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32 results for “Varroa destructor”
Figure 4 in Classical and geometric morphometric methods reveal differences between specimens of Varroa destructor (Mesostigmata: Varroidae) from seven provinces of Iran
Figure 4. Dendrogram plotted by on UPGMA method based on morphometric measurement. The vertical line is the
Figure 3 in Classical and geometric morphometric methods reveal differences between specimens of Varroa destructor (Mesostigmata: Varroidae) from seven provinces of Iran
Figure 3. Distribution of morphometric characters in PCA analysis. This graph is based on the average size of the characters, is drawn.
Figure 2 in Classical and geometric morphometric methods reveal differences between specimens of Varroa destructor (Mesostigmata: Varroidae) from seven provinces of Iran
Figure 2. Distribution of six landmarks on the ventral surface of varroa mite for geometric measurement.
Figure 5 in Classical and geometric morphometric methods reveal differences between specimens of Varroa destructor (Mesostigmata: Varroidae) from seven provinces of Iran
Figure 5. Distribution of varroa mite based on a landmark in PCA analysis. Weight matrices data are used for this analysis. Circles show the closer groups.
Figure 1 in Classical and geometric morphometric methods reveal differences between specimens of Varroa destructor (Mesostigmata: Varroidae) from seven provinces of Iran
Figure 1. Morphometric parameters measured on the ventral surface varroa mite – a: body width, b: body length, c: length of the epigynal shield, d: length of the anal shield, e: metapodal shield's width, f: metapodal shield's length.
Fig. 1 in Prevalence Nosema areas of Varroa destructor and first report of sp. in Apis mellifera drone congregation
Fig. 1. Study area. Argentina-Tucumán-Yerba Buena. Image on the left the map of Argentina. On the right, the site that contains the three Drone Congregation Areas (DCA 1 School, DCA 2 Module, DCA 3 Río Muerto), marked with yellow tags and the experimental Apiary in orange. Located in the year 2018-19 in the spring reproductive season.
Fig. 2 in Prevalence Nosema areas of Varroa destructor and first report of sp. in Apis mellifera drone congregation
Fig. 2. Porcentaje de infestación por Varroa destructor (varroa forética) en las ACZ analizadas durante los cuatro años de muestreo.
Insights into Varroa mite (Varroa destructor) infestation levels in local honeybee (Apis mellifera) colonies of Ethiopia
<p>These data were collected from three geographic regions of Ethiopia from September, 2020 to June 2022 in order to determine the prevalence of<em> varroa destructor </em>in Ethiopian honeybee colonies. The data was analyzed to compare the <em>Varroa destructor</em> mite among the honeybee development stages (brood Vs Adult), by the hive types (Local traditional Vs Frame modern) and across the geographic regions (Oromia, Amhara and SNNPR). </p> <p>Both the raw and the partially processed data were available here. </p>
Standard methods for dissection of Varroa destructor females supplementary videos
<p>These three videos present methodological steps to perform Varroa destructor females dissection either ventrally (Video S1) or dorsally (Video S2 and S3)</p>
Figure 6 in Classical and geometric morphometric methods reveal differences between specimens of Varroa destructor (Mesostigmata: Varroidae) from seven provinces of Iran
Figure 6. Cluster analysis by UPGMA method based on geometric morphometric measurement.
