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38 results for “United States Assessments”
Assessing Plant Phenological Character Displacement Across the Eastern United States Since 1895
Reproductive character displacement has long been hypothesized to be a key determinant of speciation and co-existence in flowering plants. A central tenet of this hypothesis is that reproductive traits of close relatives growing in sympatry diverge more than they do where close relatives do not grow together. However, this idea remains untested across taxa and at large spatial scales. Here, we use data collected from tens of thousands of herbarium specimens to examine evidence for character displacement in flowering time for 91 closely-related pairs of animal-pollinated angiosperm species in the eastern USA. We see no evidence for overall phenological divergence in sympatry across regions, clades, or life histories. Rather our results indicate widespread convergence of flowering times in sympatry for species pairs that generally tend to flower close in time. We also find that climate change could alter the nature of these convergent flowering events by shifting them further apart in a majority species pair comparisons. Specifically, congeneric species in New England and the Atlantic Coastal Plain are projected to flower 2–4 days further apart, on average, by the mid-21st century as warming temperatures drive species-specific phenological shifts within genera. This may have significant consequences for species interactions and gene flow, especially if current sympatric convergence in flowering times has resulted from facilitative interactions between species.
Assessing Plant Phenological Patterns in the Eastern United States Over the Last 120 Years
Phenology is a key biological trait of an organism’s success and is one of the best indicators of its response to recent climate change. Plants are among the most well-studied organisms in this regard, but observational data bearing on this topic are largely restricted to woody species of the northern hemisphere, mostly from ca. the last three decades. Recent research has demonstrated that mobilized online herbarium specimens provide important, albeit mostly neglected, information on plant phenology. Here, we use the web tool CrowdCurio to crowdsource phenological data from more than 10,000 herbarium specimens representing 30 flowering plant species broadly distributed across the eastern United States. Our results, spanning 120 years and generated from over 2,000 crowdsourcers, clarify numerous aspects of plant phenology. First, they reveal that plant reproductive phenology is significantly advancing in response to warming, which is consistent with previous studies. Second, among those species with broad latitudinal ranges, populations from more southern latitudes are significantly more phenologically sensitive to temperature than those from northern populations. Last, contrary to some recent findings, plants in warmer, less variable climates may be much more dynamic, on average, in their phenological sensitivity. Our results are robust to a variety of confounding factors and span large phylogenetic distances and myriad life histories. These may represent more global trends in the latitudinal gradient of phenological response with myriad potential ecological and evolutionary consequences, and leads us to hypothesize that phenological sensitivity across species' ranges is driven by adaptation to local climates.
Data from: Assessing springtime vertebrate prey of sympatric mesopredators in the southeastern United States using metabarcoding analysis
<p>Coyotes (<em>Canis latrans</em>) colonized the eastern United States over the last century and formed a 3-species predator guild with bobcats (<em>Lynx rufus</em>) and gray foxes (<em>Urocyon cinereoargenteus</em>) across much of the southeastern United States. Diets among the three species vary along with respective impacts on game species such as white-tailed deer (<em>Odocoileus virginianus</em>) and wild turkeys (<em>Meleagris gallopavo</em>). To determine predation impacts on vertebrate prey and dietary overlap in consumption of prey items, we assessed diets of coyote, bobcat, and gray fox during spring, coinciding with white-tailed deer fawning and wild turkey nesting and brood rearing. We sampled across three sites along the Savannah River in South Carolina from mid-May through mid-June of 2020-2021. We collected 180 scat samples along 295.9 kilometers (71.1 – 122.4 km/site) of unpaved secondary roads and used DNA metabarcoding to determine vertebrate diet items. We identified predator species of scat using DNA metabarcoding and species-specific mtDNA fragment analysis (153 were coyotes, 20 bobcats, and seven gray foxes). Overall, we found evidence that two species, coyote and bobcat, consumed deer while all three consumed turkeys. The frequency of deer in the diet varied across sites for coyotes from 62 – 86% and wild turkey was present with a frequency of occurrence of 9% for coyotes, 5% for bobcats, and 14% for gray fox. Vertebrate diet specialization was evident across predator species with a high frequency of deer in coyote diets, rabbits and small mammals in bobcat diets, and herpetofauna in gray fox diets. During deer fawning and wild turkey nesting and brood rearing, dietary overlap appears to be mediated by the disparate selection of prey items, which reduced competition among coyotes, bobcats, and gray foxes. The use of DNA metabarcoding may augment our understanding of dietary preferences within this predator guild by providing increased resolution of diet composition among important game species.</p>
