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Fig. 6 in Nihonella gen. nov., a new troglophilic genus of dwarf spiders from Japan with a discussion on its phylogenetic position within the subfamily Erigoninae (Araneae, Linyphiidae)

Fig. 6. Distribution of Nihonella chika gen. et. sp. nov. in Western Japan. The star refers to the type locality.

Fig. 4 in Nihonella gen. nov., a new troglophilic genus of dwarf spiders from Japan with a discussion on its phylogenetic position within the subfamily Erigoninae (Araneae, Linyphiidae)

Fig. 4. Embolic division and details of the male palp of Nihonella chika gen. et. sp. nov. A. ♂, paratype (NSMT-Ar 20911), embolic division, ventro-retrolateral view. B. Ditto, frontal view. C. Ditto, dorsal view. D. Ditto, ventral view. E. ♂, paratype (NSMT-Ar 20910), palp under SEM microscope, anteroretrolateral view. F. Ditto, detail of the tip of the prolateral tibial apophysis. Abbreviations: see Material and methods.

Fig. 2 in Nihonella gen. nov., a new troglophilic genus of dwarf spiders from Japan with a discussion on its phylogenetic position within the subfamily Erigoninae (Araneae, Linyphiidae)

Fig. 2. Genitalia of Nihonella chika gen. et. sp. nov. A. ♂, holotype (NSMT-Ar 20909), palp, retrolateral view. B. Ditto, prolateral view. C. Ditto, dorsal view. D. Ditto, ventral view. E. ♀, paratype (NSMT- Ar 20910), epigyne, ventral view. F. Ditto, dorsal view. G. Ditto, posterior view. H. Ditto, vulva after being cleared, ventral view. Scale bars: A–D = 0.2 mm; E–H = 0.1 mm.

Fig. 1 in Nihonella gen. nov., a new troglophilic genus of dwarf spiders from Japan with a discussion on its phylogenetic position within the subfamily Erigoninae (Araneae, Linyphiidae)

Fig. 1. Habitus and habitat of Nihonella chika gen. et. sp. nov. A. ♂, holotype (NSMT-Ar 20909), habitus, dorsal view. B. Ditto, ventral view. C. Ditto, lateral view. D. ♀, paratype (NSMT-Ar 20910), habitus, dorsal view. E. Ditto, ventral view. F. Ditto, lateral view. G. Ditto, cephalic region, frontal view. H. Entrance of Anatoyama Cave, type locality of the species. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Fig. 3 in Nihonella gen. nov., a new troglophilic genus of dwarf spiders from Japan with a discussion on its phylogenetic position within the subfamily Erigoninae (Araneae, Linyphiidae)

Fig. 3. Nihonella chika gen. et. sp. nov. A. ♂, holotype (NSMT-Ar 20909), palp, retrolateral view. B. Ditto, prolateral view.C. Ditto, ventral view. D. Ditto, palpal tibia, dorsal view. E. ♀, paratype (NSMT- Ar 20910), epigyne, ventral view. F. Ditto, dorsal view. G. Ditto, vulva, dorsal view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.

Fig. 5 in Nihonella gen. nov., a new troglophilic genus of dwarf spiders from Japan with a discussion on its phylogenetic position within the subfamily Erigoninae (Araneae, Linyphiidae)

Fig. 5. Bayesian inference phylogenetic tree of Erigoninae and other subfamilies of Linyphiidae based on the five concatenated genes discussed in the text. Each color denotes a different subfamily while the Savignia group is indicated in blue. The phylogenetic position of the genus Nihonella gen. nov. is highlighted in red. Numbers at each node denote posterior probability support. Branch lengths are scaled in relation to the number of substitutions per site.

FIGURES 75–86 in New troglobitic and troglophilic syntopic species of Endecous (Orthoptera, Grylloidea, Phalangopsidae) from a Brazilian cave: a case of sympatric speciation?