Data for: Breeding honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) for low and high Varroa destructor population growth: gene expression of bees performing grooming behavior
<p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span>Background</span></strong></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Social organisms, including honey bees (<em>Apis mellifera</em> L.), have defense mechanisms to control the multiplication and transmission of parasites and pathogens within their colonies. Self-grooming, a mechanism of behavioral immunity, seems to contribute to restraining the population growth of the ectoparasitic mite <em>Varroa destructor</em> in honey bee colonies. Because <em>V. destructor</em> is the most damaging parasite of honey bees, breeding them for resistance against the mite is a high priority of the beekeeping industry. We conducted a bidirectional breeding program to select honey bee colonies with low and high varroa<em> </em>population growth (LVG and HVG, respectively). Having high and low lines of bees allowed the study of genetic mechanisms underlying self-grooming behavior between the extreme genotypes. Worker bees were classified into two categories: 'light groomers' and 'intense groomers'. The brains of bees from the different categories (LVG-intense, LVG-light, HVG-intense, and HVG-light) were used for gene expression and viral quantification analyses.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span>Results</span></strong></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with the LVG and HVG lines were identified, including four odorant-binding proteins and a gustatory receptor. A functional enrichment analysis showed 19 enriched pathways from a list of 219 down-regulated DEGs in HVG bees, including the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) term of oxidative phosphorylation. Additionally, bees from the HVG line showed higher levels of <em>Apis rhabdovirus</em> <em>1</em> and <em>2</em>, <em>Varroa destructor virus -1</em> (VDV-1), and <em>Deformed wing virus-A</em> (DWV-A) compared to bees of the LVG line.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span>Conclusions</span></strong></p> <p class="MsoNormal">The difference in expression of odorant-binding protein genes and a gustatory receptor between bee lines suggests a possible link between them and the perception of irritants to trigger rapid self-grooming instances that require the activation of energy metabolic pathways. Therefore, our results provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms involved in honey bee grooming behavior. Differences in viral levels in the brains of LVG and HVG bees showed the importance of investigating the pathogenicity and potential impacts of neurotropic viruses on behavioral immunity. The results of this study advance the understanding of a trait used for selective breeding, self-grooming, and the potential of using genomic-assisted selection to improve breeding programs.</p>
Data for: Negative but antagonistic effects of neonicotinoid insecticides and ectoparasitic mites Varroa destructor on Apis mellifera honey bee food glands
<p>Collaborative brood care by workers is essential for the functionality of eusocial honey bee, <em>Apis</em> <em>mellifera</em>, colonies. The hypopharyngeal food glands of workers play a crucial role in this context. Even though there is consensus that ubiquitous ectoparasitic mites <em>Varroa</em> <em>destructor</em> and widespread insecticides, such as neonicotinoids, are major stressors for honey bee health, their impact alone and in combination on the feeding glands of workers is poorly understood. Here, we show that both <em>V. destructor</em> and neonicotinoids reduce hypopharyngeal gland size, thereby potentially compromising collaborative brood care in colonies. In a fully-crossed laboratory experiment, the impact of mites and the neonicotinoids thiamethoxam and clothianidin alone and in combination on workers were evaluated. While the neonicotinoids did not impact survival and emergence body mass, the data confirm that <em>V. destructor</em> reduces both. Even though the interactions between both stressors were antagonistic and neutral, the clear detrimental effects of both stressors alone and in combination on worker longevity and food glands are remarkable. Besides reduced worker longevity, impaired brood care provided by workers exposed to <em>V. destructor</em> and neonicotinoids could be detrimental for honey bee colony functionality. Our findings highlight a mechanism to explain honey bee colonies losses globally.</p>
Data for: Breeding honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) for low and high Varroa destructor population growth: gene expression of bees performing grooming behavior
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Data for: Negative but antagonistic effects of neonicotinoid insecticides and ectoparasitic mites Varroa destructor on Apis mellifera honey bee food glands
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Interaction of field realistic doses of clothianidin and Varroa destructor parasitism on adult honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) health and neural gene expression, and antagonistic effects on differentially expressed genes
