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Fig. 1 in Identification of freshwater snail species and survey of their trematode infections in Ordos, China

Fig. 1. Morphological characteristics of major freshwater snails in the Ordos area. a: Bellamya aeruginosa; b, c: Radix plicatula; d: Gyraulus convexiusculus; e, f: Galba pervia.

Fig. 5 in Renal trematode infection due to Paratanaisia bragai in zoo housed Columbiformes and a red bird-of-paradise (Paradisaea rubra)

Fig. 5. Allopeas clavulinum one of two subulinid snails possibly acting as intermediate host for the Paratanaisia bragai infection, found in one of the aviaries housing several of the cases.

Fig. 4 in Renal trematode infection due to Paratanaisia bragai in zoo housed Columbiformes and a red bird-of-paradise (Paradisaea rubra)

Fig. 4. Emerald dove case: Kidney with dilated collecting ducts and numerous cross section of trematodes (arrow) with minimal inflammation. HE.

Fig. 1 in Renal trematode infection due to Paratanaisia bragai in zoo housed Columbiformes and a red bird-of-paradise (Paradisaea rubra)

Fig. 1. Red bird-of-paradise case. (A) Renal flukes in collecting ducts (arrows) with minimal inflammatory changes. HE. (B) Necrosis and granulomatous nephritis surrounding trematode eggs (arrow). HE.

Fig. 3. Socorro dove case 2 in Renal trematode infection due to Paratanaisia bragai in zoo housed Columbiformes and a red bird-of-paradise (Paradisaea rubra)

Fig. 3. Socorro dove case 2. (A) Asymmetrically enlarged pale tan left and atrophic / cystic right kidney. Macroscopic view. (B) Kidney with focally extensive central necrosis surrounding fluke eggs (arrow) and surrounding granulomatous inflammatory reaction. HE. (C) Kidney with chronic granulomatous tubulointerstitial nephritis surrounding free trematode eggs. HE.

Fig. 2. Socorro dove case 1 in Renal trematode infection due to Paratanaisia bragai in zoo housed Columbiformes and a red bird-of-paradise (Paradisaea rubra)

Fig. 2. Socorro dove case 1. (A) Kidneys with cranial atrophy, haemorrhage and caudal polar gout deposition and also pericardial gout deposition. Macroscopic view. (B) Cystic dilation of collecting ducts, haemorrhage and granulomatous nephritis. HE.

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Fig. 2 in Submicroscopic Changes In The Hepatopancreas Of Freshwater Mollusks Infected With Parthenites Of Trematodes Echinoparyphium Aconiatum (Echinostomida) And Plagiorchis Elegans (Plagiorchiida)

Fig. 2. Changes in the cells of the L. stagnalis hepatopancreas acinus with a high degree of invasion with parthenitis: A: Walls of a hepatopancreas acinus of a mollusk infected with E. aconiatum: 1 — collagen fibers; 2 — hepatic cell; 3 — lime cells; 4 — karyorrhexis. (Electronogram ×1000); B: hepatic cells of the hepatopancreas of a mollusk infected with E. aconiatum: 1 — fragments of a destroyed hepatic cell. (Electronogram ×10000); C: Lime cells of the hepatopancreas of the mollusk infected with P. elegans: 1 — interlobular fibrous connective tissue; 2 — hepatic cell; 3 — lime cell. (Electronogram × 6500); D: Cells of the hepatopancreas acinus of the mollusk infected with P. elegans: 1 — hepatic cell; 2 — lime cell. (Electronogram ×15000).

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Fig. 1 in Submicroscopic Changes In The Hepatopancreas Of Freshwater Mollusks Infected With Parthenites Of Trematodes Echinoparyphium Aconiatum (Echinostomida) And Plagiorchis Elegans (Plagiorchiida)

Fig. 1. Acinus of L. stagnalis hepatopancreas: A: Cells of L. stagnalis hepatopancreas acinus: 1 — hepatic cell; 2 — lime cell. (Electronogram ×4800); B: Hepatic and lime cells of a L. stagnalis hepatopancreas fragment undamaged by trematode parthenitis: 1 — hepatic cell; 2 — nucleus; 3 — heterochromatin; 4 — pore in the nuclear envelope; 5 — perinuclear space; 6 — the lumen of the acinus; 7 — lime cell; 8 — the nucleus of the lime cell. (Electronogram ×13000).