FIGURES 75–86. Morphological variations in phallic sclerites of new species of Endecous. 75–77, 81–83. Endecous (Pedroecous) didymus n. sp. (ISLA 43329, 43336* and 43338) in dorsal and dorsal view tilted posteriorly, respectively. 78–80, 84–86. Endecous (Pedroecous) troglobius n. sp. (ISLA 77745; 43342* and 77746) in dorsal and dorsal view tilted posteriorly, respectively. Legend: dashed red line indicates the internal angle average of the pseudepiphallic dorsal branch; the angle was calculate in ventral view, from the basal distance of the extension of the Ps.db with respect to the apical portion; blue slice indicate the area (mm²) of pseudepiphallic arm "field", calculated in dorsal view, inclined posteriorly; *phallic complex used in description of new species.

FIGURES 35–40 in New troglobitic and troglophilic syntopic species of Endecous (Orthoptera, Grylloidea, Phalangopsidae) from a Brazilian cave: a case of sympatric speciation?

FIGURES 35–40. Chromosomes of Endecous (Pedroecous) didymus n. sp. and Endecous (Pedroecous) troglobius n. sp. 35–Karyotype of E. (P.) didymus n. sp.; 36–Karyotype of E. (P.) troglobius n. sp.; 37–40. E. (P.) didymus n. sp. cell meiosis, 37–Initial Diplotene; 38–Diplotene; 39–Metaphase I; 40–Spermatogonial metaphase (polar view). Conventions: arrow indicate secondary constriction in bivalent pair 1; X=sexual chromosome; bar beside chromosome 6 indicates that the homologue was not found.

FIGURES 56–59 in New troglobitic and troglophilic syntopic species of Endecous (Orthoptera, Grylloidea, Phalangopsidae) from a Brazilian cave: a case of sympatric speciation?

FIGURES 56–59. Endecous (Pedroecous) troglobius n. sp. holotype's legs morphology. 56–leg III, subapical and apical spurs, outer view; 57–leg III, subapical and apical spurs, inner view; 58–leg I (outer view) and leg II (outer view, little spur (λ) apex of the tibia); 59–leg I (inner view and tympanum), and leg II (inner view, little spur (μ) apex of the tibia).

FIGURES 16-19 in New troglobitic and troglophilic syntopic species of Endecous (Orthoptera, Grylloidea, Phalangopsidae) from a Brazilian cave: a case of sympatric speciation?

FIGURES 16-19. Endecous (Pedroecous) didymus n. sp. holotype's legs morphology. 16–leg III, subapical and apical spurs, outer view; 17–leg III, subapical and apical spurs, inner view; 18–leg I (outer view) and leg II (outer view, little spur (λ) apex of the tibia); 19–leg I (inner view and tympanum) and leg II (inner view, little spur (μ) apex of the tibia).

FIGURES 8-15 in New troglobitic and troglophilic syntopic species of Endecous (Orthoptera, Grylloidea, Phalangopsidae) from a Brazilian cave: a case of sympatric speciation?

FIGURES 8-15. Endecous (Pedroecous) didymus n. sp. holotype morphology. 8–9, head in front, lateral and dorsal view, respectively; 10–pronotum, dorsal view; 11–right tegmen, dorsal view; 12–right tegmen and pronotum, lateral view; 13–subgenital and supranal plate, phallic sclerite, lateral view; 14–subgenital plate, ventral view; 15–supranal plate, dorsal view. Conventions: m., mirror; h., harp; b.f., basal field; l.f., lateral field.

FIGURE 1 in New troglobitic and troglophilic syntopic species of Endecous (Orthoptera, Grylloidea, Phalangopsidae) from a Brazilian cave: a case of sympatric speciation?

FIGURE 1 (A and B). (A) Type locality of Endecous species from South America (excepting Minas Gerais State); (B) Type locality of Endecous species from Minas Gerais State. (*) Uncertain locality, possibly between the border between the States of Minas Gerais and Bahia, described for the first time as "Sierra Geral".

FIGURES 20–25 in New troglobitic and troglophilic syntopic species of Endecous (Orthoptera, Grylloidea, Phalangopsidae) from a Brazilian cave: a case of sympatric speciation?