Wind Data for Station-wise assessment of wind speed and direction under future climates across the United States
<p>This study employs statistical techniques to evaluate climate model performance in wind speed and direction and their projected future changes under the representative concentration pathway (RCP) 8.5 scenario over inland and offshore across the Continental United States (CONUS). It extends the scope of existing studies by characterizing the changes of the full range of the joint wind speed and direction distribution via a conditional approach. Projected uncertainties associated with different climate models and model internal variability are investigated and compared with the climate change signal to quantify the statistical significance of the future projections. The proposed conditional approach provides a better way to characterize the directional wind speed distributions that offers additional insights for the joint assessment of speed and direction. </p> <p>WRF data: We focus on seasonal (December-January-February (winter hereafter) and June-July-August (summer hereafter) statistics computed from the 3-hourly RCM outputs on both wind speed and direction over ten locations with different local topological features. We use three WRF simulations driven by Community Climate System Model 4 (CCSM4), the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Earth System Model 2 (GFDL-ESM2G), and the Hadley Centre Global Environment Model version 2 (HadGEM2-ES). These three GCMs represent a range of climate sensitivities that encompasses most of the coupled model intercomparison project phase 5 (CMIP5) GCMs when projecting future temperature changes. In this work, we focus on RCP 8.5 scenario for future projections. A 16-member ensemble of one-year of RCM simulation using bias corrected CCSM-driven WRF is also generated for analyzing the uncertainty due to the RCM's internal variability (IV). </p> <p>Benchmark data: Reanalysis data are used as a verification dataset in order to evaluate the RCMs' wind conditions under study for the historical time period. For the seven inland locations, we use the second phase of the multi-institution North American Land Data Assimilation System project, phase 2, at a spatial resolution of 12 km and hourly resolution. NLDAS-2 is an offline data assimilation system featuring uncoupled land surface models driven by observation-based atmospheric forcing. The non-precipitation land surface forcing fields for NLDAS-2 are derived from the analysis fields of the NCEP North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR). NARR analysis fields are at a 32-km spatial resolution and 3-hourly temporal frequency.</p> <p>In-situ measurement: Since reanalysis data can present errors and uncertainties, ground measurements and offshore buoy measurements are used to consolidate the evaluation of RCMs' wind conditions for inland and offshore locations in historical climates. Observational data are extracted from the Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS) network that consists stations covers the U.S. territory, available at ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/asos-onemin. The offshore downscaled wind speeds from the historical decade are compared with National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) buoy observations of near-surface wind velocities available at https://www.ndbc.noaa.gov. The observed winds at the NBDC anemometers are adjusted to 10-m above ground height and at 3-hourly rate. </p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Data from: Assessing springtime vertebrate prey of sympatric mesopredators in the southeastern United States using metabarcoding analysis
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
FIGURE 12 in Taxonomic assessment of Alligator Snapping Turtles (Chelydridae: Macrochelys), with the description of two new species from the southeastern United States
FIGURE 12. Photograph of Macrochelys suwanniensis holotype (UF 166146) demonstrating a superior (A), inferior (B), cranial (C), caudal (D), and left (E) and right (F) lateral view of skull morphology.
FIGURE 6 in Taxonomic assessment of Alligator Snapping Turtles (Chelydridae: Macrochelys), with the description of two new species from the southeastern United States
FIGURE 6. Plot of mean squamosal angle with standard error for three lineages and the holotype (MNHN-AZ-AC-A4540) of M. temminckii.