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Рис. 8. ОтноситеΛьная преΑставΛенность транскриптов патогенраспознающих рецепторов в гемоцитах моΛΛюсков Planorbarius corneus, заражённых трематоΑами Bilharziella polonica (I) и незаражённых особей (N) Fig. 8. Relative number of transcripts of pattern recognition receptors from hemocytes of Planorbarius corneus molluscs infected with Bilharziella polonica trematodes (I) and uninfected individuals (N) in Pathogen recognition molecules from hemocytes of Planorbarius corneus molluscs (Planorbidae, Pulmonata)

Рис. 8. ОтноситеΛьная преΑставΛенность транскриптов патогенраспознающих рецепторов в гемоцитах моΛΛюсков Planorbarius corneus, заражённых трематоΑами Bilharziella polonica (I) и незаражённых особей (N) Fig. 8. Relative number of transcripts of pattern recognition receptors from hemocytes of Planorbarius corneus molluscs infected with Bilharziella polonica trematodes (I) and uninfected individuals (N)

Fig. 4 in Filtration and respiration responses of mussels (Mytilus edulis) to trematode parasite infections (Renicola roscovita) and transient heat exposure

Fig. 4. Filtration rate in relation to infection intensity (metacercariae mussel– 1) for small (A) and large (B) mussels. Generalized Additive Mixed Models (GAMMs) predictions (lines) and 95 % CIs (shaded area) are conditioned on the average time points. Each point represents filtration measurement per minute and each stratum shows temporal filtration of one mussel.

Fig. 3 in Filtration and respiration responses of mussels (Mytilus edulis) to trematode parasite infections (Renicola roscovita) and transient heat exposure

Fig. 3. Linear mixed models of filtration and respiration rates of small (A, C) and large (B, D) M. edulis, either uninfected (light blue) or infected (light pink) with Renicola roscovita under a constant temperature of 17 ◦C. The bottom red line in the subplot B indicates the interval of significant difference between smoothers. The shaded area represents 95 % CIs. Each point represents the filtration or respiration rate measured minutely. The sample size for each group of small or large mussels was 9–18 and 9–16 for infected and uninfected, respectively. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 2 in Filtration and respiration responses of mussels (Mytilus edulis) to trematode parasite infections (Renicola roscovita) and transient heat exposure

Fig. 2. Post-warming scaled mussel filtration (A) and respiration (B) in relation to infection intensity. Generalized Additive Mixed Models (GAMMs) predictions (lines) and 95 % CIs (shaded area) are conditioned on the average post-warming time points. Individual points represent filtration or respiration measured every 5 min and each stratum represents measurements of one mussel.

Fig. 1. Mussel filtration and respiration responses during Experiment 1 in Filtration and respiration responses of mussels (Mytilus edulis) to trematode parasite infections (Renicola roscovita) and transient heat exposure

Fig. 1. Mussel filtration and respiration responses during Experiment 1. Generalized Additive Mixed Models (GAMMs) of responses of small size mussels uninfected and infected with Renicola roscovita during exposure to a constant mild temperature (for 5 h) followed by a 24-h thermal fluctuation. Each point represents filtration or respiration measurement per 5 min (shaded areas represent 95 % CIs). Sample size for each group was 8 and 11 for infected and uninfected, respectively. The negative values recorded during the metabolic depression phase are due to extra random variation in the measurement, variability between individuals and the white noise of oximeter device.