FIGURES 20–25. Right tegmen of Endecous (Pedroecous) didymus n. sp. in dorsal and lateral view. 20–holotype (ISLA 43330); 21–paratype (ISLA 15696); 22–paratype (ISLA 15697); 23–paratype (ISLA 43329); 24–paratype (ISLA 43336) and 25–paratype (ISLA 43338).

FIGURE 29 in Mecogonopodium carpathicum n. sp. (Diplopoda: Chordeumatida: Attemsiidae), a new troglophilic millipede from Slovakia

FIGURE 29. Distribution map of the family Attemsiidae (grey fields) and individual species of the genus Mecogonopodium: full (black) triangle – M. bohiniense (Slovenia), empty triangle – M. zirianum (Slovenia), full (black) ring – M. carpathicum n. sp. (Slovakia).

FIGURES 16–19. Mecogonopodium carpathicum n in Mecogonopodium carpathicum n. sp. (Diplopoda: Chordeumatida: Attemsiidae), a new troglophilic millipede from Slovakia

FIGURES 16–19. Mecogonopodium carpathicum n. sp., male, anterior gonopods (legs 8). 16, anterior view. 17, ventrolateral view. 18, posterior view. 19, ventral view. CH = cheirite, SX = syncoxite, arrows in Fig. 16 indicate small inner projections of cheirite. Scale bar: 0.2 mm.

FIGURES 2–6. Mecogonopodium carpathicum n in Mecogonopodium carpathicum n. sp. (Diplopoda: Chordeumatida: Attemsiidae), a new troglophilic millipede from Slovakia

FIGURES 2–6. Mecogonopodium carpathicum n. sp. 2, male antenna. 3, head capsule of male, frontal view. 4, male gnathochilarium. 5, dorsal (a) and lateral (b) view of the male metatergite 15 with position of macrosetae. 6, female vulvae, ventral view. B = bursa, OP = operculum. Scale bar: 0.2 mm. Figures 3 and 5 taken without scale.

FIGURES 12–15. Mecogonopodium carpathicum n in Mecogonopodium carpathicum n. sp. (Diplopoda: Chordeumatida: Attemsiidae), a new troglophilic millipede from Slovakia

FIGURES 12–15. Mecogonopodium carpathicum n. sp., male. 12, surface of juvenile midbody segment, detail of structure. 13, left leg 7 of male, anterior view. 14, left leg 7 of male, posterior view. 15, detail of the coxal projection of the leg 7. CP = coxal projection TP = tarsal papillation, SE = flattened seta. Scale bar: 0.2 mm.

FIGURES 7–11. Mecogonopodium carpathicum n in Mecogonopodium carpathicum n. sp. (Diplopoda: Chordeumatida: Attemsiidae), a new troglophilic millipede from Slovakia

FIGURES 7–11. Mecogonopodium carpathicum n. sp., holotype male. 7, left leg 1, posterior view. 8, left leg 2, posterior view. 9, left leg 7, posterior view. 10, anterior gonopodes (legs 8), anterior view. 11, posterior gonopods (legs 9), anterior view. CS = coxal sacs, CH = cheirite, CP = coxal projection, SX = syncoxite. Scale bar: 0.2 mm.

FIGURES 20–26. Mecogonopodium carpathicum n in Mecogonopodium carpathicum n. sp. (Diplopoda: Chordeumatida: Attemsiidae), a new troglophilic millipede from Slovakia

FIGURES 20–26. Mecogonopodium carpathicum n. sp., male. 20, posterior gonopods (legs 9), anterior view. 21, posterior gonopods, posterior view. 22, apical part of posterior gonopod with conical projection (CC). 23–24, legs 10 and 25– 26, legs 11 with details of the sacs on the coxae. CC = conical projection, TP = tarsal papillation, CS = coxal sacs. Scale bar: 0.2 mm.

FIGURES 27–28. Mecogonopodium carpathicum n in Mecogonopodium carpathicum n. sp. (Diplopoda: Chordeumatida: Attemsiidae), a new troglophilic millipede from Slovakia

FIGURES 27–28. Mecogonopodium carpathicum n. sp., female, vulvae. 27, ventral view. 28, vento-lateral view from right. Scale bar: 0.2 mm.