<p>While many studies have examined the effects of neonicotinoid insecticides and the parasitic mite <em>Varroa destructor</em> on honey bees (<em>Apis mellifera</em>), more information on the combined effects of such stressors on gene expression, including neural related genes, and their impact on biological pathways is needed. This study analyzed the effects of field realistic concentrations of the neonicotinoid clothianidin on adult bees infested and not infested with <em>V</em>. <em>destructor</em> over 21 consecutive days and then determined bee survivorship, weight, deformed wing virus (DWV) levels and gene expression. <em>V</em>. <em>destructor</em> parasitism with or without clothianidin exposure was significantly associated with decreased survivorship, weight loss and higher DWV levels, while clothianidin exposure was only associated with higher levels of DWV. Expression analysis of the neural genes <em>AmNlg-1</em>, <em>BlCh</em> and <em>AmAChE-2</em> showed that <em>V</em>. <em>destructor</em> caused a significant down-regulation of all of them, whereas clothianidin caused a significant down-regulation of only <em>AmNrx-1</em> and <em>BlCh</em>. An interaction was only detected for <em>AmNrx-1</em> expression. RNAseq analysis showed that clothianidin exposure resulted in 6.5 times more up-regulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) than <em>V</em>. <em>destructor</em> alone and 123 times more than clothianidin combined with <em>V</em>. <em>destructor</em>. Similar results were obtained with down-regulated DEGs, except for a higher number of DEGs shared between <em>V</em>. <em>destructor</em> and the combined stressors. KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) biological pathway analysis of the DEGs showed that the stressor linked to the highest number of KEGG pathways was clothianidin, followed by <em>V</em>. <em>destructor</em>, and then considerably fewer number of KEGG pathways with the combined stressors. The reduced numbers of DEGs and KEGG pathways associated with the DEGs for the combined stressors compared to the stressors alone indicates that the interaction of the stressors is not additive or synergistic, but antagonistic. The possible implications of the antagonistic effect on the number of DEGs are discussed.</p>
Adaptive population structure shifts in invasive parasitic mites, Varroa destructor
<p>Comparative studies of genetic diversity and population structure can shed light on the ecological and evolutionary factors governing host–parasite interactions. Even though invasive parasites are considered of major biological importance, little is known about their adaptive potential when infesting the new hosts. Here, the genetic diversification of <i>Varroa destructor</i>, a novel parasite of <i>Apis mellifera</i> originating from Asia, was investigated using population genetics to determine how the genetic structure of the parasite changed in distinct European populations of its new host. To do so, mites infesting two categories of hosts in four European regions were compared: (i) adapted hosts surviving through means of natural selection, thereby expected to impose strong selective pressure on the mites, and (ii) treated host populations, surviving mite infestations because acaricides are applied, therefore characterized by a relaxed selection imposed by the host on the mites. Significant genetic divergence was found across regions, partially reflecting the invasion pattern of <i>V. destructor</i> throughout Europe and indicating local adaptation of the mite to the host populations. Additionally, varying degrees of genotypic changes were found between mites from adapted and treated colonies. Altogether, these results indicate that <i>V. destructor</i> managed to overcome the genetic bottlenecks following its introduction in Europe and that host-mediated selection fostered changes in the genetic structure of this mite at diverse geographical scales. These findings highlight the potential of parasites to adapt to their local host populations and confirm that adaptations developed within co-evolutionary dynamics are a major determinant of population genetic changes.</p>
The salivary gland transcriptome of Varroa destructor reveals suitable targets for RNAi-based mite control
<p><span>The mite <em>Varroa destructor</em> has a dramatic impact on beekeeping, and is one of the main causes of honey bee colony losses. This ectoparasite feeds on honey bees’ liquid tissues through a wound created on the host integument, which determines weight loss, a reduced lifespan and the transmission of viral pathogens. However, despite its importance, the mite feeding strategy and the host regulation role by the salivary secretions have been poorly explored. Here we contribute to fill this gap by identifying the salivary components of <em>V. destructor </em>and by studying their on mite feeding and survival. Our differential expression analysis identified 30 salivary gland genes encoding putatively secreted proteins, among which only 15 were found to be functionally annotated. These latter include proteins with putative antibacterial, antifungal, cytolytic, digestive and immunosuppressive function. To study the role of the identified genes on mite feeding we selected the three most highly transcribed genes coding for: a chitin-binding domain protein (CHIBIN), a Kazal domain serine protease inhibitor (KAZAL) and a papain-like cysteine protease (PAPA). Knockdown of CHIBIN was associated with a significant decrease of mite survival, likely interfering with the immune reaction to facilitate mite feeding. This work expands our knowledge of the host regulation and nutritional exploitation strategies adopted by ectoparasites of arthropods and allows the identification of novel targets for RNAi-based strategies <span> </span>of <em>Varroa </em>mite control. <span> </span></span></p>
Interaction of field realistic doses of clothianidin and Varroa destructor parasitism on adult honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) health and neural gene expression, and antagonistic effects on differentially expressed genes
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Adaptive population structure shifts in invasive parasitic mites, Varroa destructor
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A salivary chitinase of Varroa destructor influences host immunity and mite's survival