Fig. 5 in Trematode infection affects shell shape and size in Bulinus tropicus

Fig. 5. Difference in mean shell shape between an uninfected Bulinus tropicus (A), an infected B. tropicus (all types of infections collectively; B), and a B. tropicus infected by Petasiger sp. 5 (C). Each of the displayed specimens is the specimen nearest to the group mean in morphospace (Fig. 4). The differences in Procrustes shape coordinates among these specimens are visualized with vectors (vector length magnification = ×2.5).

Fig. 4 in Trematode infection affects shell shape and size in Bulinus tropicus

Fig. 4. Morphospace occupation plot reconstructed by non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) on the Procrustes shape coordinates of 198 individuals of Bulinus tropicus from Lake Kasenda. Blue circles indicate uninfected specimens, orange symbols infected specimens, with ∇ = single infection by Echinoparyphium sp.; Δ = single infection by Austrodiplostomum sp. 2; □ = single infection by Plagiorchiida sp. I; ◊ = single infection by Petasiger sp. 5; ○ = any other infection. Filled symbols indicate the mean shape for each infection group, and the filled orange circle represents the mean of all trematode-infected snails. Vectors indicate the shape changes by any of these infection types compared to uninfected specimens. These differences are further illustrated in Fig. 5. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 3 in Trematode infection affects shell shape and size in Bulinus tropicus

Fig. 3. Variation in centroid size (CS) of Bulinus tropicus shells depending on infection status. Median CS values are illustrated as thick lines within the boxes, first and third quartiles as the upper and lower hinges. The whiskers extend from the hinges to the highest or lowest values (for upper and lower whisker, respectively) within 1.5 x the inter-quartile range of the corresponding hinge (Wickham 2016). Each dot represents an individual snail.

Fig. 1 in Trematode infection affects shell shape and size in Bulinus tropicus

Fig. 1. Illustration of a Bulinus shell with indication of our ten landmark points and four semi-landmark curves, numbered with roman numbers I to IV and indicating the original number of equidistant semi-landmarks between brackets. Shell height = 8 mm.

Fig. 2 in Trematode infection affects shell shape and size in Bulinus tropicus

Fig. 2. Haplotype network of the 227 Bulinus tropicus specimens from Lake Kasenda that were barcoded for a fragment of COX1. Circle area is proportional to the number of specimens of each haplotype (smallest circle = 1 specimen, largest = 104). Single nucleotide polymorphisms between the haplotypes are represented by dashes on the connecting branches. For each haplotype the proportion of snails that are uninfected or infected (any trematode infection), as derived from RD-PCR results, is indicated in grey and white, respectively. Labels refer to the haplotypes used in Supplementary Table 3.

Fig. 3 in Prevalence of fish-borne zoonotic trematode infection in Jilin Province, China

Fig. 3. The phylogenetic tree of FZTs obtained in this study with other trematodes based on ITS sequences. ITS sequences of C. sinensis, M. orientalis and E. japonicus from fish were obtained and compared. They had the same similarity and were deposited into NCBI (No. MW828640, MW828729 and MW828605). The phylogenetic relationship between the FZTs obtained in this study and other trematodes based on ITS sequences was analyzed via MP, NJ and ML using A. chongqingens as the outgroup. The scale bar indicates an evolutionary distance of 0.10 substitutions per site in the sequence. The ITS sequences of C. sinensis, M. orientalis and E. japonicus obtained in this study (marked with *) was 100% consistent with the sequences of C. sinensis (MF319654), M. orientalis (MK482055) and E. japonicus (KT873314) deposited in NCBI GenBank.

Fig. 5 in Prevalence of fish-borne zoonotic trematode infection in Jilin Province, China

Fig. 5. The prevalence of FZTs in different months in wild freshwater fish in Jilin Province, China. The prevalence of FZTs in freshwater fish gradually increased and then decreased, with the highest prevalence of C. sinensis and E. japonicus in August and the highest prevalence of M. orientalis in September. *p <0.05 was considered to be a significant difference, and the prevalence in November was used as a control. The significances of C. sinensis, M. orientalis and E. japonicus in different months are marked in red *, green * and blue *, respectively. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)