. Together, the performance trade-off and oxidative cost indicate that phenotypic plasticity is not always advantageous in variable environments, and instead bet-hedging may be a more beneficial strategy, particularly in short-lived species.

opencc-zeroNov 2023View details →

Variable influence of photosynthetic thermal acclimation on future carbon uptake in Australian wooded ecosystems under climate change

Climate change will impact gross primary productivity (GPP), net primary productivity (NPP), and carbon storage in wooded ecosystems. The extent of change will be influenced by thermal acclimation of photosynthesis – the ability of plants to adjust net photosynthetic rates in response to growth temperatures – yet regional differences in acclimation effects among wooded ecosystems are currently unknown. We examined the effects of changing climate on 17 Australian wooded ecosystems with and without the effects of thermal acclimation of C3 photosynthesis. Ecosystems were drawn from five ecoregions (tropical savanna, tropical forest, Mediterranean woodlands, temperate woodlands, and temperate forests) that span Australia's climatic range. We used the CABLE-POP land surface model adapted with thermal acclimation functions and forced with HadGEM2-ES climate projections from RCP8.5. For each site and ecoregion, we examined a) effects of climate change on GPP, NPP, and live tree carbon storage; and b) impacts of thermal acclimation of photosynthesis on simulated changes. Between the end of the historical (1976–2005) and projected (2070–2099) periods, simulated annual carbon uptake increased in the majority of ecosystems by 26.1 to 63.3% for GPP and 15 to 61.5% for NPP. Thermal acclimation of photosynthesis further increased GPP and NPP in tropical savannas by 27.2% and 22.4% and by 11% and 10.1% in tropical forests with positive effects concentrated in the wet season (tropical savannas) and the warmer months (tropical forests). We predicted minimal effects of thermal acclimation of photosynthesis on GPP, NPP and carbon storage in Mediterranean woodlands, temperate woodlands and temperate forests. Overall, positive effects were strongly enhanced by increasing CO2 concentrations under RCP8.5. We conclude that the direct effects of climate change will enhance carbon uptake and storage in Australian wooded ecosystems (likely due to CO2 enrichment) and that benefits of thermal acclimation of photosynthesis will be restricted to tropical ecoregions.

opencc-zeroApr 2024View details →

Acclimation of thermal tolerance in juvenile plants from three biomes is supressed when extremes co-occur

Given the rising frequency of thermal extremes (heatwaves and cold snaps) due to climate change, comprehending how a plant's origin affects its thermal tolerance breadth becomes vital. We studied juvenile plants from three biomes: temperate coastal rainforest, desert, and alpine. In controlled settings, plants underwent hot days and cold nights in a factorial design to examine thermal tolerance acclimation. We assessed thermal thresholds (Tcrit-hot and Tcrit-cold) and thermal tolerance breadth (TTB). We hypothesised that: 1) desert species would show the highest heat tolerance, alpine the greatest cold tolerance, with temperate species intermediate; 2) all species would increase heat tolerance post hot days and cold tolerance after cold nights; 3) combined exposure would broaden TTB more than individual conditions, especially in desert and alpine species. We found that biome responses were minor compared to the responses to the extreme temperature treatments. All plants increased thermal tolerance in response to hot 40°C days (Tcrit-hot increased by ~3.5°C) but there was minimal change in Tcrit-cold in response to the cold -2°C nights. In contrast, when exposed to both hot days and cold nights, on average plants exhibited an antagonistic response in TTB, where cold tolerance decreased and heat tolerance was reduced, and so we did not see the bi-directional expansion we hypothesised. There was, however, considerable variation among species in these responses. As climate change intensifies, plant communities, especially in transitional seasons, will regularly face such temperature swings. Our results shed light on potential plant responses under these extremes, emphasizing the need for deeper species-specific thermal acclimation insights, ultimately guiding conservation efforts.

opencc-zeroJan 2022View details →

Data from: Using metabolic theory to describe temperature and thermal acclimation effects on parasitic infection

Predicting temperature effects on species interactions can be challenging, especially for parasitism where it is difficult to experimentally separate host and parasite thermal performance curves. Prior authors proposed a possible solution based on the metabolic theory of ecology (MTE), using MTE-based equations to describe the thermal mismatch between host and parasite performance curves and account for thermal acclimation responses. Here we use published infection data, supplemented with experiments measuring metabolic responses to temperature in each species, to show that this modeling framework can successfully describe thermal acclimation effects on two different stages of infection in a tadpole-trematode system. All thermal acclimation effects on host performance manifested as changes in one key model parameter (activation energy), with measurements of host respiration generating similar MTE parameter estimates and acclimation effects compared to measurements of the host's ability to clear encysted parasites. This result suggests that metabolic parameter estimates for whole-body metabolism can sometimes be used to estimate temperature effects on host and parasite performance curves. However, we found different thermal patterns for measurements of host prevention of initial parasite encystment emphasizing potential challenges when applying MTE-based models to complex parasite-host systems with multiple distinct stages of infection.