<p>This dataset represents raw data underlying the findings (and the figures) reported in the manuscript "<strong>A salivary chitinase of <em>Varroa destructor</em> influences host immunity and mite’s survival</strong>".</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Fig 2A.</strong> <strong>Salivary gland expression of putative host regulation factors present found in the predicted secretome of <em>Varroa destructor</em>.</strong> (A)<strong> </strong>Relative expression data of 3 selected candidates are presented as mean fold changes of 3-4 independent biological replicates. Each replicate consisted of a pool of 5-10 mites and comprised , from which the RNA was extracted from,two samples: salivary glands (SG), and from the rest of the whole body, deprived of salivary glands (Whole Body – SG). Values on Y-axis are reported in Log<sub>10</sub> scale. Error bars represent standard error of the meandeviation (SD). Statistically significant differences are denoted with an asterisk (P < 0.005).</p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Fig 4.</strong> <strong>Survival of <em>Varroa. destructor</em> as affected by RNAi-mediated silencing of the gene encoding VdCHIsal. </strong>(A) Relative expression of <em>Vd-CHIsal</em> after mite soaking in a dsRNA solution. qRT-PCR data are presented as mean fold changes of 2-67 independent biological replicates. Each replicate consisted in a pool of 2-3 mites. Each time point was separately analyzed and the 0.9% NaCl 0.9% control sample was used as calibrator. Mean dCt values within each time point were compared by Student’s t-testone-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post-hoc test. Mean values denoted with different letters are significantly different. Error bars represent standard deviation (the standard error of the meanSD). Mean values denoted with asterisks are significantly different (*p<0.05; ** p<0.01). (B) Kaplan-Meier survival curves of mites soaked in a solution of dsRNA targeting <em>Vd-CHIsal</em>. Saline controls (0.9% NaCl), GFP dsRNA and Vd-CHIsal dsRNA soaked mites (blue rhombus, green circles and orange squares, respectively) were individually maintained on the same host pupa throughout the whole duration of the assayP. Subjects at risk were 18, 30 and 45 for 0.9% NaCl, GFP dsRNA and Vd-CHIsal dsRNA treatments, respectively. Survival curve of dsVd-CHIsal was significantly different from dsGFP (log rank test: <em>X</em><sub>2</sub>= 6.086; P=0.0136) and from NaCl 0.9 (log rank test: <em>X</em><sub>2</sub>=6.611; P=0.0101), while no difference was observed between dsGFP and NaCl 0.9% (log rank test: <em>X</em><sub>2</sub>= 0.46; P=0.49). Statistical significance was set at 0.016 (Bonferroni correction). aIn a separateconcurrent set of trials, host pupae were replaced every 24 h for both saline controls (0.9% NaCl) and Vd-CHIsal dsRNA soaked mites (violet down-pointing and red up-pointing triangles, respectively). Subjects at risk were 29 and 22 for 0.9% NaCl and Vd-CHIsal dsRNA, respectively. Host pupae were maintained throughout the feeding or replaced every 24 h. Survival curve of dsVd-CHIsal was significantly different from (log rank test: <em>X</em><sub>2</sub>= 18.21; P<0.0001), Statistical significance was set at 0.05.Statistical details are in the text. Error bars represent the standard error of the mean.</p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Fig 5.</strong> <strong>Differentially expressed genes in honey bee pupae artificially infested with mites delivering saliva with the full repertoire of proteins or lacking Vd-CHIsal.</strong> (A) Differential expression of 13 honey bee genes, as affected by presence of Vd-CHIsal in the saliva (KD/WS). DESeq2 adjusted <em>P</em> was < 0.05 and FDR was set at 5%. Log transformed mean FPKM values are reported on Y axis. For each Each group representsexperimental condition 3 individually analyzedseparate pupae were analyzed. Error bars represent SEMSD. Summary tables data sheets of differential expression analysis are presented in S2 and S3 Tables. (B) Relative expression of immune-related genes in honey bee pupae as affected by <em>Vd-CHIsal</em> expression in <em>Varroa destructor</em> infesting mites. Each groupmean value representsis obtained on 7-10 individually analyzed pupae, individually analyzed. Results of qRT-PCR are presented as mean fold changes relative to non-infested pupae used as calibrator. Values on Y axis are reported in Log<sub>10</sub> scale. Error bars represent standard deviation (the standard error of the meanSD). Mean values were compared by one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey post-hoc test, and values statistically different are denoted with different letters (P<0.05). Detailed resultsDetails of statistical analyses are presented in S4 Table. NP: non-parasitized controls; WS: pupae infested with mites soaked in saline solution; KD: pupae infested with mites soaked in a solution of <em>dsRNA </em><em>Vd-CHIsal</em> dsRNA dsRNA solution.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>S1 File. </strong>Table resulting from Trinotate in-house annotation of the putatively secreted components of<em> Varroa destructor </em>predicted proteome. The annotation was performed following the protocol described in Materials and Methods section. Content of columns is hereafter described. A: GenBank accession number of the original transcript of <em>V. destructor</em>; B: GenBank accession number of the matching protein in <em>V. destructor</em>; C: ID name assigned by Transdecoder software; D: coordinates of the translation; E: top BLASTp hits in Swiss-Prot db; F: top BLASTp hits in the database of Hymenoptera venom; G: top BLASTp hits in the database of Acarina saliva; H: Pfam hits; I,: SignalP results indicating the presence of the signal peptide; J: TMHMM results indicating the presence of transmembrane domains; K: eggnog db hits; L: Kegg db hits; M: gene ontology retrieved from BLASTp; N: gene ontology retrieved from Pfam.</p>
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