FIGURE 8 in Taxonomic assessment of Alligator Snapping Turtles (Chelydridae: Macrochelys), with the description of two new species from the southeastern United States
FIGURE 8. Polygons showing the principal component scores (and associated percent of variability explained by each component) for carapace morphometric measurements (caudal notch width, caudal notch area, caudal notch depth) from 104 alligator snapping turtles by lineage (Suwannee n=28, central n=15, and western n=61).
FIGURE 5 in Taxonomic assessment of Alligator Snapping Turtles (Chelydridae: Macrochelys), with the description of two new species from the southeastern United States
FIGURE 5. Variation of the squamosal in the western (A; TU 17991), central (B; UF 57968), and Suwannee (C; UF 12694) lineages of Macrochelys.
FIGURE 14 in Taxonomic assessment of Alligator Snapping Turtles (Chelydridae: Macrochelys), with the description of two new species from the southeastern United States
FIGURE 14. Photograph of Macrochelys apalachicolae holotype (UF 3998) demonstrating a superior (A), inferior (B), cranial (C), caudal (D), and left (E) and right (F) lateral view of skull morphology.
FIGURE 4 in Taxonomic assessment of Alligator Snapping Turtles (Chelydridae: Macrochelys), with the description of two new species from the southeastern United States
FIGURE 4. Distributions for caudal notch depth, width, area, and squamosal angle for the three Macrochelys lineages.
FIGURE 3 in Taxonomic assessment of Alligator Snapping Turtles (Chelydridae: Macrochelys), with the description of two new species from the southeastern United States
FIGURE 3. Post-cranial measurements used in present study to quantify shape variation among the three lineages of extant Macrochelys.
FIGURE 1 in Taxonomic assessment of Alligator Snapping Turtles (Chelydridae: Macrochelys), with the description of two new species from the southeastern United States
FIGURE 1. Map of sampling localities of Macrochelys used for morphological analyses. Multiple specimens were often collected from the same localities.
FIGURE 11 in Taxonomic assessment of Alligator Snapping Turtles (Chelydridae: Macrochelys), with the description of two new species from the southeastern United States
FIGURE 11. Photograph of Macrochelys suwanniensis holotype (UF 166146) demonstrating a superior view of plastron morphology.
FIGURE 7 in Taxonomic assessment of Alligator Snapping Turtles (Chelydridae: Macrochelys), with the description of two new species from the southeastern United States
FIGURE 7. Variation of carapace morphology in western (A; UF 21746), central (B; UF 52676), and Suwannee (C; UF 57967) lineages of Macrochelys. Most of the gross variation in post-cranial morphology is present within the caudal region of the carapace.
FIGURE 2 in Taxonomic assessment of Alligator Snapping Turtles (Chelydridae: Macrochelys), with the description of two new species from the southeastern United States
FIGURE 2. Cranial measurements used in present study to quantify shape variation among the three lineages of extant Macrochelys.
FIGURE 10 in Taxonomic assessment of Alligator Snapping Turtles (Chelydridae: Macrochelys), with the description of two new species from the southeastern United States
FIGURE 10. Photograph of Macrochelys suwanniensis holotype (UF 166146) demonstrating external (A) and internal (B) carapace morphology.
FIGURE 9 in Taxonomic assessment of Alligator Snapping Turtles (Chelydridae: Macrochelys), with the description of two new species from the southeastern United States
FIGURE 9. Bayesian inference phylogeny for extant chelydrids (Chelydra and Macrochelys). Note that representative skeletal synapomorphies in skull and carapace (above and below, respectively, next to lineage name) are provided for each lineage of Macrochelys; values above major nodes represent posterior probabilities (≥ 95%); values below major nodes represent the mean divergence time estimation of the most recent common ancestor (MRCA); and bars at major nodes represent 95% Highest Posterior Density (HPD).
FIGURE 13 in Taxonomic assessment of Alligator Snapping Turtles (Chelydridae: Macrochelys), with the description of two new species from the southeastern United States
FIGURE 13. Photograph of Macrochelys apalachicolae holotype (UF 3998) demonstrating external (A) and internal (B) carapace morphology.
Study to Assess the Burden of Mild Outcomes (Physician Office Visits) Due to Influenza in the United States
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT02019732. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
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